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By L. Crocker

The Bureau of Mines investigated processes for recovering a marketable lithium product from the montmorillonite-type clays of the McDermitt caldera. The clay deposit, located on the Nevada-Oregon border, is estimated to contain over 3 million short tons of lithium. Limestone-gypsum roasting and selective chlorination proved most successful for extracting lithium from the clays; 80-pct Li recovery was achieved using either technique. With both processes, lithium silicate in the clay was converted to a water-soluble compound-either lithium sulfate or lithium chloride. The lithium was then recovered as a carbonate by water leaching the calcine, concentrating the leach solution by evaporation, and precipitating the lithium with soda ash. The operating costs for the limestone-gypsum roast process were estimated at $2.02/lb Li2C03; selective chlorination operating costs were estimated at $3.85/1b Li2C03. The current selling price of Li2C03 is about $1.50/lb. A detailed flowsheet, material balance, and process evaluation are presented for the limestone-gypsum roast process. In addition, lithium reserves and resources are discussed and the McDermitt clays are described.

Jan 1, 1988

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the third of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers, (2) the particle shape of the crushed product, (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produce- by different types of primary crushers, and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Progress reports 1 and 2 dealt with comparisons of different types of crushers crushing the seine tyre of stone. This report deals with relationship between feed and product of two different limestones, as to size distribution and particle shape, when crashed in the same crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By Benjamin W. Haynes

Cement kiln dust (CKD) produced in the contiguous United States and Hawaii was characterized as part of the Bureau of Mines' program in minerals environmental technology. The mineralogical and chemical composition was determined for 113 CKD samples from 102 plants that normally send CKD waste to landfill. Characterization included the determination of 28 elements, 7 anion species, carbon dioxide, noncarbonate carbon, and chemically bound water. Mercury was determined in 15 samples. Interelement correlation coefficients were determined for 23 elements, 5 anions, CO2, noncarbonate carbon, and chemically bound water. To assess the hazardous waste potential of CKD, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test was performed on all 113 CKD samples. All but one sample were in compliance with the test; the noncomplying sample slightly exceeded the EP toxicity test criterion for lead.

Jan 1, 1982

By P. D. Lindahl

[A cost/benefit analysis was conducted by comparing the industry cost to protective structures on low-coal face equipment with the benefits paid for injuries/fatalities considered preventable by the use of these structures. Th industry costs were based on estimates by OEM's and rebuild shops for install protective structures on new and rebuilt face equipment. The accident benefit was based on evaluations performed by the USBM Accident Cost Indicator Model. Industry wide population data were developed on low-coal face equipment and injuries/ fatalities preventable with protective structures. The results of the analysis are to be used as a tool by USBM in determining the feasibility of continuing development of cab and canopy technology for low-coal equipment.]

Jan 1, 1983

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations-in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Deparment of the Interior. It presents analytical data for 4,397 samples, representing the products of 130 companies. The samples were collected during December 1952 and January and February 1953. As in previous surveys, the gasolines covered by this survey include those from both large and small suppliers. The data were obtained by laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies and submitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. A list of the National Motor-Gasoline Survey reports published during the past ten years is given on page 5.

Jan 1, 1953

BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, C.A, Analyses of Utah Coals, United States Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 345, 1925, pp. 90. Allen, J.E. and E.M. Baldwin, Geology and Coal Resources of the Coos Bay Quadrangle, Oregon, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin 27, 1944, pp. 160. "Aluminum Boom Raises Productivity", Coal Age, Vol. 82, No.6, June, 1977, pp. 103.

Jan 1, 1978

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the third of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers, (2) the particle shape of the crushed. product, (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different types of primary crushers, and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Progress reports 1 and 2 dealt with comparisons of different types of crushers crushing the same type of stone. This report deals with relation¬ship between feed and product of two different limestones, as to size distribution and particle shape, when crashed in the same crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1966 through December 1966, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1944. It is the eighth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering.

Jan 1, 1967

By IRENE AITKENS

The Mining Law of 1910 , with amendments of 1914 and 1928 , is at present in force in the Dominican Republic . The first and basic mining law of the Republic was passed in 1876 , and although numerous changes and amendments have been made from time to time , the new laws and amendments thereto have not changed the original or basic law materially . However , these enactments have materially changed the legal methods governing the exploitation of the mineral resources of this country and have added new regulations and requirements to those concerning certain specific minerals , etc. The original or basic law still exists as it was first promulgated to protect the rights of the Dominican Republic itself , the rights of the landowner , and the rights of prospectors in general . The Mining Law of 1876 remained in force , without amendment , until it was superseded by the law of May 25 , 1904 , an enactment modeled after the Mexican mining law and designed especially to encourage the investment of

May 1, 1931

By Robert S. Schechter

A minitest of the new potassium chloride-potassium carbonate two-stage in-situ uranium leach process has been carried out at the Intercontinental Energy Corporation (IEC) Zamzow project site in South Texas. Substantial quantities of high concentration uranium were produced indicating the viability of the leach solution. The test results yield information regarding the reservoir dispersivity, the average cation-exchange capacity of the formation, and the distribution coefficients describing cation-exchange reactions. The test also indicates permeability anisotropy and the existence of disturbed flow fields.

Jan 1, 1985

By Mark I. Copeland

Bureau of Mines researchers investigated the combined effect of copper and tin additions on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled steels. Wrought steels containing 0.2 wt-pct C and up to 0.2 and 1.0 wt-pct Sn and Cu, respectively, were made and evaluated by conducting tensile and impact tests and electron-beam microprobe and electron microscopy examination. Tin additions did not significantly affect the tensile properties of steel at different copper contents in the hot-rolled condition. Tin lowered the copper content at which strengthening by copper precipitation normally starts, 0.8 wt-pct, and decreased the strength of steel aged at 1,022° F (550° C). The most adverse effect of tin was lowering the notch toughness of steels at most copper contents.

Jan 1, 1976

? CAGER, CAGE RIDER, CAGE TENDER, SHAFT MEN All of the above job titles are variously associated with the handling of men and material at hoist stations. Generally, these classifications of personnel are involved with riding cages with personnel and in hoisting supplies into the mine. Job titles and activity description will be defined in the respective chapters. ? FLOW CHART SYMBOLS [Vertical Transportation Horizontal Transportation Storage Operation Delay ]

Jan 1, 1975

This manual covers the operation and lubrication procedures for the Eimco Pumpable Roof Bolting Machine. This machine meets U. S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 2G Approval. This manual is divided into three major parts: 1. Machine dimensions; 2. operating instructions and; 3. Lubrication. Whenever front or rear, right or left arc mentioned it is assumed that the reader is standing behind the machine looking toward the boom. The boom is at the front of the machine. Safety When leaving machine parked on an incline turn wheels into the rib or block wheels. Do not run over power cables. Make sure your power cable is up out of the way so others can't run over it. Machine has a fire suppressor system for the power unit. The remote actuator (pressure cylinder) is located at the operator's station. Components and service procedures on page 59.

Jan 1, 1976

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. By agreement with the American Petroleum Institute, identification of the items is confidential. It presents analytical data for 4,857 samples, representing the products of 103 companies. The samples were collected during June, July, and August 1955. As in previous surveys, the gasolines covered by this survey include those from both large and small suppliers. The data were obtained by laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies and submitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. A list of the National Motor Gasoline Survey reports published during the past 10 years is given on page 5.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. Grumer

The Bureau of Mines, under the sponsorship of the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, conducted a laboratory-scale hydrogen safety study which determined several combustion characteristics of hydrogen diffusion flames. Experiments show that ambient air may enter the top of a hydrogen flare stack when the hydrogen flow is low. A new concept, supported by photographic evidence, predicts that diffusion flames burning in air on a wide, upright pipe (stack) and fed with slow, upward flows of buoyant gas will induce a downward flow of air along the walls of the pipe that can support combustion within the pipe. Predicted flamedip limits agree roughly with experimental values determined on 6-, 12-, and 18-inch-diameter stacks and increase with increasing stack diameter. Measurements were made of the limiting flow at which a hydrogen diffusion flame blows out in still air. By means of an empirical application of the critical boundary 8 velocity gradient concept, these data lead to a blowout limit of about 10 reciprocal seconds for a hydrogen diffusion flame. Burning rates of large hydrogen diffusion flames ranging from about 0.03 to 1 ft/sec were used to predict approximate flame heights on flare stacks. Temperatures of larger hydrogen diffusion flames up to about 3,600° F were observed, but the most representative value appears to be about 2,600° F. It was found that crosswinds do not strip significant amounts of unburned hydrogen from its diffusion flame and that water-cooled flare stacks are not likely to be damaged when flame is blown back into them by opposing winds.

Jan 1, 1970

By D. E. Sullivan

The Minerals Availability Program of the Bureau of Mines conducts cost evaluations of current and potential mineral operations in the United States and foreign countries. The International Mining Cost Indexation System (IMCI) allows data of different time periods within a country to be updated to a common base year for analytical purposes. The IMCI comprises 12 factor cost indexes and an exchange rate series for 96 market economy countries, denominated in both local and U.S. currency. The IMCI for each country contains 12 time series indexes that measure the average annual rate of change in the cost of factor inputs to the mining industry within that country. Mining industry factor cost indexes include wages, plant and equipment, construction and mining materials, power and transportation, and other measures considered to comprise the majority of capital and operating costs. Cost data or proxies are collected in local currency. Index series within each country are constructed separately and indexed on a 1975 base year. The local currency index is converted to a U.S.-dollar-based currency index using an exchange ratio.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. W. Miller

Depletion of coals most suitable for metallurgical fuel has nude necessary a general survey of coking-coal reserves in the United States. These investigations were begun in 1948 at the joint request of the Munitions Board, Department of Defense, and a number of coal companies. This report, which is one of a series, by counties, describes the preparation characteristics of the coals of Letcher County, Icy. From these data it is possible to determine: (a) Which coals either as mined or after beneficiation by conventional preparation are suitable under present standards for producing metallurgical coke, (b) which coals require special and more intensive treatment in preparation than is now practiced, and, (c) which coals cannot be upgraded by known commercial preparation methods to metallurgical fuel standards now accepted.

Jan 1, 1955

By Scott W. Hazen, George W. Gladfelter

This report presents the results of an initial investigation into some problems resulting from the use of assays representing unequal sample interval lengths and the use of the weighted average grade of ore in evaluating bedded mineral deposits . A mathematical proof and examples are given to show that the unweighted and weighted assay averages are equivalent when there is no correlation between assay value and sample interval length but that these averages are different when there is correlation between assay value and sample interval length . The amount of this difference between estimates is a function of the degree of correlation . One set of sample and assay data , based on 11 stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho , indicates that the relationship between the amount of difference between estimates and the correlation factor is approximately linear . If this correlation relationship can be established , within acceptable limits of precision , as a consistent attribute of deposits , the estimate of weighted average grade of ore could be predicted directly from the unweighted estimate of grade of ore by using the relationship as a prediction factor . Randomness tests on the sample and assay data from the Phosphoria formation , using the mean - square - successive - difference method , indicate that correlation between assay value and sample interval length ( each sample interval length represents an individual bed or stratum of the formation ) , apparently has little effect on the independence between successive assays , between successive sample interval lengths , and between the products of assays and sample interval lengths . Therefore , these data can be analyzed statistically as long as the original sample sections have been selected at random for sampling .

Jan 1, 1964

By A. A. Bakewell

This information circular, which describes mining methods and practices at the Baguio Gold Mining Co., Philippine Islands, is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs. Since January 1952, Baguio Gold Mining Co. has operated its rehabilitated mine and mill in the Baguio district. Postwar labor and supply costs are three or four times prewar costs, whereas ore tenor and tonnage are about the same. Ore reserves remain approximately the same, but deeper and more spreadout operations add to increasing costs. Recently the company has acquired an adjoining property, which may lengthen its life substantially. Costs and general operations are more or less typical of the district, which includes three other active gold mines. Gold ore mined in the district totals approximately 4,300 tons per day.

Jan 1, 1959

By R. S. Fowkes

The Bureau of Mines constructed a fully automated pilot plant facility to study the hydraulic transportation of solids through a lock hopper feeder system. An equation for the energy requirements to transport coarse solids hydraulically proved applicable to this system. Optimum velocities were obtained for limestone, mine refuse, and bituminous coal. The experimental data, calculations, and graphs show the effect of velocity, specific gravity, and solids concentration on head loss and power requirements. Other data were obtained and evaluated to determine the effect of particle size on head loss. Results also are given for (a) tests using friction reducing polymers; (b) tests using seven test sections of steel alloy pipe to determine their wear characteristics; (c) tests to determine spatial segregation of moving particles; and (d) tests to determine the effect of shape, size, and specific gravity on particle velocity in a horizontal pipeline. The lock hopper feeder system was found practical for continuous hydraulic transportation of the material types and size ranges tested.

Jan 1, 1969