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By Frank Firmstone

It is often desirable to obtain one or more accurate horizontal sections of a blast furnace after blowing out. Wishing to do this, last April, in the case of No. 4 furnace at Glendon, which had worn in a very remarkable manner, the method described below was employed, with very good results. A scaffold was fixed in the furnace, and on it was placed a drawingboard, covered with paper, the top of which was made level at exactly the height at which the section was to he taken. (Fig. 8.) The centre of the furnace (which had previously been found, and marked on a plank across the top) was laid off on it by dropping a plumb-bob from above, and a strong needle was driven into the board in the centre. By means of a straight-edge and two plumbbobs, the line passing through the centres of the front and back arches was also drawn on the board. A pencil was fastened to a light wooden straight-edge at a known

By E. L. BROKENSHIRE

FLUORSPAR, a little known non-metallic mineral, referred to technically as fluorite, chemically as calcium fluoride, is a compound of calcium and fluorine in the ratio of one molecule of calcium to two of fluorine. By weight it is composed of 51.3 per cent of calcium and 48.7 per cent of fluorine. Its specific gravity is 3.2. It is brittle, has a hardness of four and can be easily scratched with a knife. It weighs about 200 Ib. per cubic foot and has a melting point of 1650" F. The color of fluorspar ranges from pure white and opaque white, according to its purity, to various hues of yellow, green, pink, lavender, blue and brown, to bluish black. Although the lumps have color, when ground the fluorspar becomes pure white. The reason for this is because the mineral usually carries no fixed pigment, the color being produced by the re- fraction of light rays within the crystal structure and small quantities of organic matter which readily oxidizes. It crystallizes in the isometric system with perfect octahedral cleavages.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

READERS of a technical paper, or the audience if the paper is presented orally, judge the paper on several counts. The September 1940 issue of MINING AND METALLURGY contained an excellent short article by S. Marion Tucker en- titled "Are You Going to Present a Paper," which considered the general subject of presentation. In it Dr. Tucker referred to the large number of poorly prepared and badly delivered papers that are presented annually before the large number of technical and other societies that meet regularly, and he stressed the point that good delivery, length of paper, content, and composition are of great importance. All of Dr. Tucker's points were well taken; however, good illustrations are equally important in explaining certain phases of some papers.

Jan 1, 1941

By Albert L. Toenges

COAL mining technique progressed slowly until the advent of mechanized mining. The cutting machine was a forward step, but had only a limited effect upon improving the percentage of coal recovery. Previously, the physical fitness of the loaders and the total output of the miners fixed mine production. The miner was an independent contractor and supervision over his working place was superficial. Rising costs and the inroads of substitute fuels demanded increased output per man to lower the unit production cost. Therefore, the amount of coal loaded mechanically in underground bituminous mines has risen from 0.3 per-cent in 1923 to 7.4 in 1929, to 20.2 in 1937, and to 48.9 percent in 1943. When loading devices were introduced it became necessary to adapt them to existing systems of mining, or to alter the mining system to fit the machine. An increased amount of supervision was required as output depended upon proper operation of the machine rather than on the physical fitness of the individual.

Jan 1, 1946

By J. E. Owen

EXPERIMENTS on twenty-six drilling muds were carried out in an effort to establish a correlation between the apparent viscosity values for these muds as obtained with the Marsh funnel and the Stormer viscometer. This required a calibration of both instruments in which the density of the calibrating liquids was taken into account. Corresponding to the Marsh-funnel viscosity values that were obtained at 1500 c.c. in, 1 qt. out, equivalent Stormer viscosity values were obtained at a Stormer cylinder test speed of approximately 1100 r.p.m. Further, a linear relation between the logarithms of the Stormer cylinder test speed and the resulting apparent viscosity was found to exist for the muds tested for 200 to 1000 r.p.m. The significance of the slope of this linear relationship is discussed as it applies to the field use of drilling muds. It was concluded that Marsh-funnel viscosity measurements are expressible in absolute units that may be correlated with Stormer viscosity measurements, provided these are made in the manner described in the paper. INTRODUCTION The Marsh funnel is used almost universally to determine the viscosity of drilling muds in the field. The Stormer viscometer is commonly used to determine the viscosity of drilling muds in the laboratory. With the Marsh funnel, the time required for one quart of mud to flow out of the funnel originally filled with 1500 c.c. is often taken as the measurement of viscosity. With the Stormer instrument, drilling mud is tested at a cylinder speed of 600 r.p.m. and by means of calibration data the apparent viscosity is expressed in absolute units. Neither of these instruments is an absolute viscometer, and apparent viscosities obtained with either are influenced by the arbitrarily standardized conditions under which the measurements are made. It is disconcerting to the man in the field to be told that laboratory measurements of the viscosities of a group of muds differ widely, when he has already observed that they have identical viscosities when tested in the Marsh funnel. Drilling muds are not perfect fluids, therefore it is not surprising to find a lack of correlation between the apparent viscosity of a mud as determined with the Marsh funnel and that determined with the Stormer viscometer. The work described here was undertaken to develop a correlation between Marsh-funnel and Stormer viscosity measurements. To a considerable degree this has been accomplished. This study has resulted not only in a better understanding of the two viscosity instruments and the data obtainable from them, but has given considerable information regarding the viscosity characteristics of drilling muds. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Calibration of Harsh Funnel and Stormer Viscometer The first step in the experimental procedure was the calibration of the Marsh funnel and the Stormer viscometer with

Jan 1, 1941

By Howard S. Lee

In central Colorado is a great belt of intrusive porphyry nearly 100 miles long (160 km.), extending from the Clear Creek district on the north to Aspen on the south, which includes many of the well known mining camps of the state. Near the southern end of this belt, at Leadville, the occurrence of these intrusives is most marked, resulting in intensive mineralization and the formation of a great variety of large orebodies. During the past 40 years, Leadville has been a steady producer of gold, silver, lead, zinc, manganese, iron, and bismuth, in the forms of sulfide, carbonate and oxide ores. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss pyrite alone, which, under present economic conditions, is valuable chiefly for its sulfur contents. The ore-bearing formation of the Leadville district consists of two beds of limestone separated by a layer of quartzite. The upper limeatone is carbonaceous, and is known locally as the blue limestone. It varies in thickness from 50 to 300 ft. (15 to 91 m.). The lower limestone is Silurian, known locally as white limestone, and is about the same thickness as the upper bed. Underneath the Silurian limestone is a layer of Cambrian quartzite from 100 to 250 ft. (30 to 76 m.) thick resting on Archean granite, which forms the limit of ore deposition. As a rule, there is a sheet of white porphyry above the upper, or blue limestone; a sheet of gray porphyry is associated with the blue limestone, either in or below it, but the porphyries are not so regular as the quartzites and limestones and are not always found in their expected positions. Throughout the district there is an elaborate system of faults and intrusive porphyry dikes, which have an important bearing on ore deposits. The writer has seen two or three orebodies which were not closely associated with either a fault or a porphyry dike, but if the minor fractures and water courses are considered as part of the fault system it is safe to say that all orebodies are directly traceable to one or both of these causes. The distribution of pyrite in the Leadville district is quite general; but, eliminating the smaller bodies and those containing prohibitive quantities of zinc or lead, and considering only the larger deposits commercially valuable for their sulfur, we find the chief pyritic ore-bodies extending in a zone approximately 6000 ft. (1828 m.) long and several hundred feet wide, from the Yak and Moyer, on the south; through the Louisville, Greenback, Mahala, Adams, and Wolftone, on Carbonate Hill; across Yankee Hill, and into the Quadrilateral, Denver City, and Tip Top, on Fryer Hill.

Jan 1, 1920

By J. W. Sandelin, L. S. Birks

The group five metals, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum all show cold-rolled textures of {100)(011) and {112)(0ll) with a preference for the (100) in vanadium and niobium and for the {112) in tantalum. Recrys-tallization texture of (100) and (111) was reported1 for vanadium after annealing (no temperature stated). For tantal~m ,~ annealing below 1200°C strengthened the (112) texture but the (111) texture increased and was predominant as the annealing temperature was raised to 2500°C. Annealing niobium up to 1100°C strengthened the ( 100) texture and developed a weak (111) texture.' In the present work niobium has been annealed up to 2000°C. Nearly 70 pct of the grains showed {111) texture with only a weak (112) component and an insignificant (100) component remaining. In addition, double-crystal rocking curves were used to follow the increase in crystal perfection of the grains with increased annealing time. Material and Treatment. Samples i by 4 in. were sawed from & -in.-thick cold-rolled niobium sheet obtained from Wah Chang. Chemical analysis of the material showed it to be 99.4 pct pure with tantalum as the major impurity. Individual pieces were annealed for 2, 15, 30, and 60 rnin in a vacuum of 10'* Torr using an rf generator. They were etched until the grain boundaries were well-defined, Fig. 1. Average grain size varied from 1 mm for 2 min annealing to 2 mm for 60 rnin annealing. Experimental Results. Preferred Orientation. The orientations of 97 of the 117 grains in the specimens of Fig. 1 were determined by back-reflect ion Laue patterns. A General Electric 10-cm-diam cylindrical camera was used rather than the conventional flat camera in order to record more of the low-index spots. The method proposed by Forest, Barton, and schieltz4 was used to transform the cylindrical film patterns to standard stereographic projections. Table I gives the compilation of data. Even 2 rnin anneal at 2000°C is sufficient to yield a strong (111) preferred orientation, and the percentage of grains with this orientation increases steadily with annealing time at the expense of all other orientations. Crystal Perfection. X-ray topographs were taken of each specimen in both the (111) and (112) orientation using the method described by Birks and Grant.' As the anneal time increases, the grains become larger and the individual reflections become slightly more uniform in intensity, indicating an increase in crystal perfection. For a more quantitative measure of crystal perfection, it was necessary to measure the double-crystal rocking curve. The spectrometer employed was a Gaertner instrument of Compton design. LiF was chosen for the first crystal because the (400) reflection with d spacing of 1.05 AU is a good match to the (222) niobium reflection with d spacing of 0.95 AU. CuKp radiation was used in order to further reduce the d spacing mixmatch correction.' A variable aperture was placed between the LiF and the niobium specimen so that a single grain or even a small portion of a grain could be examined. Fig. 2 shows typical rocking curves for the four annealing times. For the 2-min specimen, a single peak is observed with 10' of arc full-breadth at half maximum. As the annealing time is increased to 15 or 30 min, several sharper peaks of 40 to 80" breadth can be seen within a single grain. After 60 rnin anneal only a single peak of about 30" is observed. Table I1 shows the corrected rocking curve breadths and the dislocation densities, ND. The latter were calculated from the equation7 where W is the corrected rocking curve breadth at half maximum in radians and b is the effective Burger's vector. For (110)(111) slip in niobium, b is 2.86 AU. Discussion. The annealing of cold-rolled niobium at 2000°C causes rapid preferential growth of grains with {ill} orientation. After only 2 rnin annealing time, 35 pct of the grains have the (111) orientation, and after

Jan 1, 1968

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913 FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada 1921 WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacnston, Durham, England 1920 HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merlon Station, Pa 1921 FERDINAND FOCH Paris, France 1922 FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Ttaly 1888 HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France 1906 SIR ROBERT A HADFIELD London, England 1921 FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England 1921 HEINRICH O HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass 1917 HERBERT HOOVER Stanford University, Cal 1919 ROBERT W HUNT Chicago, ILL 1915 JAMES' FURMAN KEMP New York, N Y 1905 HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France 1921 C MCDERMID London, England 1913 EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico 1909 ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France 1911 ROBERT H RICHARDS Boston, Mass 1906 JOHN E STEAD Middlesbrough, England 1907 CHARLES D WALCOTT Washington, D C

Jan 1, 1923

By J. J. Carrigan

DURING the experimental stage in our use of the electric cap lamp in the Anaconda mines at Butte. Mont., we were somewhat concerned as to how the spitting of fuses would be carried out if we completely eliminated the open-flame light. This problem was at once given serious attention by the engineering research department and some thought was given to having all blasting done by the use of electric delays, which has been the practice for some years

Jan 1, 1936

By J. S. Aronofsky, J. P. Heller

This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the fluid mixing which occurs during flow through porous media. The analysis is based on the well-known diffusion equation with mass transfer term. It is pointed out that the use of this equation is justified by a single general assumption which does not specify any particular mechanism for the mixing process. Formulas are given for tracer fluid concentrations for two different boundary and initial conditions. Calculated numerical values compare closely with some published results of experiments in which no viscosity or density difference existed between displaced and displacing fluids. INTRODUCTION A phenomenological theory of the mixing and diffusion process is presented for the flow in a porous medium of two miscible liquids of equal viscosity and density. This is based on the classical diffusion equation which has been used to explain such processes as Brownian motion and heat conduction. More recently, this same differential equation has been derived (in a manner analogous to the work in this paper) for the problem of heat transfer during fluid flow in porous media.' The purpose of this paper is to show that the available experimental evidence justifies the use of this simple diffusion equation. The recent data of Koch and Slobod' and of von Rosenberg' are used to test this diffusion model by comparing concentration curve shapes and calculating "effective diffusion coefficients". The same differential equation for miscible displacement, as well as some experimental confirmation, has been published in Japan by K. Yuhara,4 and recently in this country by Day.5 Yuhara arrives at his con-clusions through analogy with turbulent diffusion, de- scribing the microscopic velocities in terms of "eddy motion" — although unlike the ordinary eddies of hydraulics. Day proceeds directly from Scheidegger's6 concept of the dispersion of velocities. After a very clear description of Scheidegger's theory, he applies it to calculate the motion first of a drop and then of a thin layer of brine into a bed of sand. For the latter case, Day derives and solves the same differential equation as Eq. 1. In our presentation no detailed assumptions are made as to the mechanism of displacement. In fact, several microscopic processes may well be involved—the only general assumption made is that their cumulative microscopic effect may be described by the addition of a second-order term to the differentirl equation of continuity. DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS Let us consider the displacement in one spatial dimension of Liquid A from a sample of porous media by Liquid B. A and B are assumed completely miscible and of the same viscosity and density. Both fluids are also assumed to be incompressible and it is specified that the total flow is the same for any cross section. It is evident that the rate at which Liquid B would be carried across such a section would be given by the product of the fluid velocity, u, and the concentration, C, of B in the fluid mixture assuming the constancy of u and C over the cross section. Since the volume of Fluid B is conserved, this leads to the one-way wave equation - u ?C/?x = ? ?C/?l where x increases in the direction of u—the "Darcy velocity", Q/A (or velocity flux per unit area), and 9 is the fractional porosity. Consider the case where fluid B is displacing Fluid A and the concentration distribution is represented by a step funcLon (with a vertical discontinuity). The solution of Eq. 1 predicts no mixing

Jan 1, 1958

By William B. Plank

ENROLMENT data given in this report of the seventh study of the schools by the Mineral Industry Education Division reveals the critical situation in the mineral engineering schools of the United States. Complete figures for the year 1942-43 show that at that time, about one year after Pearl Harbor, the enrollment of mineral engineers was 6385 or 30 per cent less than in 199441. By October 1943, however, enrollment had dropped to 2050, as reported in the Journal of Engineering Education of January 1944. This was a further reduction of 68 per cent in one year, or 77 per cent in three years. With accelerated programs in effect during the current year, with many graduations since last October, and with the military forces taking practically all the high school graduates, the present enrollment is, of course, much lower than the 2050 above given. There are no late data on the exact situation. In Canada, the same situation exists in the mineral engineering schools, only

Jan 1, 1944

By H. R. Thresh, A. F. Crawley

THIS paper reports the results of viscosity measurements on cadmium and indium undertaken as part of a continuing program of liquid metals research at the Mines Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada. For several years this work has continued with support from the Canadian Zinc and Lead Research Committee and the International Lead and Zinc Research Organization. In the literature, existing viscosity data for cadmium are conflicting and for indium are scarce. To achieve reliable viscosity values, further work was deemed desirable. Viscosities were measured using an absolute technique applied to an oscillating closed right cylinder of liquid metal. The apparatus, constructed in this laboratory, and the techniques involved in its use have been described in an earlier paper.' In calculating viscosity coefficients from the experimental data. Roscoe's2 mathematical analysis was used. Because accurate viscosity determinations are dependent on accurate density data, and since the available data in the literature are conflicting, the densities of liquid cadmium and indium were also determined in this laboratory by a pycnometric technique. This increased the control exercised over all the variables contributing to the accuracy of viscosity measurements. For both density and viscosity determinations, cadmium and indium of 99.999 pct purity were used. These materials were obtained from Cominco Ltd. In order to suppress excessive evaporation losses and help prevent oxidation, a technique developed in measuring the viscosity of zinc' was used for cadmium. This involved maintaining an atmosphere of purified hydrogen in the viscosimeter during the rela- tively long periods while the experimental temperature was changed and stabilized between individual determinations of the logarithmic decrement. Then, immediately prior to a decrement measurement. the viscosimeter was rapidly evacuated to a pressure of about 2 X 10-6 torr. On the other hand. with indium. no difficulties arise from vaporization or oxidation. In this case. therefore. the apparatus was held under a constant vacuum of about 2 x 10-6 torr. When all sources of random and systematic error have been evaluated, the technique is considered to yield data accurate within 10.5 pct. The viscosity of cadmium was measured to a maximum temperature of 451.8°C and that of indium to 346.5°C. These temperatures are. respectively. 130° and 190°C above the melting points. Two separate runs were made on indium. The results are given in Table I and, when plotted. yield the smooth curves evident in Figs. 1 and 2. Values of A and C to fit the well-known Andrade1 equation were determined by a regression analysis. The equation is: where n = coefficient of viscosity. i = specific volume. T = temperature in °K Despite its empirical nature. Andrade's equation has been shown by many workers to describe accurately the temperature dependence of viscosity. During the current research program, this equation has been found to fit the data precisely for all the metals and alloys that have been studied.5,6 The A and C' values for cadmium and indium are given in Table 11. Comparing the magnitude of the present data with those of previous workers,7-10 as has been done in Fig. 1, it is evident that the results of Fisher and Phillips10 deviate markedly from the rest. With the exception of one point from Gering and Sauerwald,7 all other data agree within ±2.5 pct. However, the agreement between the present results and the work of Menz and sauerwald9 is especially good over the entire experimental temperature range. Such agreement may be expected since Menz and Sauerwald's

Jan 1, 1970

By T. P. Floridis, J. H. Young

The need for close control of the phosphorus content of steels has led to numerous investigations on the equilibria of the dephosphorization reactions. Winkler and chipman1 have established the general conditions for effective dephosphorization of steel. They are high slag basicity, high oxygen potential, and low temperature. Other investigators have made additional contributions to the understanding of the dephosphorization process. The current status of the understanding of the dephosphorization of steel is concisely presented by Bodsworth2 and by Ward. The investigation reported in this communication was undertaken with the purpose of establishing the effect of additions of barium oxide and calcium fluoride on the dephosphorizing capacity of slags. Esin and Gel'd4 proposed that barium oxide, being more basic than calcium oxide, should cause an increase in dephosphorizing capacity when added to steelmaking slags, or when used as a substitute for calcium oxide. Derge5 has also proposed that in the future conventional slags might be replaced by BaO-Al2O3 slags. There is, however, no experimental evidence confirming the effect of barium oxide on the dephosphorizing capacity of slags. The effect of calcium fluoride on the dephosphorization of steel is not clearly understood. It is generally recognized that additions of calcium fluoride are beneficial. It is not clear, however, whether calcium fluoride affects the equilibrium of the dephosphorization reaction, or whether it simply causes an increase in the fluidity of the slag and, consequently, faster approach to equilibrium. The experimental procedure consisted in equilibrating synthetic molten slags with liquid copper at 1550°C under a gas stream containing argon, hydrogen, and water vapor. In all experiments the argon to hydrogen ratio was approximately 4:1, and the hydrogen to water ratio was 5.42:l. Molybdenum crucibles were used as containers for the slag and metal. Under the above-described conditions of temperature and composition of atmosphere, there was no observable attack of the crucibles by the metal, slag, or atmosphere. Copper was used instead of iron, because iron attacks molybdenum. The equilibration was made in a tubular furnace consisting of a recrystallized alumina tube. The alumina tube was heated by electrical resistance. A Pt-40 pct Rh wire winding was used for most runs. A silicon carbide tubular resistor was also used for some runs. Temperatures were measured with a Pt-Pt-Rh (10 pct Rh) thermocouple and kept constant within ±5°C. Equilibrium was approached from both sides, i.e., by adding the phosphorus either as oxide in the slag or as a phosphorus-rich alloy of phosphorus and copper. The holding time at the equilibrium temperature was 6 hr. At the end of each run the crucibles were rapidly cooled and removed from the furnace. The slag and metal were separated and analyzed. The experimental results are shown in Table I. The phosphorus content of the slag is expressed both as percent phosphorus pentoxide and as percent phosphorus. The basicity ratio is computed by dividing the number of moles of basic oxides-oxides of barium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium—by the number of moles of acidic oxides- oxides of aluminum, phosphorus, and silicon. Calcium fluoride is not included in the computation of the basicity ratio; i.e., calcium fluoride is assumed to be neither basic nor acidic. The distribution ratio of phosphorus—percentage of phosphorus in the slag divided by the percentage of phosphorus in the metal- is plotted in Fig. 1 against the basicity ratio. The results indicate that slags containing barium oxide have greater dephosphorizing capacity than slags containing calcium oxide. The high dephosphorizing capacity of slags containing sodium oxide and the low dephosphorizing capacity of magnesia-containing slags which already have been reported in the literature2 are confirmed by the results of this investigation. It appears that calcium fluoride has a beneficial effect on the distribution of phosphorus between slag and metal in acid slags only. Although the obtained distribution ratios between the phosphorus contents of slag and copper are not directly applicable to the dephosphorization of steel, they are sufficient for evaluating the effect of slag additions on the dephosphorizing capacity of slags in general. An increase in the ratio of distribution of phosphorus between slag and metal indicates lowering

Jan 1, 1968

By M. W. BERNEWITZ

DURING my recent extended visit to Australia and New Zealand, these notes on oil and gas prospecting in that part of the world were compiled from recent reports-press and government, from conversation with one of the financial leaders in the search for oil, and from personal observation of operations of the principal importers, blenders, and distributors of oil products; also from the astonishing testimony given by them to the Petrol Commission. Australia and New Zealand have practically no petroleum production beyond a few thousand gallons a year from wells in the latter Dominion. Everything is imported, Table 1. showing the quantities for 1929-30 in Australia and for 1930 in New Zealand,

Jan 1, 1934

By W. Rostoker, R. P. Elliott, B. W. Levinger

Phase equilibria in the Ti-Mn-Mo system have been investigated in the composition range 100 to 60 pct Ti and in the temperature range 550 to 1150°C. Three out of ten isothermal sections are presented as well as seven vertical sections, projections of the beta space and the surface of incipient melting. A STUDY of the system Ti-Mn-Mo was undertaken as part of a program to aid in the development of titanium-base phase equilibrium diagrams of potential technical importance to alloy development. The scope of the investigation included the composition range 100 to 60 wt pct Ti (all compositions refer to weight percentages) and the temperature range 550" to 1150°C. A surface of incipient melting was constructed from measurements of a large number of alloys. In the binary system Ti-Mo,' the high temperature modification of titanium generally spoken of as the p phase is stabilized to successively lower temperatures with increasing alloy content. There are no known intermediate phases, and complete miscibility exists between body-centered cubic titanium and molybdenum. The u solid solution is limited to less than 0.8 pct Mo at temperatures between 885" and 600°C. An equilibrium diagram for the binary system Ti-Mn has been published.' Manganese behaves as a p stabilizer but undergoes a eutectoid transformation at about 20 pct Mn and 550°C to a plus an intermediate phase. The structure of this phase has been found to be isomorphous with the a phase FeCr." Accordingly, the phase is assigned the formula TiMn, although its actual location on the composition scale has not been determined and may well be not exactly at the equiatomic composition. In disagreement with ref. 2, the origin of the TiMn phase has been shown' to be a peritectoid transformation at a temperature between 900" and 1000°C. A second intermediate phase occurs at the atomic proportions TiMn,. The structure of this phase was originally established by Wallbaum" as having a hexagonal lattice (C 14 type, 12 atoms per unit cell) isomorphous with MgZn,. In this work, the structure determination was confirmed and lattice parameters determined to be: a = 4.815 kX, c - 7.901 kX. Because of the extensive range of the P phase, the ternary system was suited to the determination of the phase boundaries by the parametric method of Andersen and Jette." During the course of the investigation, this method was found applicable only to the P/a+P boundaries but not to P/P+ compound boundaries. Metallographic methods were used alternatively for delineating these phase boundaries. Preparation and Treatment of Alloys Over 70 alloys were prepared for the study of this system. Ten gram alloy buttons were arc melted in a nonconsumable electrode furnace using inert atmosphere protection, and a water cooled copper crucible. The construction and operation of this type of melting unit has been described.' To insure complete solution of alloy additions, especially molybdenum, the buttons were remelted alternately on top or bottom as many as five times. This was accomplished by a suitable mechanism for "flipping" the ingots over. It was very difficult to obtain homogeneous melts in the region of less than 75 pct Ti because of the very high melting point of molybdenum and Ti-Mo master alloys and the comparatively low boiling point of manganese. Thus, the arc conditions for insuring complete solution of molybdenum were incompatible with the prevention of heavy losses of

Jan 1, 1955

By William H. Shockley

[SECRETARY'S ]NOTE.-The following notes, arranged and edited in this office, but not yet revised by the author, were placed at my disposal with much modest hesitation (due to their incomplete and fragmentary character), upon my earnest request, and my argument that such recent and trustworthy data concerning a new and important mining industry ought not to be withheld from our Transactions, simply because they are not sufficient to constitute a, complete academic treatise on the subject. This argument is recommended to the attention of many other members, who are waiting for the opportunity to contribute something "monumental" to our Transactions. In a number of instances, death has nulli¬fied this ambition, and the intended "monumental" contribution has turned out to be an obituary notice by the Secretary, instead of a valuable record of the professional experience thus hopelessly lost to the world.-R. W. R.] The official publications of the the Russian Government give fairly complete statistics of the dredges operated in the Empire; and in a recent English bluebook, Mr. Cook's report on Siberian Trade presents a brief account of dredging in Siberia. The data in Table I. (not given by Mr. Cook) have been taken from the Gold Mining Messenger (Russian) for July, 1905. These interesting statistics, though incomplete, show that the Yenisei dredges are working on poor ground and yield small returns. According to report, but few yield a profit exceeding 10 per cent. per annum on the capital invested. In the summers of 1904 and 1905, I traveled in the Urals as far north as lat. 61° N., long. 61° E., on the the Lozva river, a part of the vast system of the 01) river. This clear-water stream starts from the summits of the Urals at an altitude of 4,000 ft., and flows through a flat country, densely wooded with larch, spruce, pine, fir, birch and poplar. The river is full of fish, and is navigable for good-sized steamers as far as Ivdell. Winter lasts from early November to late April, the temperature rang¬ing from -60° F. to a summer maximum of 90° F. The rain¬fall is 20 in.. The climate is healthy, although mosquitoes,

Jul 1, 1906

By Winthrop P. Haynes

The symposium on production for the year 1943 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. A noteworthy feature of the reports on Texas this year is the map on page 469, which shows the districts covered by the statistics. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each place in the table may represent one of three possibilities; either the proper entry is determinable and can be supplied by the author, or an approximate figure can be supplied which is the author's best guess and should be entered followed by an x, or it does not apply to the particular field and the space is left blank. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determina-tion. In such cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and it is an important declaration where it is in order. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are suficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on ''Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when subtracted, should give the approximate thickness of the productive zone. For fields where this is not true because of unusually high dip or for some other reasons, it is suggested that the authors indicate in their text the approximate average thickness of the productive zone. The net thickness of the producing formation should be the thickness of the producing zone, less the estimated amount to cover the portions of the zone that do not yield oil, such as dense shales, etc. It is recognized that for some fields the authors can only make rough guesses; in such cases, they should enter their best estimate followed by an x. Average production per acre-foot need not be reported as it can be calculated by those interested from the figures given. In classifying wells as to producing methods, enter all wells that are not "flowing" in the column headed "Artificial Lift." If possible, add footnotes to indicate whether the lift is "pumping," "gas lift" or "air lift."

Jan 1, 1944

By Winthrop P. Haynes

The symposium on production for the year 1943 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. A noteworthy feature of the reports on Texas this year is the map on page 469, which shows the districts covered by the statistics. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each place in the table may represent one of three possibilities; either the proper entry is determinable and can be supplied by the author, or an approximate figure can be supplied which is the author's best guess and should be entered followed by an x, or it does not apply to the particular field and the space is left blank. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determina-tion. In such cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and it is an important declaration where it is in order. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are suficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on ''Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when subtracted, should give the approximate thickness of the productive zone. For fields where this is not true because of unusually high dip or for some other reasons, it is suggested that the authors indicate in their text the approximate average thickness of the productive zone. The net thickness of the producing formation should be the thickness of the producing zone, less the estimated amount to cover the portions of the zone that do not yield oil, such as dense shales, etc. It is recognized that for some fields the authors can only make rough guesses; in such cases, they should enter their best estimate followed by an x. Average production per acre-foot need not be reported as it can be calculated by those interested from the figures given. In classifying wells as to producing methods, enter all wells that are not "flowing" in the column headed "Artificial Lift." If possible, add footnotes to indicate whether the lift is "pumping," "gas lift" or "air lift."

Jan 1, 1944

By E. A. Holbrook

IN view of what has happened in - the past three years, it seems incredible that industrial corporations continue to write to engineering and mines schools for "promising members of the graduating class," or, indeed, that they even send representatives to the colleges to interview engineering graduates. Certainly, by this time, every company should be aware of the fact that recent engineering graduates are almost nonexistent and the number is not likely to increase within the next several years. At the February, 1945, annual meeting of the Local Section delegates of the A.I.M.E. in New York, W. B. Plank, professor of mining engineering at Lafayette College, summarized well the situation of the colleges by titling his talk "The Lost Generation of Engineers."

Jan 1, 1945

By AIME AIME

FOR many years it has been the invariable custom of the Institute, in addition to its annual meeting in February, to hold a technical meeting in the fall in some mining or metallurgical center in the West. As the activities of the Institute have increased, and especially since the absorption 'of the American Institute of Metals, there have for a number of years been two fall meetings. Never before in the history of the Institute have there been three meetings in addition to the annual meeting in February; in 1920, however, three important fall meetings are to be held. The general Institute trip will be made this fall to the Lake Superior iron and copper country. Members will leave Buffalo on August 20 by steamer, visit the copper mines in and about Houghton, the iron mines of the Marquette and Iron Ranges of Michigan and the iron mines of the Mesabi Range in Minnesota, and' return to Buffalo by steamer on September 3. Technical sessions will be held at Houghton, Minneapolis and Duluth. For a long period it was customary for the Institute to visit the Lake Superior country about every seven years. This trip, however, will be the first visit since 1904. The unprecedented development in both copper and iron mining in this section during this period will make this trip of unusual importance. In addition, a notable series of papers will be presented.

Jan 1, 1920