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By AIME AIME

ALFRED WILLIAM GAUGER ??Al" or '?Doc" to his many friends in the coal and chemical industries- is known for his research talents and organizing ability. Appropriately the first public recognition of his technical ability was by the A.I.M.E. in the publishing of a paper by George A. Burrell and Alfred W. Gauger in the "Transactions" for the year 1916. "Al" Gauger was born at St. Paul, July 31, 1892. He graduated in chemistry at the University of Minnesota in 1914. A year later he began his initiation into the mysteries of coal mining when he joined the safety division of the U. S. Bureau of Mines at Pitts- burgh, serving from 1915 to 1917.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. C. PAGE

HARVEY S. MUDD has the unusual distinction of having virtually inherited a Directorship in the -A.I.M.E., for he was appointed to the Board to fill the unexpired term of his father in 1926. Since then he has served as a Director continuously until 1936, and now he is a candidate for Vice-President. One of the first words that young Harvey tried to say was "ore," for he was born in Leadville, Colorado, in the heyday of that camp, where Seeley W. Mudd for years ran the Small Hopes mine. Stanford and Columbia gave him his mining education, and the Shattuck-Arizona, at Bisbee, his first job. Afterwards he examined many

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

IN nonmetallic circles, probably no one is better known than Oliver Bowles, another of Canada's notable gifts to the American mining industry. The University of Toronto granted him B.A. and M.A. degrees in geology and mineralogy after he worked his way through that institution. He then spent some time in northern Ontario, and came to the States where he taught petrography and mineralogy at the state universities of Michigan and Minnesota from 1909 to 1914. Since then he has been with the U. S. Bureau of Mines, being honored with a Ph.D. from George Washington University in 1922. Since coming with the Bureau, the nonmctallics have been his field-particularly stone, slate, lime, cement, and

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

REVIVAL of mining in Yavapai County, Arizona, was the topic of a meeting held at Prescott, on Aug. 24 and 25, sponsored by the Mining Committee of the Yavapai County Chamber of Commerce, with the active cooperation of the Arizona Industrial Congress, the Arizona Section of the A. r. M. E., and the Arizona chapter of the American Mining Congress. Three hundred prospectors, small operators, and mining men from all parts of the State were in attendance. All sorts of mining problems were included in the discussion and all the research facilities of the large companies were offered to aid the prospectors and small operators. The meeting was considered one of the most successful held in the Southwest.

Jan 1, 1929

AARONS, J. BOYD, Major. AGNEW, FRANK VANS. ALLEN, HERMAN H., Private, D Co., 8th Reserve -Engineers. AMBLER, HARRY A., Second Training Camp, Ft. Sheridan, Ill. BAINS, THOMAS M., JR., Major, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BANKS, H. R., Lieutenant, Canadian Engineers, B. E. F. BARBOUR, PERCY E., Deputy Supt. (Captain), New York State Troopers; Captain, 22c1 Regiment, N. Y. N. G. BARLING, H. B., 1st Lieutenant, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BARRETT, LESLIE P., Lieutenant, A. E. F., France. (Unattached.) BENSEL, J. A., Major, Engineers' Reserve Corps. BIGELOW, BRAXTON, Royal Engineers, B. E. F. BLOOMFIELD, E. C., Lieutenant. BORROW, F. K. BOWLES, MARTIN F., 2d Lieutenant of Infantry, Camp Funston, Kans.

Jan 10, 1917

Discussion of the paper of M. E. Lormbardi,. presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 9S, February, 1915, pp. 209 to 215. I. N. KNAPP, Ardmore, Pa.-Some years ago I made a swinging spider to carry a string of casing in a way somewhat similar to that described in this paper. The ground I tried it in was too soft for its successful operation. The spider had a central one-flange bushing to carry the slips. Under this flange and on top of the spider was a properly protected ball runway, or ball bearing, which permitted rotating the casing when it was in place and supported by the slips.

Jan 5, 1915

Committee of Arrangement E. P. MATHEWSON, Chairman. FRANK M. SMITH, Vice- Chairman D. C. BARD, Secretary, Montana State School of Mines, Butte, Mont. OSCAR ROHN, JAMES L. BRUCE. On Aug. 20, 1913, the following 30 members of the Institute residing in Montana made written application to the Board of Directors of the Institute for authority to establish a local section of the Institute to be called the Montana Section, with headquarters at Butte, and having such territory as may, later be determined on. This petition was granted by the Board at its meeting in Butte, Mont., Aug. 20, 1913. The committee named at the head of this paragraph was appointed to' arrange for permanent organization of this section.

Jan 9, 1913

A $5000 contract to explore for asbestos in Marinette County. Wis., has been entered into between the Government and the Star Mining Co. of Madison, Wis. The Government will contribute 90 pct or $4500 to the cost of the project. The United States presently produces about 8 pct of its asbestos requirements. "Sulphur stockpiles are at a minimum for national security arid must not be further reduced," was the warning given by L. M. Williams, Jr., president of Freeport Sulphur Co. He stated that although the long-range outlook is favorable , current sulphur production cannot meet the demand and as a result the United States faces a crisis in the coming months.

Jan 12, 1951

By AIME

HAPPILY, a large group of the non-ferrous fraternity have long valued a personal association with the new Chairman of the Institute of Metals Division. Many others who will meet him, either officially or unofficially this year, will find themselves sharing the enthusiasm with which he has been welcomed to his new office. Albert A. Smith, Jr., was born at Butler, N. J., on Dec. 28, 1904, and moved to New Haven in time to initiate his preparation for Yale University on the home grounds. After receiving a B.S. degree cum laude in 1926, he stayed on for graduate work at the Hammond Laboratory under C. H. Mathewson, and was awarded an M.S. degree in 1928.

Jan 1, 1948

By G. W. Toop

In a recent publication,31 Darken has derived an equation to describe thermodynamic behavior in ternary metallic solutions with compositions near pure component 1: Eq. [I] is understood to be a general equation, consistent with the ternary Gibbs-Duhem equation, which is proposed as a logical formalism in view of observed behavior in some binary metallic solutions31'32 rich In Eq. and am are constants obtainable from the 1-2 and 1-3 binaries. The parameter 023 may be determined from measurements on the ternary The purpose of this discussion is to compare Eq. [I) or [3] with other ternary formulations involving binary terms, within the regions of validity of Eqs. [I], [2], and [3]. First, the ternary point is considered to be at the intersection of two composition paths, one with constant N1 and another with constant N2/N3 as shown in Fig. 10. The terms in Eq. [3] may be related to the binary points shown by multiplying the first term on the right-hand side of Eq. [3] by N2 (1) /l -N1, the second term by the third term by and the fourth term by each multiplier being unity: It should be noted here that no suggestion has been made that either the binary or the ternary systems form regular solutions. However, Eq. [5] and hence Eq. [3] shows that the contribution made to the ternary excess free energy from the 1-2 and 1-3 binaries has the same form as for a regular ternary system.1 Before considering the term a23 for the above case, a second geometrical relationship is examined with the ternary point at the intersect ion of three composition paths with constant N1/N2, N2/N3, and Nl/N3, respectively, as shown in Fig. 11. For this geometry, ternary values of NZ and N3 in terms of the binary values shown may be substituted into Eq. [I]. Then by making use of identities of the form Eq. [6] contains terms that are similar to those in a ternary regular solution formulation34 based on the geometry shown in Fig. 11. Although at finite concentrations, unless the 1-2 and 1-3 binaries form

Jan 1, 1968

By A. Styka, G. Fischer, S. Tour

Described herein are the results obtained during research work involving coating titanium alloys with molybdenum by vapor-deposition methods. Results show that the method can be used successfully to deposit hard adherent wear-resistant coating of methodmetallic molybdenum on titanium or titanium alloys without changing the microstructure of the titanium base. PRODUCTION and use of titanium and its alloys have increased tremendously in the past few years. The physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of this engineering metal have caused considerable enthusiasm among metallurgists and engineers. However, as with all materials, there are some drawbacks. For example, titanium is susceptible to seizing and galling on wearing surfaces. In order to produce a good wear-resistant surface, many investigations have been conducted evaluating oxidizing, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, sili-conizing, and chromizing of titanium. All of these processes require high temperatures for rather extensive periods of time. It has been possible to produce hard surfaces on titanium and its alloys by a number of these processes at the expense of a deterioration of the physical properties of the base material. A practical solution to the problem of providing titanium and titanium alloy parts with a satisfactory wear-resistant nongalling surface must be one that does not involve excessive temperatures for long periods of time. Sam Tour & Co. Inc. has completed a research and development contract for the United States Army Ordnance Corps on vapor deposition of molybdenum on titanium and titanium alloys. On the basis of results obtained from the research program, titanium alloys can be coated successfully with molybdenum to provide a hard wear-resistant surface without harm to their base mechanical properties. The remainder of this article is a description of the techniques used to apply the coating and the results obtained from wear tests on molybdenum-coated titanium. Theory Basically, the technique used was the application of molybdenum by a vapor-deposition method, thermal decomposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl [Mo(CO)] with hydrogen as the carrier gas. The selection of this method was based chiefly on the following considerations: 1—low plating temperature which would minimize excessive grain growth, 2— low decomposition temperature of the carbonyl, 3— possibilities of controlling the hardness of the plate by adjusting the carbon content using the plating temperature and pressure as the primary variables, 4—use of high vacuum, thereby avoiding unnecessary oxidation and other complex reactions with the atmosphere. Free energy data1 show the strong tendency for titanium to combine with O2 N2 or carbon from normal temperatures to temperatures above its melting point. To maintain the titanium in a film free condition, the use of as high a vacuum as possible is indicated. The literature' indicates that the reaction product of hydrogen with titanium is unstable in vacuum at around 400°C. 5—Although it is indicated from the thermodynamic standpoint that there is little possibility of removing carbon from either titanium or molybdenum, the work of Lander and Germer -ndicates that the use of a suitable H,/CO ratio is somewhat effective in minimizing carbon deposition. 6—Availability of molybdenum carbonyl. In the simplest form, the conditions of equilibrium3 in chemical reactions involving decomposition of carbonyl are as follows: Mo (CO) ? Mo + 6CO 2CO * C + CO,. The plating rate is proportional to the rate of evolution of CO from the decomposed carbonyl, i.e., it is proportional to the pressure of the gaseous decomposition products. Carbon released from CO gas is the significant constituent for the variability of the physical properties of the product. High carbon deposition is favored by increasing pressure. Limitations are imposed in the selection of plating temperature and pressure. Excessive temperature re-

Jan 1, 1956

By Arno C. Fieldner

METALLURGICAL coke and the by-products of the carbonization of coal continue in strong demand. Nearly 500 new by-product ovens were constructed in 1943. Output of by-product coke in the first ten months of the year was about 2 1/2 percent higher than in the corresponding period of 1942, but beehive production remained on approximately the same level as last year and constituted about 11 per cent of the total coke output.

Jan 1, 1944

By Jacques B. Wertz

Among the parameters to be considered in the continuous search for new base-metal deposits, there often is a stratigraphic controlling factor that seems instrumental in the localization of ore. In British Columbia, for instance, the Upper Triassic as well as Lower Jurassic volcanics mixed with sediments are a useful indication in the search for copper while, in some parts of Australia, rhyolite bodies seem to be the favorable indicator, and this always within the geosynclinal environment. In Arizona, this stratigraphic factor becomes highly significant and it will be shown here that a large number of ore deposits are to be located around the flanks of ancient calcareous basins or depressions, preferentially corresponding to a certain optimum thickness as revealed by isopachs. The Martin limestone, of Devonian age, is already known for its basal O'Carroll bed which coincides with mineralization at places, and this is a relatively minor control. However, several limestone basins outlined by isopachs are in reality of greater importance as they localize mining districts. Indeed, most mines are found to coincide with a specific thickness of limestone while occurring simultaneously close to major, regional fracture intersections. The regional fractures in question were interpolated and extrapolated from known, important fault expressions, integrating quite well with the existing geology and further confirmed by minor criteria such as contacts, igneous plugs, axes of elongation of batholiths, dikes, etc. Although elements of subjectivity remain, this grid of fractures can be used quite successfully as a working hypothesis in the search for ore. Results of the present study which superposes major structural

Jan 1, 1971

By W. E. Quist, R. Taggart, D. H. Polonis, C. J. van der Wekken

An intermediate compound that has been identified as Niab is observed to form as a decomposition product from supersaturaled Ni-Nb solid solutions during aging at temperatures between approximately 300" and 500°C. On the basis of data from electron microscopy and selected-area diffraction, the structure of this compound has been determined as fct with a = b - 3a0 and c = a, wlzere a,, is the lattice parameter of the parent solid solution. The compound consists of close-packed layers with triangular ordering, where the niobiutrl atoms are separated by two nickel atoms ([long- close?-packed directions. A nine layer stacking sequence is required to describe the proposed structure. STUDIES of the Ni-Nb binary system have been limited primarily to phase diagram determinations,'-4 investigations of high-temperature equilibrium phases,5"1 and the determination of the influence of deformation on the structure of the equilibrium compound.8 The nickel-rich portion of the binary system is reported to be of the simple eutectic type in which the maximum solubility of 12.7 at. pct Nb occurs at 1282"c.' The two-phase field below the eutectic temperature is bounded by the a fcc solid solution and an orthorhombic Ni3Nb compound. No metastable phases have been reported in previous investigations. In transformation studies of certain nickel-base commercial alloys that contain niobium, two ordered metastable compounds containing niobium have been shown to precipitate from the solid solution, both of which have been identified as y' and have the composition NisNb or Ni,Nb. One compound has been reported to have the bct DOz2 type Al3Ti structure" and the other the cubic LI2 type Cu3Au structure.9,11 In the present work on Ni-Nb binary alloys a metastable y' compound has not been detected after conventional quenching and aging treatments. An anomalous behavior was noted in electrical resistivity measurements. in alloys containing between 7 to 12 at. pct Nb when aging treatments were performed below 500°C after fast quenching from 1250°C. Transmission electron microscopy has shown that this behavior is caused by the formation of a low-temperature precipitate of unreported structure type and composition. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Several Ni-Nb alloys, containing up to 11.5 at. pct Nb. were prepared by either levitation melting and casting in copper molds or by induction melting in alumina crucibles; both techniques employed purified helium gas as a protective atmosphere. The purity of the nickel and niobium used to make the alloys was 99.98 wt pct Ni and 99.9 wt pct Nb. The composition and homogeneity of the alloys were checked by weight measurements and by electron microprobe analysis. The induction-melted alloys were homogenized for 100 hr at 1100°C. The resistivity specimens were prepared from rods swaged to 2.5 mm and the electron microscopy specimens were cut from sheet that was rolled to 0.4 mm and thinned using a modified Bollmann technique." The elevated-temperature solution treatments were carried out in a purified helium atmosphere followed by direct quenching into a 10 pct NaCl solution at 23°C. Additional protection against oxidation of the samples during solution treatment was accomplished by using tantalum foil as a "getter" in the furnace. The specimens were aged at various temperatures in salt baths controlled to +2oC. A Leeds and Northrup K5 potentiometer was used to make electrical resistivity measurements on specimens immersed in liquid nitrogen. Electron microscopy and diffraction studies were carried out with JEM-7 and Philips EM-200 microscopes operating at 100 kv. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ni-Nb alloys containing between 7 and 11.5 at. pct Nb that have been solution-treated in the range 1220" to 1280°C and quenched to 23°C undergo a precipitation reaction when aged in the temperature range 300" to 500°C. Precipitation was detected by selected-area electron diffraction after aging a specimen for as little as 30 sec at 350°C) whereas the reaction was well-advanced after aging for 150 hr at 475°C. Electrical resistivity measurements were used to monitor the progress of the precipitation reaction. In the present experiments the nucleation process for precipitation required a high solution temperature and a rapid quench into brine. The presence of aluminum, iron? and carbon in amounts totaling less than 1 wt pct was found by electron diffraction to completely suppress the formation of the low-temperature precipitate that has been detected in the binary alloy. Electron diffraction techniques were used to determine the structure of the precipitates that formed during the decomposition of the Ni-Nb supersaturated solid solutions. Figs. l(a) through l(d) show electron diffraction patterns oriented to the [loo], [110], [lll], and [I031 zone axes of the matrix. Areas of reciprocal space between these sections were investigated by slowly varying the orientations of the crystal under study; this procedure revealed no reflections other than those depicted in Fig. 1. The presence of super-lattice reflections at points coincident with the matrix reflections was confirmed by the examination of an almost completely transformed structure. On the basis of the accumulated diffraction data, the reciprocal lat-

Jan 1, 1970

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10, 1919, to May 10, 1919. BEAVER, JAMES J., Supt., Mech. Ore Loaders, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., Box 62, Bessemer, Ala. BLACKWELDER, ELIOT Geol. & Prof. of Geol., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. BRAECKE, GUSTAVE E., -Min. Engr., Mgr., Societe Curas et Soldado, La Carolina, Spain. BRINK, CYRIL GORDON, Reduction Officer, Charge of Reduction Works. Fairview Devonian Montrose Gold Mines, Ltd., P. O. Sheba, Transvaal, So. Africa. COMERFORD, JOSEPH S., Chief Chem. & Met., American Manganese Steel Co., New Castle, Delaware. DROSDOWSKI, N. C. V., Asst. Supt.,, The Spassky Copper Mine, Ltd., Karagandy, Akmolinsk, Oblast, Siberia. DUNGLINSON, GEORGE, JR., Asst. to Gen'l Mgr., Norfolk & Western Railroad, Bluefield, W. Va. FARAGHER, PAUL VANCE, Research Fellow on Light Metals, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jan 6, 1919

By Charles Will Wright

THE economy as well as the living standards of a country depends largely upon adequate supplies of raw materials at reasonable prices. Geological and climatic conditions responsible for the occurrence of commercial minerals and the growth of raw agricultural and forest products are so varied in different parts of the world that no country can be self-sufficient. The world is rapidly shrinking because of improvement in transportation facilities, but populations are steadily increasing and so are the needs for a greater production of raw materials and for their more equitable distribution. Too many barriers between nations prevent free access to the main sources of supply of the raw materials vital to neighboring nations and it is just such barriers that are often the cause of friction and even war. The International Trade Organization is doing a commendable job in helping to. break down barriers and to reduce friction, and we should now find ways to facilitate access to these sources of supply and encourage more efficient and greater production of the raw materials so urgently needed throughout the world. This cannot be done by individual selfish governmental agencies, influenced as they are by politics, nor by socialistic governments attempting to nationalize industries. It can be done efficiently only by the free individual through private enterprise properly protected against adverse governmental action. This protection can be supplied by the World Bank.

Jan 1, 1948

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN,.Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W.. E. C. EUSTIS. Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ. Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting n September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON. S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 5, 1917

[based on o report by HUBERT E. RISSER] There is a tendency among laymen to relegate America's coal industry to Pennsylvania and West Virginia, completely overlooking-or unaware of- the vast reserves, both those developed and those untapped, situated in the 1.4 million square miles between the Appalachians and the Rockies. At the 1965 AIME Annual Meeting, Hubert E. Risser, Principal Mineral Economist of the Illinois State Geological Survey, presented an interesting picture of the wealth of mineral fuels occurring in that area. In his talk entitled "Trends in Mineral Fuels in the Central United States", Mr. Risser underscored the fact that "more than half of the nation's known reserves of each of the three major fuels-oil, gas and coal-lie within the Central area." The highlights of his speech, with emphasis on the coal situation, are excerpted below.

Jan 6, 1965

A. Bement, Chicago,Ill. (communication to the Secretary*):— Formerly it was the general practice of engineers to designate coal that is free from moisture and ash as " combustible," notwithstandirig that it contains oxygen and nitrogen. The origin of this practice was more particularly due to the requirements in connection with boiler-testing, which demanded a consideration of that portion of the fuel which took part in the combuition-process because results based on a unit of either moist or dry coal were not comparable, since both moisture and ash were recognized as variable quantities. Thus, a pound of " combustible " became a standard of value, and was treated as a constant before employing measurements of heating-power and calculating therefrom the percentage of efficiency. The recognition of this term " combustible " was an advance to be credited to the engineer rather than to the chemist, because the latter, not having to do with the interpretation of analyses in practice outside the laboratory, usually saw no reason for reporting results in terms other than those of the moist-coal composition. Some years ago I needed a table of fuel-composition in terms of moist, dry, moisture-free and ash-free coal, and of the combustible components. This table required the use of the word combustible in its proper sense, for the purpose of designating carbon, hydrogen, and sulphur, instead of including these three elements with oxygen and nitrogen, to which aggregate the term combustible was formerly applied. To make such a tabulation involved either the use of the inconvenient and cumbersome term, "ash- and moisture-free coal," or of some other representative term, and for this purpose I adopted the expression pure coal, which is short, simple, convenient, and technically correct. It is also harmonious, because it agrees

Jan 1, 1909

By AIME AIME

AT the meeting on Engineering Education on Mon- A day afternoon E. A. Holbrook, of the University of Pittsburgh and chairman of the Committee, presided as chairman with W. B. Plank acting as vice- chairman. About sixty members of the educational fraternity were present. Dean Holbrook, after a few introductory remarks, introduced the first speaker of the afternoon, Charles Y. Clayton, who then presented his paper, "Why Do So Few Elect Metallurgy?" in which he stressed the fact that ,one of the things the study of metallurgy ,now needs is publicity and public education on what metallurgy is and 'does. Another thing he brought out is that the study of metallurgy has been looked on for many years merely as a branch of other departments. He gave tables showing past and present enrollment in the course of metallurgy in various schools.

Jan 1, 1930