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By D. S. Case

"Following a brief explanation of the land arrangements under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, this paper will examine both a mineral exploration agreement and a mining development agreement negotiated between two large mining companies and two different Alaska Native institutions. One of the institutions is a village corporation involved with an exploration agreement and the other is one of the Alaska Native regional corporations, which is party to a mining and development agreement with Cominco Alaska for the development of the Red Dog lead and zinc mine.Special attention will be given to the factors to be considered when dealing with small aboriginal owners with few resources in the context of an exploration agreement, including development issues which must be considered early in the process. The paper will also discuss the unique royalty and taxation structures developed for the Red Dog Mine Agreement as well as environmental issues. The paper will also consider the ways in which the cultural and differing economic interests of an aboriginal owner and a large mining company have been accommodated in the both the exploration and development agreements"

Jan 1, 1998

By Christopher F. Gleeson, Roger D. Thomas

"Abstract - Wawa has long been a center of mineral exploration activity and diamonds have been reported in the area since the 1930s. However, diamond exploration did not begin in the area in earnest until 1991. In 1993, Sandor Surmacz and Marcelle Hauseux of Saminex began a prospecting program in the area which culminated in their discovery of the "Sandor" diamond occurrence in an outcrop on the east side of the Trans-Canada Highway. They subsequently optioned the property to Spider Resources Inc. who obtained the necessary exploration permits from Algoma Central Corporation and undertook an exploration program. The diamonds at the "Sandor" diamond occurrence are hosted in the matrix of a spessartite dike composed of actinolite, biotite, and albite. Of the 64 similar dikes that have been sampled and analyzed to date, eight have been found to contain a total of 231 diamonds. Most of the diamonds are of high quality, although they are small.The dikes are non-magnetic and do not have any other geophysical characteristic that can be used to differentiate them from the adjacent country rock. All of the dikes discovered to date have been found by prospecting or by geological mapping by the Ontario Geological Survey. The dikes do not contain pyrope garnet or chrome diopside, two of the commonly used kimberlite indicator minerals. Instead, low Mg, high Cr, Zn-rich chromite, and ilmenites of variable composition, some of which lie within the field of kimberlitic Mg-ilmenite compositions, characterize the diamondiferous dikes. A regional-scale till sampling program for heavy minerals, and geochemical analysis of the <0.177 mm fraction, was used to further define the areas of occurrence of the spessartite dikes and to indicate additional areas for diamond prospecting. Heavy minerals in till that were most useful include: actinolite, chromite, and ilmenite. Geochemical analyses of the dikes show them to contain elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr and to be enriched in Ba, Co, V, Ca, Fe, and Mg relative to the surrounding rocks. Elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr in till occur overlying and down-ice of known lamprophyre dikes."

Jan 1, 2000

By F. Hassani, K. Moozar, J. Ouellet, P. Gauthier

"This paper describes a sudden spill of waste rock used for backfilling from a waste pass at an underground mine in Canada, thus causing a major failure/accident. The mine operator immediately launched a detailed investigation to understand the causes of this accident and develop procedures to prevent any recurrence of such events in the future. The authors from McGill University were invited to collaborate with the engineers at the mine to examine this accident. The events leading to the accident were studied, appropriate measurements were taken and samples of the waste material were collected for further testing and analysis.The field visit and the interview of the witnesses allowed the detailed documentation of the events. The sequence of events related to the incident, along with the experimental results obtained in the course of the investigation, are presented. The waste material was characterized in the laboratory with regard to its behaviour in the presence of water. This information is discussed and the failure mechanism involved in the accident is identified. Finally, the full recommendations as well as the immediate operational measures implemented by the mine to prevent the future occurrence of such events are presented and discussed."

Jan 1, 2004

By George R. Elliott

Introduction The pages that follow present a brief chronological survey of views which have been held, and of legislation enacted, for the regulation of the natural gas and oil industry in the Turner Valley field, especially as regards conservation of the natural gas. To provide a necessary background for an adequate understanding of the progress of events in western Canada, there is included also a compilation, from technical and legal authorities, of some of the more important measures which have been adopted for the regulation of the oil and gas fields of the United States, where these measures have had, or are likely to have, a bearing on the course of our domestic industry. Owing to exigencies of space, it has been possible to refer only to the most outstanding proposals and legislation, and to these in the briefest possible form. Although, so far as Canada is concerned, the data presented are restricted almost entirely to the Turner Valley field, it is the hope of the writer that the paper may prove of value for purposes of reference: for any similar gas and oil fields discovered in western Canada will certainly revive and intensify the problem of the proper steps to be taken for the conservation of the gas. Definition of &apos;Conservation The term conservation has been so misunderstood and misrepresented that, to many persons in Alberta, it means little more than closing-in wells. In the light of the definition of Charles E. Hughes, that &apos;True conservation of a raw material is its economical use&apos;, the subject of natural gas conservation is inseparably involved with the study of the function of the -gas and with the development of the principles of unit operation.

Jan 1, 1934

By L. J. Heaslip, J. M. Toguri, T. R. Meadowcroft, R. L. Addinall

"""Pilot Plant Operations"" is a final-year core course given to the Metallurgy and Materials Science students at the University of Toronto. This course involves a laboratory study of an industrial project at an industrial site. Details of this program are discussed and reviewed after eight years of experience. IntroductionEducators in the field of Metallurgy and Materials Science have long agreed that ""hands-on"" experience is an important component in the education of metallurgical engineers. This philosophy is reflected in the undergraduate curricula of most metallurgical schools. The major problems encountered with laboratory-associated courses are the requirements for equipment, space and funds for both purchase and maintenance of equipment. For example, consider an exercise in crushing and grinding treatment in a mineral processing laboratory. Such operations require the handling of tons of material and often equipment of large size. The problems of storage of ore, methods of handling and maintenance of equipment are a few of the concerns facing the department. Considering that metallurgical departments at universities are, in general, relatively small, the support to purchase and maintain largescale equipment becomes an annual budgetary concern. In reality, universities today are not geared to operate mini-pilot plant equipment, either in terms of space or personnel.For the above reasons, in 1972an undergraduate core course called ""Pilot Plant Operations"" was introduced to the fourth year curriculum in Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University of Toronto. This course consists of I to 2 full weeks (8 hrs per day) of pilot plant laboratory study at an industrial site on a project of mutual interest with the industrial organization whose facility is being used. The first 5 years of the program were carried out at the pilot plant facility at the Ontario Research Foundation; Stelco&apos;s Research Centre in Burlington, Ontario, was used for the last 3 years. The nature of the projects undertaken during the 8-year period is shown in Table 1."

Jan 1, 1980

By Angus D. Campbell

"IntroductionThe subject assigned to me tonight gives unlimited scope. The material available is so voluminous and leads into so many ramifications, and the memories of the Camp are so vivid and treasured, that it is difficult to decide just what to use. Then, too, the geologists are the story-tellers of our tribe - I am only a hard rock miner.Members of the Cobalt Branch and Cobalters everywhere will agree without question that this Cobalt camp has been the greatest of all influences on Canadian mining. To those who do not know Cobalt, our opinion may seem prejudiced and our statement exaggerated.Be that as it may, discussion on this subject can be profitable, since it is worthwhile now and then to think on 'whence we came' and 'where we are going'.In the revival of interest in the Cobalt camp, we hope our guests may feel some of the old Cobalt Spirit, which has become the Spirit of the North.Visitors may even, while here, catch a glimpse of that whimsical little guardian spirit of the camp - the original goblin, the Kobold - for which Cobalt was named.While Kobold brings that good luck which plays so important a part in mining, he can have his evil moments, as in his original German home. There, when he made the silver disappear from their good ore, they cursed the grey ore, calling it Kobold.Although this little goblin bas frequently upset our best mining plans and geological calculations, be has played the game as well. He placed •some silver on the surface, and when he hid ~t at depth he left dues .for its finding. He has rewarded many who sought his treasure and is still rewarding those who have persevered and had faith in him. t:lis influence and that of Cobalt camp has probably had a greater influence on your work and your mining areas than you realize"

Jan 1, 1950

By E. Howard Lambert

"Operating costs of mining plants are increasing due to the increased cost of labour, materials and fuels. Labour and materials costs are factors not readily controlled. However, the use of energy from fuels may be controlled by plant operations. This paper describes the fossil fuels, their expected rate of depletion and their costs. The paper considers methods which may be used to provide an efficient use of energy from fuels. It includes an outline of obtaining energy, as heat, from mine milling operations (air compression) and obtaining the maximum use of energy from fuels used to generate electricity."

Jan 1, 1973

By P. Lafleur

All indications point to a growing market for thermal coal in Japan as part of the country&apos;s current energy policy formulation process. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry forecasts imports of 16 million tons a year in 1985 and 40 million tons in 1990-a twenty-fold and forty-fold increase over the present level. This potential reflects Japan&apos;s over-all serious and increasing concern for security of energy supplies and its resultant need to seek alternative sources. Nuclear power will be the main alternative source, but, because it is expected that its development will be slow, imported thermal coal will assume greater importance. Canada, with large resources of all types of coal, could fill a portion of this market. Thermal coal could come from specific thermal coal developments or from metallurgical coal mines, which usually produce a certain amount of coal not amenable to coking, but suitable for power purposes. However, penetration of this Japanese market by Canadian thermal coal will depend on the resolution of a number of problems. On the demand side, siting, environmental aspects, the need for a coal unloading and trans-shipment centre, and the added cost of installing coal-fired stations could be major constraints. Although Canada has ample high-quality resources, any new development tied to the Japanese market will require improvement in prices to cover the high costs associated with transportation, the construction of new mines and the provision of new infrastructure.

Jan 1, 1979

By L. W. Vollmer

Introduction During the past three years at least fifty strings of 9% nickel steel tubing have exhibited excellent resistance .to the variably severe corrosive conditions typical of many of the sweet condensate wells in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. This experience, and the characteristically outstanding performance of other ?nickel alloy steels under hydrogen sulphide corrosive conditions, dictated the selection of 9% nickel steel tubing for the second well drilled in the sour condensate Pincher Creek field of southwestern Alberta. The damaging effects of the Pincher Creek reservoir fluids on well equipment had been manifested in the discovery well by the rapid and not yet fully understood failure of API Grade N-80 tubing, stainless steel wire lines, and alloy steel fishing tools. Two very unexpected failures in the 9% nickel steel tubing, after only six days of service in production tests, instigated an extensive and continuing investigation to ascertain the probable cause of failure. This discussion presents some of the results obtained thus far which cast a little light on the perplexing behaviour of steels in hydrogen sulphide environments in general, and in sour condensate wells in particular. History of Tubing Failures Walter Marr well No. 1, in which the 9% nickel steel tubing failures occurred, produces from the Madison lime at the depth interval approximately 12,200 to 12,750 feet. The gas-oil ratio is about 26,000 and the gas contains 10.2 per cent hydrogen sulphide and 6.3 per cent carbon dioxide by volume.

Jan 1, 1952

By Fred C. Bond

A study of the settling and thickening of finely divided pulps was undertaken with the object of obtaining certain fundamental relationships, with resulting improvements in the design and operation of mechanical equipment. The subject has been treated in two parts: testing and batch thickening, and continuous thickening, including calculations of capacity and dimensions. Part 1. ? Testing and Batch Thickening The usual method of making thickening tests is to agitate the pulp with a plunger in a graduated glass cylinder and let it settle, while recording the time rate of settling. The settling rates corresponding to different pulp dilutions are found, the ultimate dilution obtained is measured, and the necessary thickener area in square feet per ton of dry solids per 24 hours is calculated, for each pulp dilution. The largest area found is used in selecting the proper thickener size.

Jan 1, 1946

By I. S. Parrish

The Sullivan Mining Group has been exploring the mineral deposits of the Mount Pleasant area of southern New Brunswick since 1967. Sullivan geologists have logged over sixty miles of drill core, mapped over five miles of underground workings and studied numerous surface exposures. Several mineralized zones have been defined and two higher-grade porphyrytungsten bodies delineated. Within these bodies, wolframite occurs as disseminated specks and grains up to one-half inch in diameter. The host rock is a brecciated rhyolite porphyry that has intruded quartz-feldspar porphyry of Mississippian age . The host rock is itself intruded by an acid porphyry called transition rock and is underlain by a microgranite. The mineralized zones, host rock, transition rock and microgranite are all thought to be derived from the same magma, and to represent progressive fractions from that magma.

Jan 1, 1978

By L. Don Leet

Abstract Earthborne vibrations from blasting and other sources, including rock bursts, can now be recorded effectively. The nature and magnitude of vibrations from various sources have been investigated and certain applications of the knowledge thus gained have been made. Vibrations from blasting have been measured on special equipment over a range from an electric blasting cap at a few feet, through the largest quarry shot in history to date ( 1,-362,985 lb.), to the first atomic bomb, in uew Mexico on July 16th, 1945. Laws relating amount of explosive to amount of vibration at different distances have been developed and tested. Special studies have been made of the effects of vibrations on buildings, particularly from the standpoint of possible structural damage. Recorded vibrations are used to study the effects of modern short-period delay shooting. It ?has been found that short-period delay firing is extremely effective in reducing vibrations under the right conditions, but with certain limitations. In quarry shooting, there appears to be a minimum number of holes below which vibrations are not appreciably reduced by short-period delay firing. In several instances this minimum has been near 7. Vibrations in the ground from rock bursts and the effects of mining in stresesd ground have been studied both underground and on the surface in a search for a rock burst warning system. Introduction Earthborne vibrations from blasting and other sources, including rock bursts, can now be recorded effectively. Analyses of blasting records have been yielding increasing funds of information of practical as well as theoretical interest. The nature and magnitude of the vibrations have been investigated with special reference to their effects on structures.

Jan 1, 1951

By M. L. Jeremic

The design of the long-hole sublevel mining method was originally based on the traditional assumption that the principal load was due to the weight of the overlying rock, and that the horizontal stresses are equal to one-third of the vertical stress. However, as mining progressed, the virgin lateral stress was found to be equal to or greater than the vertical stress. The virgin stress in the rock mass is not uniform throughout the folded orebody and adjacent strata. From detailed investigations, three basic patterns of virgin stress in ore panels have been inferred: uniform, bent and twisted. Stresses induced by stoping are up to three times greater than original stresses in the rock mass; they cause heavy ground conditions and make extraction of ore difficult. In the last ten years, the original mining system has been modified several times in order to destress the ground and improve the extraction of ore.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. P. Dick

THIS paper is a description of the milling practice and metallurgy at the Moneta Porcupine mine, Timmins, Ontario. The results obtained with an all-cyanide circuit and later with flotation followed by cyanidation are described. The ?investigation which prompted the various changes in milling practice have also been dealt with. Moneta ore is possibly the most refractory now being milled in the Porcupine district. This is due to the ultra fine state in which the gold occurs and to its intimate association with pyrite. No doubt there is ore of similar characteristics on the neighbouring properties but it probably forms only a small portion of the tonnage being mined, whereas at Moneta the bulk of the ore requires an extremely fine grind to liberate the gold. The fineness to which an ore can be ground economically has gone far beyond what was thought to be the limit only a few years ago. Formerly, a set of standard screens was all that was required to measure the fineness to which an ore was ground. At present, the Haultain infrasizer is practically indispensable, and the nominal micron has become a familiar unit of measurement to all those dealing with the problems of fine grinding.

Jan 1, 1941

By K. L. C. Gonçalves, V. K. Alves

"CVRD’s Department of Development and Technology – GETEK has been developing and perfecting a general methodology for scaling up flotation and grinding circuits over several years. This methodology has been applied in several prospective CVRD mining projects. It encompasses a procedure for variability analysis based on bench scale tests, pilot scale grinding and flotation tests and modeling and simulation for scaling up the industrial flowsheet.The bench scale tests include the determination of the Work Index, simplified DWT tests, rougher flotation and locked-cycle tests with samples that are representative of the ore body variability. After completion of these studies, continuous, pilot-scale flotation tests are carried out at a Mini Pilot Plant with drill core samples representative of different stages of the mine life. Finally, studies are carried out with large volume samples using a conventional grinding and flotation pilot plant. This sample is also used for liberation characterization, grinding kinetics, flotation kinetics and industrial circuit scale up. This methodology has been successfully employed in the development of CVRD’s new mining projectINTRODUCTIONCVRD has been developing and perfecting a general methodology for scaling up flotation and grinding circuits over several years. The definition of the processing route and the sizing and scale up of the processing system are some of the products generated during the pre-feasibility of a greenfield project. This paper is focused on the scale up of grinding and flotation circuits, operations known to be of the most importance in a mineral processing plant.The methodology for the definition of the flotation and grinding circuits is divided in the following stages: bench scale ore variability studies, pilot plant operation and modeling followed by simulation. The product of this work is a calibrated simulator that can be utilized for plant operation as well as mine planning, looking to achieve optimal operational conditions.The current models used for scale up of the grinding circuits are aimed at the generating information about the size distribution of the circuit product. However, it is well known that the liberation state of these products may be of critical importance for the performance of the concentration processes downstream. Nevertheless, CVRD has been developing a methodology for liberation kinetics during grinding, aimed at optimizing grinding circuit throughput together with downstream flotation recovery."

Jan 1, 2006

By C L. Briend, O&apos

This paper presents the main features of coal mining in Japan, as determined by the author while attending the International Coal Conference in October of 1963. The general economy of the country is considered, and the requirements for coking coal are outlined. Statistics and comments on production and consumption are then given, with accompanying cost figures, and the characteristics of Japanese coal mining are compared with those of Canada. Mining methods and underground transportation are covered, with emphasis on undersea mining. Finally, a description is given of a visit to the Miike colliery, the largest in Japan. I T was my privilege to attend the International Coal Conference held in Tokyo in October, 1963, to meet many prominent members of the Japan Coal Association and to visit one of the major coal fields. This is probably the reason why I was asked to present this review of the coal situation in Japan. In doing so, it must be pointed out that I am not an expert in coal mining, that my

Jan 1, 1965

By E. T. C. Spooner, Ioannou S. E.

"Abstract- The Dixie Zone Au-Ag deposit is a low sulfidation (adularia-sericite) epithermal system located 1.4 km from the producing Ken Snyder mine (7.0 M oz Au equivalent reserve/resource), Midas Mining District, north-central Nevada. This WNW striking, steep south dipping, fault system is hosted by mid-Miocene (17 Ma to 14 Ma) felsic volcanic rocks that were erupted from a vent(s) to the northeast. The system was mineralized by approximately 250 ± 20°C (n = 86), near-neutral pH, ascending fluids of predominantly meteoric origin [volatile corrected salinity = 0.52 ± 0.35 eq.wt% NaCl (n = 86)]. Bulk analytical fluid inclusion gas chromatography identified a mineralizing fluid volatile composition of 99.68 ± 0.18 mole % H2O, 0.16 ± 0.09 mole % CO2, 0.11 ± 0.05 mole percent N2, 0.05 ± 0.04 mole % CH4, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mole % CnHn+i (n = 7). Sulfur species were not analyzed due to absorption within the chromatography system; however, a H2S concentration of 16 ppm to 160 ppm molar is estimated. The volatile content contributes approximately 50% of the microthermometrically measured freezing point depression. Cl- concentrations up to approximately 9000 ppm suggest an additional, probably magmatic, fluid component.Ascending fluids were channelled along approximately NW striking faults related to the same primary extension (17 Ma to 14 Ma) responsible for Nevada basin and range physiography. Boiling induced by CO2 effervescence led to precipitation of Au and Ag over a 150 m vertical interval. At the time, this interval was about 460 m below the water table (approximately 38 bars), but because of erosion, it is now within 90 m of the surface. A Ag:Au ratio of 25:1 has been calculated for the Dixie Zone."

Jan 1, 2000

By A. B. Cron, R. MacPhail, L. Melis, K. Armstong

"Mt. Milligan is a porphyry gold/copper deposit in north-central British Columbia. Diluted and mineable drill-indicated reserves total 449 million tons at an average grade of 0.013 oz gold/ton and 0.19% copper. Large-scale commercial development of the deposit will make Mt. Milligan Canada's third largest gold mine.Metallurgical investigations for the Mt. Milligan project were done in three phases: scoping tests in the first half of 1989; bench-scale work from October 1989 to April 1990; and a pilot plant program in May and June 1990. Various process alternatives for the recovery of gold and copper are described and results are presented. Net smelter return evaluations led to the selection of optimum process conditions for maximizing revenue from gold/copper flotation concentrates.The selected flotation circuit and basic design criteria are described. Forecast average recoveries over the presently-defined 20-year project life are 75.2% for gold and 90.5% for copper in a copper concentrate averaging 17.6% copper and 1.0 oz gold/ton. 1.0 PROJECT LOCATIONThe Mt. Milligan porphyry gold/copper deposit is located in northcentral British Columbia, 150 km north of Prince George, British Columbia. The site is at an elevation of 1,100 m in an area of logged, gently-rolling topography. Nearby communities include MacKenzie and Fort St. James. Climate in the area is moderate and there is direct road access to the property. A location map is presented in Figure 1-1."

Jan 1, 1991

By M. Kunst

The creep behavior of three AJ62 alloys was investigated in a wide range of stresses and temperatures. Multi-level tensile creep tests revealed a distinct primary creep stage and a high stress exponent up to a value of 10. The threshold stress concept which is commonly used in combination with high stress exponents was utilized in the analysis of creep behaviour. This resulted in an effective stress exponent for the AJ alloys indi¬cating dislocation climb as the dominating creep mechanism. In addition, microstructural observations of the lamellar eutectic and of the a-Mg-matrix were carried out using opti¬cal microscopy, SEM and TEM. The creep properties of the alloys are discussed in the context of microstructural parameters such as phase volume-fraction, stability and solute supersaturation.

Jan 1, 2006

By P. G. Roden, G. A. Maki, P. J. Fullmann

"In October 1984, Rocanville Division began using a stacking system to handle potash mill tailings. Previous to this date, mill tailings were slurried to the top of the tailings pile and allowed to debrine while flowing mobile stackers. The stackers consist of cyclone packs to debrine the tailings and drag conveyors with screw discharges to deposit the tailings onto the existing pile. The paper will deal with the various aspects of the project from conception to its present state. Key Words: stacking, mobile stackers, Linatex Separators, potash mill tailings, reclaim brine ponds, settling ponds, tailings pile. IntroductionPrevious to 1984, when the stacking project was first implemented, potash mill tailings were handled as follows. Mill tailings were first debrined to approximately 65% solids using a cyclone cluster. The cyclone underflows were then introduced onto a vacuum scroll filter table. Here the tailings were further debrined and discharged into the disposal tank where the tailings were reslurried with reclaim brine and pumped to the tailings disposal site. At the disposal site the slurry was discharged onto the tailings pile and by a natural settling process the tailings were debrined with the brine ultimately collected in the reclaim brine ponds. The shape and profile of the tailings pile was controlled by building salt dikes to control the flow of the discharged tailings slurry. As the tailings pile grew in height, booster pumps were added to the disposal system."

Jan 1, 1986