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By E. J. Marcotte

"IntroductionDevelopments in the preparation, hydraulic transportation and placement of classified mill tailing as an effective backfill and support for mining excavations, have made feasible several advancements in mining methods that are safer and more economical. Hydraulic backfill systems have played an integral part in the development of more efficient cut-and-fill and blasthole stoping.The hydraulic transportation of tailing fill has made possible the elimination of expensive and laborious transportation, placement and spreading of gravel type fills. Also, in cut-andfill stopes, the use of hydraulically placed consolidated fill has largely eliminated the need to use extensive timbering for floors and supports, previously necessary when only gravel type, waste rock or unconsolidated tailing fill was used .Another important advantage of using mill tailing as backfill is that it decreases the need to contain a large portion of the mill solids waste in a surface disposal area and thus reduces environmental and ecological problems.Tailing Fill PropertiesConsolidated tailing fill consists of deslimed mill tailing and Portland cement. These two materials are mixed together in various proportions to form a high density slurry which is transferred underground by gravity through boreholes and pipelines. After placement underground, the water is drained off and the mixture is allowed to set. The strength of the consolidated fill is dependent on the cement content, particle size distribution and curing time. A typical tailing/ cement ratio used for bulk filling in stopes requiring vertical wall support is 30:1. Ratios ranging from 8:1 to 5: 1 are used for stope floors. High pulp densities minimize segregation and loss of cement during placement as well as reduce the amount of drainage water to be handled."

Jan 1, 1989

By Loui Geoffroy, Philippe Gaultier, Martin Piotte, Claude Coache, André Drouin

"Automatic driving at high speed of an underground truck was tested at Brunswick mine in September 1995. Modifications to the truck included: a remote interface to control actuators, front and back video cameras to follow a roof mounted optical guide and proportional hydraulic controls on the steering.The mathematical model of the hydraulic system was adjusted using least square regression. The steering data, used in calculating the regression parameters, were acquired from the moving truck. The automatic steering control used three measured variables: lateral deviation, angular deviation and steering angle. Lateral deviations are obtained using the cameras, which are in continuous view of the guide, while steering angles are acquired from an extensiometer placed at the articulation point of the vehicle. Gain scheduling was used to compensate for vehicle speed and available hydraulic flow. Non-linear characteristics of the modeled hydraulic system were offset using open loop compensation.Speeds up to 23 km/h in forward direction and 13 km/h in reverse were achieved deviaduring continuous testing along one of the mine’s production drifts. Proportional steering was essential in achieving high speeds, as it enabled more precise positioning of the vehicle’s steering direction while reducing the abuses on cylinder and cylinder pins via diminished oscillations about the optical guide at high speeds."

Jan 1, 1997

By J. S. Fox

It is generally recognized that the interpretation of bedrock geochemical data in volcanic terrains can be improved by adjusting for rock-type. Various chemical attributes of volcanic rocks have been put forward in the literature as rapid indicators of rock-type, but there is some question as to which of these is the most reliable . Only one such attribute, total iron, seems to have seen systematic use in geochemical mapping in the Flin Flon region. Discriminant analysis of 500 basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites suggests that SiO2 is the most important rock-discriminating variable and that MgO, CaO, TiD2, AI2O3 and FeOtot, are successively poorer discriminators. Lithological normalization in the subalkaline volcanic environment should therefore be made over ranges of this variable. Trace-metal data from drill core through the sulphide orebody at Hanson Lake, Saskatchewan are used to demonstrate various approaches to lithological correction, including silica normalization, factor analysis and trend analysis. All of these extract economically important information from the core that is not apparent in the raw data logs. However, silica normalization does not seem to be subject to as many serious limitations as factor and trend analysis in this case, and therefore seems to provide the most reliable basis for the interpretation of subsurface exploration geochemical data.

Jan 1, 1978

By Sub-Committee of the Committee on Research

"THE FOLLOWING REPORT was compiled by a sub-committee of The Metallurgical Society of CIM, Committee for Research, and represents a viewpoint of the steel industry in Canada. The objective was to define those areas in which the industry considers that external sources of Research and Development are a necessary function in supporting the in-house R & D conducted by the industry.On future occasions, the viewpoints of other metallurgical industries, such as those of nickel, copper and aluminum, will be presented. The report is divided into several sections: 1.-R & D Spending by the Steel Industry (a) Memberships in Recognized Steel Research Centres (b) Memberships in Recognized Industry Associations (c) Sponsored Research at Recognized Centres (d) Sponsored Research at Universities(e) Sporadic Research 2.-Areas for Research and Development(a) Instrumentation (b) Environment Control (c) Refractories (d) Sponsored Research at Universities(e) Electric Furnaces (f) Continuous Casting"

Jan 1, 1970

By R. O. Burt, R. W. Bruce

"IntroductionGravity concentration, the separation of two or more minerals due to the difference in their relative specific gravity and usually in a fluid medium, is the oldest recorded form of mineral processing.The principles of gravity concentration were known to, and practiced by, the ancients and Hoover's commentary to De Re Meta/lied'' notes many early references.Over the centuries, as direct smelting ores became more and more uncommon, the mineral processing industry developed and along with it many varied methods of concentration. Gravity concentration declined rapidly in importance in the early twentieth century, and it is only in the last decade that its advantages are being re-evaluated.A significant proportion of ores are processed by gravity; a large proportion being in the iron and coal industries<'>, or in the treatment at very high volume of relatively coarse alluvial deposits. The tin dredges of South East Asia and Beach sand plants of Australia are prime examples.An indication of the broad application of gravity concentration is the variety of minerals presently recovered. A list is given in Table 1; this list is not exhaustive.Principle of Gravity ConcentrationGravity concentration methods separate minerals of different specific gravity by their relative movement in response to gravity and one or more other forces, the latter often being the resistance to motion offered by a viscous fluid, such as water or air.The relative movement of minerals to one another is achieved by a variety of methods. These are: separation in a fluid of intermediate density (heavy media separation); by stratification (such as in jigging); in a flowing fluid (cones, spirals, sluices etc.) and with a horizontal shear (shaking tables etc.)."

Jan 1, 1989

By A. D. Mufch, G. P. Mitchell

"THE HARDY MINE of Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited is located in Lot 9, Concession 1, Levack Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, 20 miles northwest of the city of Sudbury, and a mile west of the town of Levack. The ore deposit is one of the many nickel-copper sulphide bodies found on, or near, the lower contact of the well-known Sudbury norite-micropegmatite irruptive, and is one of a family of ore deposits which occur on the northwest rim of the irruptive.The property was acquired by purchase in 1935. In the same year a magnetometer survey along the footwall contact of the norite, which is covered by about 150 feet of glacial sands and clays, first indicated the location of the orebody. Drilling from 1935 to 1942 outlined the extent of the ore. Shaft sinking was commenced in the fall of 1951, and the mine is now approaching full production at a rate of about 300,000 tons per year.There are several major differences between the geology of the Levack area and the Falcon bridge area, which lies at the opposite extremity of the irruptive, 28 miles to the east. The purpose of this paper is to describe the essential features of the geology of the Levack area as seen in the Hardy mine, and to supplement the recent papers on other properties in the Sudbury area by Davidson (1), Lochhead (2), and Yates (3).General GeologyA recent review of the regional geology and an extensive bibliography of the Sudbury area can be found in the two papers by H. C. Cooke (4, 5). Some of the recent related references are: Jas. E. Thomson (6), E. M. Abraham (7), Franc. R. Joubin (8), W. G. Q. Johnstone (9)."

Jan 1, 1949

By J. Hedderson, J. Starkey, S. Reeves, B. Hilscher

"As ore sorting becomes more common, it is important to quantify its impact on comminution circuits in order to precisely predict its effect on throughput, grind, and mill operating conditions. Since sulphides and other valuable minerals are often softer then the surrounding waste rock, the ore kept by a sorting system is typically softer than the average ore. In order to accurately forecast production, new measurements of hardness need to be performed on the new concentrated mill feed. This paper proposes a methodology to examine this effect quantitatively at an early stage of project development using the SAGDesign test.INTRODUCTION The application of ore sorting in the mining industry is one of the most promising recent technologies with the potential to cause step change in the way concentrators are designed. Most typically, ore sorters are used to sort a given ore flow for grade, either to reject waste from the mill feed, or rescue ore from the waste pile. Ore sorting technologies have been successfully applied at many mining properties in various forms and while the technology has reached or is reaching maturity in other industries, it is still in development in the mining sector. As a result, there is not yet a general consensus on the considerations that need to be made when designing a plant with ore sorting from a feasibility level above and beyond what is commonly performed as best practice. This paper will discuss those considerations and propose a methodology for integrating ore sorting into a comminution circuit at the design phase. Due to the linearly additive nature of the SAGDesign Test results, a “hardness balance” can be developed to estimate the ore hardness which would be measured in any sorting mass split using only two data points. This will allow a design engineer to make more informed decisions as to the most appropriate mass split to select in relation to the incurred operating costs and grinding circuit sizing."

Jan 1, 2019

By J. E. Dutrizac, Alba Sunyer

The factors affecting the precipitation of arsenic-free alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6) were investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Although the amount of alunite precipitated increased with increasing retention time, temperature, solution pH and the concentrations of Al(SO4)1.5 or K2SO4, the composition of the products remained nearly constant. The preferred conditions identified for the precipitation of arsenic-free alunite were then used to assess the behaviour As(III) and As(V) during alunite precipitation at 98°C. Increasing additions of As(III), as NaAsO2 or As2O3, resulted in a slight increase in the amount of precipitate formed at pH 2.80. However, X-ray diffraction analysis showed all the precipitates to be alunite, and <0.2% As(III) was detected in the products. In contrast, increasing additions of As(V), as KH2AsO4 or As2O5, resulted in significant increases in the amount of precipitate formed at pH 2.80 or 3.00. Furthermore, the arsenate (AsO43-) contents of the precipitates increased up to 15%, and the sulphate contents decreased, as the As(V) concentration of the synthesis solution increased from 0 to 9 g/L. X-ray diffraction analysis of the products detected only alunite, but there was a progressive expansion of the alunite cell with increasing arsenate content. The implication is that arsenate substitutes for sulphate in the alunite structure. Preliminary observations on the environmental stability of the arsenate-bearing alunite using the TCLP protocol gave solubilities <0.4 mg/L from a precipitate containing 8.5% AsO4 and 7.8 mg/L from a product containing 19.5% AsO4. Thus, it appears that alunites containing less than -10% AsO4 would be an acceptable vehicle for the disposal of arsenic from hydrometallurgical processing solutions.

Jan 1, 2011

By PAULL. BROUGHTON

Commercial deposits of sodium sulphate are harvested from alkaline lakes that are widespread throughout semi-arid southern Saskatchewan and adjacent southeastern A lberta. Concentration of sodium sulphate occurs in undrained basins under semi-arid conditions. Precipitation runoff from land adjacen1 to 1hese basins leaches 1he mineral from the soils and carries it in solu1ion 10 the basins. The process may be largely subsurface, wherein spring seeps feed basins associated with buried (preg/acial) river valleys. Evapora1ion during summer concentrates salts in the brines, and chilling of water below sa/Uration poin1 during win1er resu//s in deposi1ion of sodium sulpha1e (mirabili1e) crystals on lake bo//oms. Sodium su/pha1e, commercially known as sa/1 cake, ranks second only 10 po1ash in cen1ral-wes1ern Canada's nonme1allic mineral production. // is recovered from su,face brines, directly from intermittenl salt beds, and, until recently, by solution mining of shallow subswface deposits. Sodium sulphate is extrac1ed from seven alkaline lakes and sail f/a1s in Saska1chewan and one in Alberta. Annual produc1ion is approxima1e/y a halfmillion tonnes. Manufacture of kraft paper is the mos1 significanl marke1 for salt cake, but addi1ional quantifies are used in the glass and detergent manufac1uring indus1ries.

Jan 1, 1984

By S. R. McCutcheon, D. R. Lentz

"Abstract - The 12.1 Mt Brunswick No. 6 Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag massive sulfide deposit (New Brunswick, Canada) lies between two subaqueous felsic volcanic formations near the base of the Middle Ordovician Tetagouche Group. The footwall comprises rhyodacitic pyroclastic rocks (Nepisiguit Falls Formation), whereas the hanging wall comprises a sequence of rhyolitic flows, breccias, and hyaloclastites (Flat Landing Brook Formation), with an age difference of less than 3 m.y. The Brunswick No. 6 deposit is a proximal autochthonous deposit with a well-zoned massive sulfide body and a basal Cu zone that, at depth, develops into a stockwork stringer sulfide (feeder) system. The massive sulfides are capped sharply by a layered magnetite-chert unit that extends regionally beyond the deposit. The deposit has a keel shape (sheath) formed by the F1F2 interference pattern. The heterogeneous ductile deformation and upper greenschist-grade regional metamorphism has transposed many of the epigenetic stockwork structures and alteration within the host sequence. Hydrothermal alteration is much more extensive, both vertically and laterally, in the footwall (a few 100 m) than in the hanging wall (<100 m). Anomalies farther up in the hanging wall sequence seem to be associated with independent alteration systems related to the rhyolite domes. The least-altered footwall units exhibit keratophyric alteration (albite or adularia) and weak Mg enrichment (chlorite). More intense micaceous (sericite and Mg-rich chlorite) alteration occurs around the footwall sequence. The transposed stockwork stringer sulfides are typically composed of Fe-rich chlorite (± sericite, ± silica) with pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite. The (Fe2O3T+MgO)/(Na2O+K2O) and base metal alteration indices are the best practical lithogeochemical vectoring tools at this deposit. Sommaire - Le gîte de 12.1 Mt de sulfures massifs de Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag Brunswick No.6 est localisé entre deux formations volcaniques felsiques sous-marines situées près de la base du Groupe de Tetagouche d’âge Ordovicien Moyen. Le mur consiste en roches pyroclastiques rhyodacitiques (Formation de Nepisiguit Falls) tandis que le toit consiste en une séquence de coulées, de brèches et d’hyaloclastites de composition rhyolitique (Formation de Flat Landing Brook); la différence d’âge entre les deux est de moins de 3 m.y. Le gisement Brunswick No. 6 est un gîte autochtone proximal comprenant un corps de sulfures massifs clairement zoné ainsi qu’une zone cuprifère basale qui passe progressivement à un stockwork de filonnets de sulfure en profondeur (feeder). Les sulfures massifs sont abruptement surmontés d’une unité laminaire de chert et de magnétite dont l’extension par delà le gisement est régionale. Le gisement affecte la forme d’une quille (fourreau) résultant d’un patron d’interférence F1F2. Plusieurs des structures épigénétiques du stockwork et des patrons d’altération de l’encaissant ont été transposés par la déformation ductile hétérogène ainsi que par le métamorphisme régional au faciès des schistes verts. L’altération hydrothermale est beaucoup plus importante, tant verticalement qu’horizontalement, dans le mur (quelques 100 m) que dans le toit (<100 m). Les anomalies situées plus haut dans le mur semblent être reliées à des systèmes d’altération indépendants associés aux dômes de rhyolite. Les unités les moins altérées du mur une altération kératophyrique (en albite ou en adulaire) ainsi qu’un faible enrichissement en Mg (chlorite). Une altération en mica (séricite et chlorite magnésienne) plus intense est présente autour de la séquence du mur. Les sulfures du stockwork de filonnets transposés consistent typiquement en chlorite ferrifère (± séricite, ± silice) accompagnée de pyrite, de pyrrhotite, de chalcopyrite, d’arsénopyrite et de sphalérite. L’indice d’altération (Fe2O3T+MgO)/(Na2O+K2O) et l’indice des métaux usuels sont les outils d’exploration les plus appropriés dans ce gisement."

Jan 1, 2006

By Laszlo Imreh, Pierre Trudel, André C. Tessier

"The Siscoe gold mine is ranked as the fourth largest mine in the history of the Val d' Or mining district with a total production of 27.4 tAufrom1929 to 1949. Most of the gold mineralization occurred in quartz veins, hosted in a small (.69 km2) intrusion of altered quartz gabbro known as the Siscoe stock. The southern contact of the Siscoe stock is crosscut by a major shear zone (the ""K"" zone) trending 295/80 NE and from which gold mineralization was also exploited within the limits of the stock. Field and petrographic observations of the Siscoe stock combined with chemical analyses of major, trace and rare earth elements of the stock and its volcanic host rocks (Dubuisson Formation) suggest that:The Siscoe stock comprises four alteration facies formed from a homogeneous precursor: 1) the actinolite - Mg-chlorite facies, characterized by low FeOt,Na2O andTiO2 , and highAlp3 and MgO; 2) the albite- Fe-chlorite facies, containing high concentrations of FeOt and Nap; 3) the Mg + Fe-chloritefacies, which is transitional between the actinolite- Mg-chlorite and albite- Fe-chloritefacies; 4) the carbonate-chlorite facies, which consists of rocks that were subjected to extreme hydrothermal alteration, is spatially associated with mineralized veins and part of the K-zone. The first three facies are depleted in SiO 2, CaO and Au, and enriched in MgO, relative to fresh rocks of the Siscoe stock and the equivalent rocks of the Dubuisson Formation.Hydrothermal fluids introduced mainly along the K-zone ""channelway"" induced three types of element remobilization, resulting in the various alteration facies: 1) redistribution of elements within the stock from one facies to another (e .g., FeOt, Nap, Ti02 migrated from the actinolite- Mg-chlorite facies to the albite- F e-chlorite and Mg + Fe-chlorite facies); 2) remobilization of elements from the intrusive rocks into veins (e.g ., SiO 2 and CaO ); 3) introduction of elements by hydrothermal fluids in rocks of the Siscoe stock (e .g., Al2O3, MgO, H2O, CO2 and FeOt).The Siscoe stock and the Dubuisson Formation form part of the same tholeiitic suite. Similarly, the Bourlamaque batholith and the Val d'Or Formation belong to a single calc-alkaline suite. In view of this relationship, dissimilarities between the petrochemistry of the Siscoe stock and the Bourlamaque batholith suggest that the two intrusions are not co-magmatic.Finally, gold may have been leached from rocks of the Siscoe stock and remobilized into the quartz-carbonate mineralized veins. In order to account for the total production at the Siscoe mine, approximately 1.2 km3 of the Siscoe stock is thought to have been partially leached of its gold."

Jan 1, 1990

By A. W. Lovett

"THE last two years have been years of recession or, perhaps, years of marking time, depending upon whether the observer is a pessimist or an optimist. There has been a slackening in the industrial tempo that has been reflected in many ways in the national economy. As one of the chief barometers of economic health, the consumption and supply of energy reflect this slowing up.These same two years have also seen significant changes in the relation between the sources of energy. In periods of declining demand, it has happened in the past that coal, as the basic or residual source of energy, has shown the effects to a greater extent than the other energies. In these two years, however, in addition to this usual effect, there has been the acceleration in the Joss of market to diesels in the railway consumption category and the continuing decline in domestic consumption. The story of these years is presented in the statistical tables that form the foundation of this paper. Statistics, particularly in the form of tables, are rather dry and are sometimes difficult to follow but the overall developments are illustrated by graphs which present a more striking picture."

Jan 1, 1959

By Y. Champoux, N. Atalla, R. Oddo, C. Lesage

"Percussion drills are the source of the most serious noise problems in mining activities, due to their extremely high noise levels(114-122 dB(A)) and widespread use(Bartholomae and Stein, 1988). Percussion drills will continue to be widely used to drill small diameter holes in hard rock because no other method seems to be economically avail-able to replace them (Boillat et al., 1993).Many studies (Danière, 1991; Hawkes etal., 1977a; Jensen and Visnapuu, 1972;Leblond et al., 1976; Milette, 1989) were con-ducted to determine the major noise sources of percussion drills. The exhaust air of pneumatic drills, the hammer, the bit in contact with the rock and the drill rod have been identified as the major noise sources. A muffer can be used to reduce the exhaust noise and the hammer can be enclosed. The bit noise is considered to be of concern only at the beginning of holes. When all the available methods are used to reduce the noise of a percussion drill, the drill rod vibrations become the dominant noise source (Hawkes and Burks, 1979). However, the noise levels generated by this source remain high and future efforts should concentrate on reducing its radiation.Works by Hawkes and Burks (1979) and Hawkes et al. (1977b) for the U.S. Bureau of Mines provide the most complete description on the noise and vibration of percussion drill rods.The longitudinal and bending waves are the two most important types of elastic waves generated in drill rods. Among these, only the longitudinal waves contribute to the drilling rate. The bending waves are caused by non-centralized impacts, drill rod curvature and non-uniform bit/rock interface. Drill rod noise is generated by Poisson’s ratio expansions and contractions of the rod as the longitudinal waves travel up and down it and by transverse rod motions induced by bending waves. The radiation efficiency is much higher for bending waves than for longitudinal waves. Most of the impact energy is transformed into longitudinal waves, as expected for axial impacts. The evaluation of the relative contribution of longitudinal and bending waves to noise generation poses a very difficult problem for experimental, analytical and numerical approaches. It is, however, an important issue because the relative contribution of these two waves will guide future noise reduction efforts. It seems that very little can be done to reduce the noise radiation of the axial waves without affecting the drilling rate. The main difficulty that analytical and numerical approach-es face, in the evaluation of the relative contribution of the two waves, is that there is no adequate theory for predicting the bending vibrations from the factors that cause them. The experimental approach has, thus, been limited to test fixtures that do not adequately represent the boundary conditions, as well as by measurements obtained under real operating conditions from which it is difficult to establish the relative contribution of the two types of waves. For example, Hawkes and Burks (1979) and Hawkes et al. (1977b) used a test fixture with free-free boundary conditions and made no clear link with measurement under real operating conditions. Rather, they have based their discussion on a simple model. Many authors assume that fexural waves are the main noise source on drill rods. However, measurements have been somewhat contradictory and researchers are still unable to state with certainty that this is indeed the case (Lednik et al., 1988)."

Jan 1, 1997

By G. S. Hume

"THERE HAS BEEN a marked growth in the petroleum industry in Canada since the end of the war. The rate of growth in the demand for oil products has exceeded that in United States, although the per capita consumption is still less. Estimates of the consumption of petroleum and petroleum products in Canada in 1951 are approximately 154,000,000 barrels, which is slightly more than 11 •barrels per capita, whereas the estimated consumption in United States for the same period, according to World Petroleum, is placed at 2,619,- 970,000 barrels. This, on the basis of a population of 154,000,000, would be equivalent to 17 barrels per capita. The increase in consumption of the petroleum and products is world wide. World production in 1951 has been estimated (Oil and Gas Journal) at 11,700,000 barrels a day or more than 41;4, billion barrels for the year. United States production increased 13.7 per cent to 6,143,000 •barrels a day and Canada'.s ,, total production increased about 65 per cent from a total of 29,091,235 •barrels in 1950 to an estimated (Dominion Bureau of Statistics) 48,096,800 barrels in 1951.The trend to use increased amounts of petroleum and petroleum products, particularly in the United States and Canada, has also been supplemented by increased use of natural gas. The rate of expansion of the consumption of natural gas in United States in the past few years has been very rapid, increasing from 2,600 billion cubic feet in 1940 to 5,975 billion in 1950, with the proven reserves in the same period increasing from 85,000 billion to 186,000 billion cubic feet."

Jan 1, 1952

By Y. Mitani, H. Ikemi, K. Kitamura, H. Honda

"Instead of carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) that does not rely on structural aquifers, injecting carbon dioxide into sedimentary rock deep underground has been considered. For advection velocity of the fluid is slow, the permeability of sedimentary rock deep underground is low. In order to perform the CCS on the low permeable sedimentary rock, it is necessary to clarify the behavior of long term storage properties of carbon dioxide (CO2).In this study, the permeability and storativity of CO2 injected into low permeable rock has been evaluated. The injection of supercritical CO2 has been conducted on the specimen of Ainoura sandstone (unit weight: 2.39 g/cm3, porosity: 11.9 %) saturated with water by using flow pump method. The experiment has been set up to reproduce the similar condition of deep underground reservoir under 20 MPa confining pressure, 10 MPa pore pressure, 35°C temperature and 3 µl/min CO2 injection rate. In order to prevent an increase in pore pressure, the boundary condition on the outlet side of specimen has been kept a constant pressure.As a result, it has been possible to observe step by step the change of the differential pressure between both ends of specimen. Furthermore, the relative permeability and specific storage of rock under supercritical CO2 injection has been examined by the theoretical analysis of flow pump permeability test incorporating Darcy’s law for two-phase flow. It is observed that CO2 has been transmitted gradually while CO2 stored in the rock. It is also clarified that residual water has existed in specimen after showing the constant differential pressure in the end of the experiment. Using the results of the experiment, 3D core-scale flow-simulation by using TOUGH2 has been conducted due to confirm the flow of fluid and CO2 distribution in the specimen. From the experimental results and analytical solution to them, permeability and storativity are identified, and simulation results support the validity of the experimental results."

Jan 1, 2015

By P. Lostritto, G. E. Agar, G. Labonte, M. Cherevaty

"A locked cycle flotation test was done on a sample from the ovoid portion of the Voisey 's Bay copper-nickel sulphide ore. The chemical conditions for this test were generated by prior independent testing. In this test work the time in each of the five separation stages was optimized prior to executing the locked cycle test. A numerical simulation of the continuous circuit material balance was done prior to the locked cycle test. The test results were not fully satisfactory because the flotation of pyrrhotite in the bulk rougher and cleaner stages was not consistent. The preliminary indication was that the samples had oxidized to varying degrees during storage.INTRODUCTIONINCO has performed batch laboratory flotation testing on ore from Voisey's Bay which is a mixture of chalcopyrite, pentlandite and pyrrhotite. Earlier, Lakefield Research was contracted by Diamond Field Resources to test the ""flotability"" of the ore, which included a pilot plant trial. INCO's J. Roy Gordon Research Laboratory has repeated many of the batch tests that Lakefield did to verify their results. Based on their own work, INCO has modified the circuit proposed by Lakefield Research. The modified circuit is based on batch test work, but no locked cycle test (LCT) was done. It is believed that this circuit will produce a copper concentrate at 29-30% copper and a primary nickel concentrate at 15-20% with recoveries of 80% or above.For several years the University of Toronto has been working with INCO to provide ""hands on"" experience for undergraduate students as an Industrial Research Project (IRP). This year, the objective for IRP was to optimize the time for each of the five separation stages for the Voisey's Bay ore then to numerically and experimentally simulate the material balance for a continuous circuit."

Jan 1, 1998

By M. Lahtinen

Traditionally, there have been three main methods for iron removal in the hydrometallurgical production of zinc. These methods are atmospheric precipitation of jarosite or goethite and pressurised precipitation of hematite. Jarosite precipitation is without doubt the leading and the most commonly used technology for iron removal. However, jarosite precipitation has some drawbacks, such as a low iron content (and, thus, high residue volume), high moisture content after filtration and often a high zinc content. These features make any environmentally acceptable way of using or disposing of jarosite more expensive, as compared to hematite and goethite. The importance of environmental regulations has grown in the zinc industry during the last decade, which will have an increasing effect on new investments. Hematite has several advantages over jarosite, such as a high iron content, low moisture and low zinc content. An important advantage of hematite is that it is suited for further use in the cement industry. However, until now the need for autoclave equipment has limited the spread and implementation of hematite precipitation in the zinc industry. Outokumpu Technology Oy has recently developed an alternative method for iron removal, which is the atmospheric precipitation of hematite. A patented method for precipitating hematite at atmospheric pressure is presented and compared with conventional methods for iron removal. The process conditions, the quality of the hematite precipitate and the environmental aspects are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By Phillip Mackey, Elmira Moosavi-Khoonsari

L'industrie du cuivre traverse une période passionnante, marquée par une forte demande, de bons prix et l'ouverture de nouvelles grandes installations. L'année 2022 a battu des records de production de cuivre, ce qui laisse entrevoir un potentiel de croissance supplémentaire. De grands projets sont en cours, comme la technologie Double Flash à Manyar, en Indonésie, qui peut produire plus de 500 000 tonnes de cuivre par an. À Munda, en Inde, on a construit la plus grande usine de cuivre du monde, qui produit plus de 1 000 000 tonnes de cuivre par an en combinant deux phases. De plus, l’installation de cellules de flottation de dernière génération au Mexique, au Chili et dans d'autres pays témoignent de la volonté de l'entreprise d'utiliser les technologies les plus récentes [1]. L'importance du cuivre dans la transition énergétique est évidente, l'accent étant mis à la fois sur la croissance et sur la protection de l'environnement. Cela se traduit par le développement d'usines de premier ordre dédiées aux pratiques durables.

May 2, 2024

By Edgar Stansfield

Introduction First, I should define more closely the vague term &apos;recent work&apos; that appears in the title of this paper. Following the period of depression that was an aftermath of the first Great War, the Research Council of, Alberta carried on for ten years without a Council and without a financial yote by the Legislature. In November, 1942, a new Council was formed, under the chairmanship of the Hon. N. E. Tanner, Minister of Lands and Mines, and a vote was granted by the Legislature early in 1943. By &apos;recent work&apos;, I mean work during the present regime. The Council is now going full steam ahead, or would be if it could get suitable technical assistance and required apparatus and materials. Lack of these has so far made unnecessary my responsibility for seeing that we do not exceed our estimates. The Annual Meeting of the Research Council will be held in November (1945), and at that meeting the programme of work for next year will be discussed. The present time is therefore the correct time for any of you who may have ideas as to work which might profitably be undertaken by the Council, to submit these ideas for consideration. I propose to discuss my subject under several headings, and to give enough of these to show that the Council has wide interests.

Jan 1, 1946

By J. E. Hawley

"The Aldermac copper deposit is in Beauchastel township, Abitibi county, Quebec. It lies about 11 miles west of Noranda. It has been described by Cooke, James, and Mawdsley(2) and by Bruce(3) and has been mapped in detail by W. Samuel and the late K. W. Fritzsche, former Mine Geologist, and by J . E. Gill and A. R. Byers, so that most of the particulars contained in the description that follows are largely the result of the work of others than the writer, whose connection with the deposit, in a consulting capacity, extended over the last 5 years of the life of the mine.According to A. V. Corlett, former Mine Manager, the property was staked during the early winter months of 1923 because of its location adjacent to the syenite intrusive that had been mapped by Cooke near the height-of-land in this township. An examination by Mr. Corlett in 1924 revealed mineralized zones to the north of MacKay lake, and in the vicinity of these K. W. Fritzsche, by dip needle and trenching, discovered the No. 1 and No. 2 deposits, which were both too small and too low grade for exploitation. During the winter of 1925, A. A. MacKay, with a dip needle, picked up a magnetic 'anomaly' in a drift-covered area about 600 feet to the north of previous workings. Trenching here revealed only a narrow zone of mineralization of little consequence, but, farther east, MacKay discovered a more pronounced 'anomaly' over what later drilling and underground work proved to be ore of commercial grade (No. 3 and No. 4 orebodies)."

Jan 1, 1954