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By J. W. Sanger

The establishment of a central steam-heating system in Winnipeg and its inauguration in October, 1924, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. Not only does it excite the curiosity of the engineer, but it has stirred financial and civic bodies throughout Canada to such a degree that there is now a much keener general interest in this particular type of public utility than has been shown heretofore. This does not mean that we may expect a mushroom growth of central-heating systems in all our larger Canadian cities in the near future, but it does mean that the pioneer work which Winnipeg is now doing will undoubtedly be used to guide others in their judgment as to the feasibility of similar projects elsewhere. The success of the municipal hydro-electric system in Winnipeg, and the low rates for electricity resulting therefrom, was without a doubt the most important factor influencing the citizens of Winnipeg to venture into this new field. The events which led up to the central steam-heating proposal in Winnipeg are interesting.

Jan 1, 1926

By T. Prietl

Metallurgical vessel linings are multilayered, consisting of refractory bodies, insulation materials, joints, and additional space to control for thermal expansion. A unique biaxial hot testing press (BHTP) was installed at the RHI Refractories Technology Center Leoben, Austria to enable the three-dimensional behaviour of complex vessel lining segments to be investigated under simulated service conditions. Using the BHTP, the heat up and thermo-mechanical behaviour of magnesia chromite brick lining segments with and without mortar filled joints were examined. The results obtained during the initial heat up provided validation of CFD modelling of the lining system. In addition, after the heat up and under steady state conditions, the lining behaviour during deformation-controlled compression and relaxation was examined. These analyses generated important data regarding the stiffness, joint compressibility, and brick damage of the lining segments after cyclic loading and unloading as well as the benefits of using mortar joints in the lining. These investigations were performed in collaboration with the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Secondary Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals, University of Leoben, Austria. The BHTP has been operational since November 2004 and is providing information regarding the thermo-mechanical behaviour of different lining segments.

Jan 1, 2007

By P. Langlois, G. Labonté, J. J. Barrett, J. Holmes

"The Voisey’s Bay mill processes a high-grade pentlandite and chalcopyrite ore in a largely pyrrhotite/troilite matrix. From 1994 to 1997, circuit development focused on making a 14% nickel concentrate. When flowsheet development resumed in 2001, the target grade was raised to 20% ni. initially triethylene tetramine and sulfite pyrrhotite depressants were used in a lime circuit, but by recycling process water and the contained thiosalts, the required nickel grade was made without depressants. construction of the mill was fast-tracked, with start-up in september 2005. ramp-up was faster than other recent nickel installations, with tonnage being limited by concentrate dewatering due to higher-thanexpected ore grades.RÉSUMÉ l’usine de traitement de Voisey’s Bay traite un minerai à teneur élevée en pentlandite et chalcopyrite dans une matrice formée surtout de pyrrhotite/troïlite. De 1994 à 1997, le développement du circuit ciblait la production d’un concentré à 14 % de nickel. lorsque le développement du schéma de traitement a été repris en 2001, la teneur cible a été élevée à 20 % de ni. initialement les déprimants triéthylènetétramine et sulfite de la pyrrhotite étaient utilisés dans un circuit à la chaux; cependant, en recyclant l’eau du procédé et les sulfosels qui y sont contenus, la teneur en nickel a été atteinte sans utilisation de déprimants. la construction de l’usine de traitement a été accélérée et elle a démarré en septembre 2005. la mise en opération a été plus rapide que pour d’autres installations récentes de nickel; le tonnage traité étant limité par le séchage du concentré en raison des teneurs de minerai plus élevées que prévu.INTRODUCTIONnickel was discovered on canada’s east coast in the vicinity of Voisey’s Bay, northern labrador, by chislett and Verbiski (Higgins, 2011) while working for Diamond Fields resources in 1993. The ovoid deposit was subsequently delineated in the winter of 1994–1995. By the end of 1995, the ovoid had been well explored, and at that time was thought to have a reserve of at least 30 million tonnes (Mt), with an average grade of 2.83% ni and 2.0% cu (naldrett, singh, Krstic, & li, 2000). Drilling to the east of the ovoid indicated the presence of significant mineralization. in June 1995, inco limited bought a 25% share in the Voisey’s Bay nickel company (VBnc), which was a subsidiary holding company set up by Diamond Fields. inco also bought 8% of Diamond Fields and negotiated the right to sell all the nickel produced from VBnc for 20 years as part of this agreement. in april 1996, inco bought Diamond Fields and acquired the remaining 75% of VBnc shares."

Jan 1, 2017

By V. Gangrade

Recirculation is the major concern associated with the utilization of booster fans. In controlled recirculation, a portion of the return air is purposely mixed with the intake air and the mixture is directed towards a working district, while the air quantity and gas concentrations in the air are closely monitored and managed. The objectives of this study were to determine the gas concentration in intake and return airways during controlled recirculation, and to determine the recirculation fraction for multiple headings. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory model to determine the effect of controlled recirculation on the quality of air circulated through the working faces. Preliminary results showed that recirculation is beneficial to ventilation planning because it reduces the build-up of air contaminants at the working faces and reduces the overall power consumptions. The experimental results were used to quantify the recirculation fraction and to calibrate ventilation models of the laboratory model. These models are used to simulate the controlled recirculation and to predict the gas concentrations in multiple headings.

Aug 1, 2013

By E. Poiate, P. R. Cabral, A. V. N. Santos, P. V. M. Costa, C. S. Amaral, A. M. Costa

This paper discusses the design of underground salt caverns, opened by solution mining, for the production of brine and storage of natural gas under high pressures. The caverns are located in the salt basin in Maceio City, Alagoas State, at the northeast region of Brazil. Special attention is given to the geomechanical structural design of the caverns using computer codes specially developed for the simulation of excavations in salt rock formations, considering validated constitutive creep laws under different initial stress states and temperatures. The behavior of sedimentary rocks intercalations presented in the salt layer is simulated using elastic-plastic models. The excavation of the caverns by solution mining is also simulated starting from a geostatic initial equilibrium state of stresses, with a unique formulation only implemented in these computer codes, without the need of the application of boundary stresses to the model in order to develop the initial state of stresses. These computer codes have being used in the design of several clusters of caverns for brine production used as raw material of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) of the Chemical Industryin Brazil. These computer codes and methodology were also applied to the design of the underground conventional potash mine in the state of Sergipe, overlying tachyhydrite and carnallite with very high creep strain rate. They have also been used in the design of the pre-salt oil wells through thick layers of stratified salt rock in Santos Basin, for the exploration and production of the pre-salt reservoirs in Brazil. The constitutive creep equations implemented in the codes are based on a double mechanism creep law. The creep constants adopted in the simulation are taken from a previous investigation carried out on an experimental panel of the potash mine, considering the stratified geology with different salt rocks of the basin where the mine is located. These constants were also obtained by lab tests under different confined and differential stresses and temperatures.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Motamedi

Indoor localization has gained importance as it has the potential to improve various processes related to the lifecycle management of facilities and to deliver personalized and location-based services. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based systems, on the other hand, have been widely used in different applications in construction and maintenance. This paper investigates the usage of RFID technology for indoor localization of RFID equipped movable assets during the operation phase of facilities. The location-related data on RFID tags attached to fixed assets are extracted from a Building Information Model (BIM) and can provide context-aware information inside the building which can improve Facilities Management (FM) processes. The paper proposes a new approach to use received signals from available reference tags in the building attached to fixed assets to locate movable assets. The approach uses signal pattern matching and clustering algorithms for localization. As a result, a user equipped with an RFID reader is able to estimate the location of target assets, without having access to any Real- Time Location System (RTLS) infrastructure. A case study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed methods.

Aug 1, 2013

During the past decade, the miner-al industries have been faced with an increasing shortage of engineers. The point has now been reached where the shortage may be termed critical. This shortage may be attributed directly to declining enrollment in the mineral science programs offered by the universities on this continent. Although the reasons for declining enrollment are undoubtedly many, two major hypotheses may be postulated. The first is that high-school graduates are either unaware of the mineral industries and the opportunities in them or that they are aware of them but have somehow obtained a false image of their true nature. The second is that they are aware of the true nature of these industries and the opportunities they offer but find them exceedingly unattractive. The problem of dwindling enrollments has, in recent years, been subjected to a concerted attack by the industries and professions concerned. However, their efforts to date have been based essentially on the first hypothesis. Sufficient results are now available to suggest that either the methods of attack are inappropriate

Jan 1, 1965

By H. Kudelka

Copper electrowinning at Duisburger Kupferhuette was introduced in March 1975. The electrowinning plant has a capacity of 10,000 mT of copper cathodes a year. The cuprous oxide feed material is an intermediate product of the treatment of the leach solutions, originating from chloridizing roasting of pyrite cinders. This material is characterized not only by a wide spectrum of accompanying impurities, but also by an unusually high level of precious metals. As the priority set was the production of high-purity cathodes. there was a need for developing a process which would be suited to treat complex leach liquors . The process adopted consist s of an oxidizing leach in spent electrolyte, followed by two- stage purification, By this means. a low- acid pregnant copper electrolyte is obtained free of elements detrimental to copper quality. Electrowinning is carried out at a current density of 200 A / m2 in the presence of 10 g/l zinc. The electrowon copper has a conductivity of at least 101.4% lACS and a softening temperature not exceeding 200°C, which makes it a suitable product for continuous casting and dip ?forming.

Jan 1, 1977

By Finley A. Campbell

THE Quemont and Horne mines are located at Noranda in north-western Quebec. As shown in Figure 1, the Noranda area lies between the Cadillac-Bouzan fault zone on the south and the Porcupine-Destor fault zone to the north. Both of these major structural lineaments appear to be geometrically, and possibly genetically, related to the Grenville Front. The regional geology has been discussed by Wilson (12), Cooke et al. ( 2), and others. The geology in the Noranda vicinity, as compiled by Dugas and Gilbert ( 3), is shown in Figure 2. The Cadillac-Bouzan fault zone separates the dominantly Temiskaming-type sediments in the south from the Keewatin-type canic rocks to the north. These volcanics, which vary in composition from rhyolite to andesite, form a broad anticlinorium with a general eastward plunge. A succession of dioritic stocks, sills and dikes have been mapped in the area. The principal granitic rock masses include the Powell, Flavrian and Dufault stocks.

Jan 1, 1962

By W J. Dyck

Past attempts to establish an integrated steel industry on the West Coast of Canada have been unsuccessful for at least three reasons: (a) insufficient reserves of a suit-able iron ore supply; (b) a relatively small local market for iron and steel; and (c) the non-availability of an economical process to produce primary iron on a small scale. Today, the reserves of economically mineable ore deposits are ample to support a steel production of 100,000 to 200,-000 tons per annum. The local market has increased so as to be able to absorb most of this capacity. With-in the next few years, a small integrated steel plant, including the "H-Iron" direct iron ore reduction process for electric furnace charge stock production, will be able to show a profitable operation. Introduction

Jan 1, 1963

By J. F. Davis

Pegmatite dykes containing lithium minerals and beryl occur dose to the borders of intrusive masses of granitic rock in the Winnipeg River area of Manitoba. Both vertical and flat-lying dykes are present. Most of the pegmatites consist of zones, containing characteristic mineral assemblages, arranged more or Jess parallel to the borders of the dykes. Five important lithium minerals are present; each occurs in a separate zone, but all the lithium-bearing zones are situated toward the centres of the pegmatites. Spodumene is the most abundant and widespread of the lithium minerals and occurs as small crystals intimately intergrown with quartz. Beryl is not an important constituent of the lithium pegmatites, but when .present, occurs outside the lithium zones, toward the margins of the -dykes. Beryl is most common in dykes containing few or no lithium minerals. The mineral assemblage in the beryl zone of the lithium dykes is the same as that of the beryl dykes. The attitude and internal structure, particularly zoning, of the pegmatite dykes, and the texture and assemblages of the constituent minerals, have an important bearing on exploration, development, and mining of these pegmatites, and on the extraction of various mineral products from them.

Jan 1, 1958

By Elmer Palmer

As part of the Goldcorp Inc growth plan Minera Peñasquito SA de CV has developed its polymetallic deposit with a large ?state of the art? concentrator to process lead and zinc ores. The plant consists of two grinding lines including 38ft diameter SAG mills and 24ft diameter ball mills. During mid to late 2009 concentrator commissioning activities commenced. First concentrates were produced in October 2009 and now the plant is meeting its design basis of 65,000 mtpd per line. This paper describes the design and operational experience to date for its grinding circuit design, together with the recently commissioned HPGR crushing circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By F. R. Archibald

A STATEMENT on this subject by A. D. Turnbull, presented and discussed at the Annual Business Conference of the Metallurgy Division, C.I.M., held in Ottawa on April 22nd 1957, led to creation of a committee "too see if the Metallurgy Division of the C.I.M. can improve this situation". Without discounting the general problems of education and short-ages in other fields, the committee is primarily concerned with deficiencies related to metallurgy. The committee members are: F. R. Archibald, Chairman, A. D. Turnbull, L. E. Djingheuzian, J. U. Mac-Ewan, and L. M. Pidgeon. Following exchange of views among the committee members a general attitude of approach was established and a background of reference material assembled. It is the purpose of this review to acquaint those interested with the reference material, to offer an appraisal of the situation, and to suggest a programme for action by the Metallurgy Division of the C.I.M. Before proceeding with the ?presentation it is fitting to point out that, notwithstanding some rather important developments in public concern for educational matters, as well as changes in the level of activity in the metallurgical industry, the statement (April 1957) by Mr. Turnbull still stands as a sound article of reference.

Jan 1, 1958

By L. Bryson, J. H. W. M. Brits, K. Voogt

"The Anglo American Platinum’s Rustenburg Base Metals Refinery (RBMR) has the world’s first full deposit nickel plating tankhouse. Impurities in the nickel electrolyte can induce stresses in the electrowon nickel deposits that could lead to delamination of the deposit. Identifying the impurities that contribute to increasing internal stresses in the nickel deposit is key to successful operation and automation of the tankhouse. Impurities were introduced in the plant electrolyte and the effects on the full-scale nickel deposits evaluated. The impurity-adjusted electrolyte solutions were also analyzed using commercially available bench-scale methods to determine the induced stress. A correlation between impurity-induced deposit stress and full-scale delamination was developed. A direct correlation can now be made between feed quality, i.e. impurity concentrations, and degree of delamination in the plant. This methodology has the potential to rapidly predict the effect of new reagents, upstream process upset conditions and synergistic interactions between impurities on deposit stress and delamination of nickel deposits.INTRODUCTION Nickel electrowinning in sulphate media was first pioneered by Outokumpu in its Harjavalta refinery in 1960 (Saarinen and Seilo, 1985). The original process was very manual with starter sheets plated onto “acid resistant” steel for 36 hours and then manually stripped and cut into sheets which could be inserted into the main production cells for a further 4–5 days. The starter sheet stripping and manufacture process was later automated. The same technology was subsequently implemented on a number of plants around the world. Anglo American Platinum’s Base Metal Refinery (BMR) began nickel electrowinning in the early 1980’s. The recent expansion of Anglo American Platinum’s Base Metals Refinery necessitated the construction of a new nickel tankhouse to achieve two primary objectives. The first to increase the capacity to 32 400 tpa nickel and the second to reduce employee occupational exposure to nickel aerosols. The new tankhouse has been commissioned and is in the process of ramp-up; more details are given by Hagemann et al. (2016). Fundamental to lowering employee exposure to aerosols was automating both harvesting and final handling of cathode. In order to accomplish this a bold move was taken to plate up to 10 days on permanent titanium blanks which are harvested by automatic crane and automatically stripped. The original development work for the plating nickel on titanium blanks over a ten day cycle is given by Bryson et al. (2006)."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. J. R. Schaller

NO. 3 winze, the sixth shaft to be sunk on the San Antonio property, is practically a duplicate of No. 3 shaft, which was the main shaft prior to the installation of the larger hoisting equipment in 1939. It is collared on the tenth, or 1,500-ft., level, and goes down vertically to the sixteenth, or 2,500-ft., level, with a loading pocket, spill pocket, and sump below this. It is 1,000 feet east of No. 3 shaft. All ore, men, and materials are handled through the latter. The winze location with reference to the rock formation is shown in Figure 1. (In plan, this section strikes N.30°E. and cuts most of the main orebodies of the mine normal to their strike.) It is collared eighty feet inside the footwall contact of the basalt and cuts through it before reaching the eleventh level. In this location there will be no ore tied up in shaft pillars, as the closest ore to the shaft is on the tenth level, and here it is eighty feet northeast of the collar. The winze headframe and hoist-room straddle the main haulage to the No. 3 shaft, on the tenth level (see Figure 2). At no time during the excavation for the headframe and hoist-room was the general routine work of this haulage held up.

Jan 1, 1941

By J. E. Hawley

This paper constitutes a report from the Committee on Geological Research to the Geology Division of the Institute. Two years have elapsed since a formal report was made containing several resolutions aimed at assisting geological research, a review of research equipment available, a summary of research projects suggested for consideration, and a list of research then in progress (see July, 1947, Bulletin, pp. 351-370). At this time we may note what action has been taken on the various resotions and suggestions of the Committee, indicate the more important accomplishments of independent investigators, and present a summary of the rather imposing volume and variety of research currently being carried on throughout the country. I.-Committee Resolutions and Suggestions 1.-A National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological Sciences The original resolution adopted on the setting up of this Committee was approved with despatch by Council and was forwarded to the Minister of Mines and Resources. Due to a reorganization in the Department and possibly other reasons, no action on this important matter has yet been taken, but we are assured that some time this year such a Committee will be established by the Department of Mines and Resources. Unquestionably, it will give a fresh impetus to research in the geological sciences. When the noteworthy progress made by the research committees on Geophysics and on Soil and Snow Mechanics, established by the National Research Council, is considered, it is indeed regrettable that the Department of Mines and Resources has not acted more decisively in this matter.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. Riveros, H. Henein

Bulk Metallic Glasses have a high potential as advanced engineering materials due to their various properties including strength and corrosion resistance, to name a few. This paper investigates amorphous phase formation and rapid solidification characteristics of impulse atomized Co-based alloys in order to understand and control the application properties of the final products. Amorphous fraction and kinetic crystallization properties of the atomized Co-based alloy powders were quantified by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In addition, different but complementary characterization tools were used to analyze microstructures of the powders. These include optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and micro-hardness tests. While the amorphous fraction within the powders is promoted by high cooling rate and smaller powder size as expected, hardness is found to decrease with the fraction of amorphous phase.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. S. Redpath, W. R. Dengler

"A description of the equipment used and the electrical-mechanical problems encountered in sinking a deep shaft is given. This shaft is currently being sunk to a depth of 7,115 feet. Some of the features of the sinking plant are a 6,500-hp double-drum hoist, a Blair stage hoist, special high-capacity mucking gear, a Galloway stage, high-tensile stage suspension ropes and 12-ton sinking buckets.INTRODUCTIONIN THE EARLY FALL OF 1965, a contract was let, by The International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, to Shaft Sinkers (Canada) Limited -J. S. Redpath Limited -Joint Venture, • to sink and equip the Creighton No. 9 shaft at their Creighton Mine proper-ty in Ontario. This paper describes the electrical and mechanical equipment used by the contractor on this project, and details various problems that were en-countered.The shaft itself is circular in section and is lined with monolithic concrete. Upon completion, it will feature twin skip compartments, a cage compartment, counterweight compartment, manway and pipe compartment. The finished diameter of this opening will be 21 feet and the shaft will bottom 7,115 feet below the collar. The present depth of the shaft (April, 1968) is 5,400 feet. The opening is concrete lined as excavation takes place and the steel will be placed in the shaft upon completion of sinking. Hoisting is done on rope guides which are part of the stage suspension system."

Jan 1, 1968

By Magella Pelletier

"IntroductionDepuis une vingtaine d'année, les nombreux travaux de géochimie effectués par l'industrie privée et les milieux gouvemementaux ont permis:• de découvrir de nombreuses zones minéralisées a valeur économique;• d'identifier et de vérifier certains patrons de dispersion géochimique au-dessu s de secteurs minéralises déjà connus;• de favoriser le développernent des techniques analytiques;• de forcer le développement d'une mise en carte des résultats d'analyse, qui soit plus adéquat afin de permettre une meilleure interprétation géochimique.L'une de ces cartes géochimiques qui permet le mieux de mettre en valeur les données analytiques et qui fut instaurée au debut des années 80, est la carte d'interprétation géochimique par pondération.Cette carte numérique semi-quantitative, qui est construite à partir des données de base et de l'importance des éléments indicateurs pour une substance donnée, permet d'identifier et de définir des zones possédants de fortes probabilités pour la recherché de sources minéralisées."

Jan 1, 1987

By V. A. Preto

The Rexspar uranium deposit is located approximately 5 kilometres south of Birch Island, B.C. Three separate zones of commercial-grade uranium mineralization mineable by open pit have been outlined. Uranium and fluorite-celestite mineralization occur in a trachytic member of alkali-feldspar porphyry, lithic tuff, tuff breccias and pyritic schist conformably interlayered with a succession of strongly deformed greenschists and fragmental rocks that are, in large part at least, of volcanic origin. The age of these strata is not precisely known, but they are considered as part of the possibly Mississippian Eagle Bay Formation. Commercial-grade uranium mineralization is always associated with fluorphlogopite-pyrite replacement of the trachytic unit and is contiguous to, but separate from , a zone of ore-grade fluorite mineralization. In all zones, ore occurs in lenses of variable thickness and lateral extent, which lie parallel to the schistosity of the trachytic rocks and surrounding greenschists. The principal radioactive minerals at Rexspar have been identified by other workers as uraninite, uranothorite, bastnaesite, torbernite and metatorbernite. Considerable amounts of thorium oxide and widespread rare earths have been reported from all three radioactive zones. The geology of the deposit suggests that the trachytic rocks represent a highly differentiated intrusive-extrusive system in which fluorphlogopite, pyrite, fluorite and uranium-bearing minerals were deposited late in the evolution of the system by deuteric, volatile-rich fluids. The considerable amounts of thorium and widespread rare earths associated with the uranium tend to support the thesis that this element is of primary origin rather than secondary.

Jan 1, 1978