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By William Mikulas Lars Thomassen, Clair Upthegrove

Little work has been done in the field of the nickel-tin binary system. The complete diagram has been investigated on two occasions, but the results are in very poor agreement. The structure of a compound NiSn and the solubility of tin in nickel have been determined by X-ray methods. Several investigations have been made of the liquidus curve, and the compositions of the eutectics have been determined. A study of the literature, however, shows that there is no satisfactory agreement between the data presented in the various papers. The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine the equilibrium conditions, and to correlate X-ray with metallographic data. The equilibrium diagram was determined by thermal and metallographic means, and the solubility of tin in nickel further investigated with X-rays. Powder diagrams were made of the intermetallic compounds, and three of the structures were partly determined. NO attempt was made to determine the range of homogeneity of the intermetallic compounds. Review of the Literature Vigorouxl prepared alloys of tin and nickel containing 74 and 92 per cent of tin. By treating these alloys with very dilute nitric acid or with sodium hydroxide he was able to separate residues, both of which analyzed 66.7 per cent tin. This corresponds to the compound NiSn and was reported as such. Guillet2 made the first investigation of the complete binary diagram Fig 1) The maximum point of the liquidus is at 43.5 per cent nickel. Several solid solution areas were found, and the compound NiSn was included on the strength of Vigoroux's work. The investigation was

Jan 1, 1937

By W. N. Lacey, R. H. Olds, B. H. Sage

The volumetric behavior of five mixtures of black oil and natural gas and of two mixtures of condensate and natural gas from a field in the San Joaquin Valley was experimentally established. This work was carried out at roo°, I9o° and 250°F in the pressure interval between 400 and 5000 psi. The viscosity of the liquid phase of four mixtures of black oil and natural gas was experimentally measured in the above-indicated temperature and pressure intervals. The effect of methane upon the precipitation of bitumen from the black oil was studied at 230°F. Introduction The solution of a number of the economical and technological problems which arise in connection with petroleum production is dependent upon the availability of the necessary quantitative information covering the materials involved. This requires data concerning physical properties of naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures at the pressures and temperatures characteristic of underground petroleum reservoirs. The experimental determination of the desired data for each situation encountered is relatively time-consuming. However, it is considered to yield results sufficiently more reliable than those obtained from correlations to justify the effort. For these reasons there was undertaken a laboratory investigation of the viscosity of the liquid phase and the volu- metric and phase behavior of mixtures of oil and gas samples obtained from wells in a field located in the San Joaquin Valley. Terminology The nomenclature of petroleum engineering is not at present entirely standardized. Many commonly used technical terms are not everywhere given the same meanings. For the purposes of this paper the following definitions will be adopted: Black oil refers to the dark-colored, hydrocarbon liquid obtained when the producing horizon of the well lies partly in the condensed hydrocarbon phase of the reservoir. Condensate is the term applied to the relatively volatile, pale yellow or amber-colored hydrocarbon liquid that is often obtained from the surface separator system when the producing horizon of the well lies in the gas cap of the reservoir. The gas obtained from the surface separator system is called natural gas regardless of whether the well is producing black oil or condensate. As might be expected from the multi-component character of naturally occurring hydrocarbon materials, the compositions of black oil, condensate and natural gas are subject to considerable variation depending upon the temperatures and pressures prevailing in the surface separator system as well as upon the overall composition of the material produced from the reservoir. In order to obtain samples capable of reproducing the total hydrocarbon material produced by the well, all oil and gas mixtures used in this investigation were com-

Jan 1, 1949

By Charles P. Williams

The lead-bearing area of Missouri has been subdivided, geographically, into the Southeastern, the Central, and the Southwestern

Coal - Surface Mining Coal Preparation Coal Utilization Research and Development Health and Safety

Jan 3, 1976

By A. C. Fraker, H. H. Stadelmaier

WIENER and Bergerl reported the existence of the nitrides Fe3NiN and Fe3PtNwith a cubic L1'2 structure. The present note shows that a similar nitride Fe3PdN can be observed and that the composition range between the iron nitride Fe4N and the nitrides Fe3NiN, Fe3PdN, and Fe3PtN is occupied by single-phase cubic nitrides with structures intermediate between L1' and L1'2. The materials used in this investigation were electrolytic iron of 99.9 pct purity, carbonyl nickel of 99.7 pct purity, sponge platinum of 99.95 pct purity, and palladium sheet of 99.8 pct. purity. Binary alloys of the transition metals were induction-melted in a crucible of fused alumina, powdered, and screened to a particle size of - 200 mesh. The powders were nitrided at 600°C in a gas mixture of ammonia and hydrogen, and the crystal structure was determined with the aid of a Wilson powder camera. The results are compiled in Table I together with information from the paper of Wiener and Berger.1 The compound at the nominal composition Fe3PdN has a diffraction pattern with prominent reflections of a face-centered cubic lattice (h2 + k2+l2 = 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16) and weaker superstructure lines (h2 + k2 + 12 = 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14). With decreasing palladium content the superstructure lines become weaker and approach the intensity of those of Fe4N. No analysis was made of the intensities, but it can be assumed that the structure is that found by Wiener and Bergerl in Fe3NiN and Fe3PtN, namely L1'2 (perovskite structure) with both palladium and the interstitial nitrogen fully ordered. The dependence of the lattice constant upon the solute atom (Ni, Pd, Pt) content can be explained tolerably well by simple lattice expansion due to subsequent work confirms this suggestion, it will be of significance to order-disorder theory. The author is grateful to Lester Guttman for discussions on this topic.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. P. Savely, D. E. Nicholas, R. D. Call

Progress in the technology of slope design over the past 15 years now permits the selection of rational slope angles if suitable data on geology, hydrology, and rock properties are available for a specified project. Although a full-scale slope design study remains the best course of action, there are situations where an extensive study is not feasible due to time or budget constraints. Two typical examples are: (a) selecting pit slope angles for a preliminary feasibility study at the exploration stage; and (b) coping with a slope failure in an operating mine. In both instances, slope angles must often be chosen on the basis of data that are currently available or can be readily obtained. All too often during exploration programs, a feasibility study is initiated shortly before the decision deadline to drop the property or proceed to purchase. If the only existing data at this point are a few cross-sections at odd angles showing ore and waste contacts or a dog-eared map of the surface geology, there may not be time to collect and organize sufficient information for the design of slope angles. On the other hand, if during the drilling program geologic cross-sections were constructed and the structural data compiled in tabular form, rational slope angles could be computed within the allotted time.

Jan 4, 1977

By Roland D. Parks

Corundum, little publicized as an industrial abrasive, has, in its small way, contributed greatly to the production of many specialized items vital to our war program and to Our allies. Optical elements Of the highest quality for range finders, bombsights, and scientific instruments; precision metal parts for torpedoes and airplane engines; quartz crystal plates for military radios; armorplate and malleable castings for tanks and guns; and eyeglasses for everyone; these are some Of the products that corundum has helped to produce in the quantities needed and on time. Unlike metals and many other raw materials, corundum is not incorporated into any Of these finished products. It is simply a grinding medium used to produce the desired finish or precision; an operating supply or tool, so to speak. With a Mobs' scale index of 9, corundum ranks next to the diamond in hardness among the natural minerals and is superior to emery and garnet. The gem varieties of corundum, including the Oriental ruby and sapphire, are frequently more highly prized as jewels than the diamond. It is the intent Of this paper to deal Only with a description of the corundum industry, the administration of wartime control, and certain economic aspects as seen by the author. Several references are listed to assist anyone who wishes further information on the geological occurrence of the mineral. Ore Production and Consumption For the past two decades, south Africa has been the world's sole producer of corundum ore. A possible exception is Russia, where, it is understood, there was considerable production during the thirties for domestic consumption but for which statistics are lacking. The United States is the world's principal consumer of corundum ore; imports lor the period 1934 through 1940 averaging 3000 Short tons per year, The years 1935 and 1936 were close to the 5000-ton mark, and imports during 1941, the last prewar year for which statistics have been released, were approximately 6000 Short tons. Again lacking statistics on Russia, the United Kingdom ranks second, but far below the United States in consumption of ore. Historically, corundum has been found in some 35 countries throughout the world, but the principal deposits are in South Africa, Canada, Madagascar, Russia and the united States. Deposits are generally small and subject to rapid exhaustion. Thus, the United States was the principal world producer for the period 1870 to 1900, when operations ceased except for two years during World War I. India was a producer of ore from 1898 through 1921, with peak output in 1916 through 1918 Canada came into production in 1901 with substantial output of ore and finished grain until 1914; the production thereafter was smaller until 1921. Madagascar has produced ore since 1910 but has had important output in only a few scattered years. South African production started in 1912

Jan 1, 1948

By Roland D. Parks

Corundum, little publicized as an industrial abrasive, has, in its small way, contributed greatly to the production of many specialized items vital to our war program and to Our allies. Optical elements Of the highest quality for range finders, bombsights, and scientific instruments; precision metal parts for torpedoes and airplane engines; quartz crystal plates for military radios; armorplate and malleable castings for tanks and guns; and eyeglasses for everyone; these are some Of the products that corundum has helped to produce in the quantities needed and on time. Unlike metals and many other raw materials, corundum is not incorporated into any Of these finished products. It is simply a grinding medium used to produce the desired finish or precision; an operating supply or tool, so to speak. With a Mobs' scale index of 9, corundum ranks next to the diamond in hardness among the natural minerals and is superior to emery and garnet. The gem varieties of corundum, including the Oriental ruby and sapphire, are frequently more highly prized as jewels than the diamond. It is the intent Of this paper to deal Only with a description of the corundum industry, the administration of wartime control, and certain economic aspects as seen by the author. Several references are listed to assist anyone who wishes further information on the geological occurrence of the mineral. Ore Production and Consumption For the past two decades, south Africa has been the world's sole producer of corundum ore. A possible exception is Russia, where, it is understood, there was considerable production during the thirties for domestic consumption but for which statistics are lacking. The United States is the world's principal consumer of corundum ore; imports lor the period 1934 through 1940 averaging 3000 Short tons per year, The years 1935 and 1936 were close to the 5000-ton mark, and imports during 1941, the last prewar year for which statistics have been released, were approximately 6000 Short tons. Again lacking statistics on Russia, the United Kingdom ranks second, but far below the United States in consumption of ore. Historically, corundum has been found in some 35 countries throughout the world, but the principal deposits are in South Africa, Canada, Madagascar, Russia and the united States. Deposits are generally small and subject to rapid exhaustion. Thus, the United States was the principal world producer for the period 1870 to 1900, when operations ceased except for two years during World War I. India was a producer of ore from 1898 through 1921, with peak output in 1916 through 1918 Canada came into production in 1901 with substantial output of ore and finished grain until 1914; the production thereafter was smaller until 1921. Madagascar has produced ore since 1910 but has had important output in only a few scattered years. South African production started in 1912

Jan 1, 1948

By Tedsen L. F., Dorn J. E., A. E. Flanigan

since aluminum-alloy sheet may be used occasionally at moderately elevated ternperatures, the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties are of interest. Recently the short-time tensile properties of several high-strength materials have been studied at temperatures up to 3750°F.l This paper deals with stress-rupture and creep properties at the same temperatures. The work was done at the University of California as a portion of the project NRC-548. It was financed by the War Production Board and was supervised by the Office of Production Research and Development. This paper has been released for publication by the latter agency. The following materials were studied, all in the form of 0.040-in. sheet: Alclad 24s-T Alclad 24s-T8I Alclad 24s-T86 Alclad 75s-T R3oI-T (clad) Specimens were loaded in tension in the cross-grain direction. Testing temperatures included 94°F., 2II°F., 300°F., and 375°F. Stress levels were selected to cause rupture in times ranging from several minutes to 1000 hr. In each test the following data were obtained: (I) fracture time, (2) elongation at fracture, (3) the complete strain-versus-time curve (creep curve), (4) creep rate (defined in a later section). Materials Materials for specimens were obtained from the manufacturers' commercial

Jan 1, 1947

By Tedsen L. F., Dorn J. E., A. E. Flanigan

since aluminum-alloy sheet may be used occasionally at moderately elevated ternperatures, the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties are of interest. Recently the short-time tensile properties of several high-strength materials have been studied at temperatures up to 3750°F.l This paper deals with stress-rupture and creep properties at the same temperatures. The work was done at the University of California as a portion of the project NRC-548. It was financed by the War Production Board and was supervised by the Office of Production Research and Development. This paper has been released for publication by the latter agency. The following materials were studied, all in the form of 0.040-in. sheet: Alclad 24s-T Alclad 24s-T8I Alclad 24s-T86 Alclad 75s-T R3oI-T (clad) Specimens were loaded in tension in the cross-grain direction. Testing temperatures included 94°F., 2II°F., 300°F., and 375°F. Stress levels were selected to cause rupture in times ranging from several minutes to 1000 hr. In each test the following data were obtained: (I) fracture time, (2) elongation at fracture, (3) the complete strain-versus-time curve (creep curve), (4) creep rate (defined in a later section). Materials Materials for specimens were obtained from the manufacturers' commercial

Jan 1, 1947

By Jack White

W. I. Garms-—The authors state that when they added 11 tons of balls to the 45 pct volume ball load, the power needle did not budge. The question arises as to whether any increase in capacity accompanied the 11-ton addition. It is hardly conceivable that all of the balls making up the l l-ton addition were sterile. However, as the work done in the ball mill is not by kilo-watthours per se or balls per se but by kilowatthour-balls, it is possible that the kilowatthourballs in the mill before the ll-ton addition had a different amperage, voltage or robustage than those in the mill after the addition and that the overall outcome was that equal work was done before and after the addition. The authors can keep the efficiency that they got with the 45 pct volume 1-in. ball charge and get additional capacity by putting more kilowatthourballs to work in the form of the addition of 11 tons of 2-in. balls to the present ball charge, and subsequent makeup additions by weight of 20 pct 2-in. balls and 80 pct 1-in. balls. J. F. Myers (authors' reply)-—Mr. Garms points his finger at the 11 tons of "sterile" balls added to the Tri-cone mill. A fact so interesting to us that we felt it should be reported. Clearly, ball slippage at the existing mill speed prevented any further transfer of power from the shell to the ball mass. We agree that the kilowatthourballs would increase, were we charging rough 2-in. balls as suggested by Mr. Garms. The assumption is, of course, that we would get a corresponding increase in work done. Our reported data (CIME meeting, Vancouver, 1946) shows a gain of work accomplished of 7.6 pct as we decreased the ball size from 2 in. to 1% in. and a further gain of work accomplished of 2.1 pct when we went from 1 % in. to 1 in. The small ball results reported by H. R. Banks at Chapman Camp are also very convincing. In the case of 2-in. balls they would take the conventional ball path and start cascading. They would thus destroy the classifying pool over the "foot" of the

Jan 1, 1951

By Jack White

W. I. Garms-—The authors state that when they added 11 tons of balls to the 45 pct volume ball load, the power needle did not budge. The question arises as to whether any increase in capacity accompanied the 11-ton addition. It is hardly conceivable that all of the balls making up the l l-ton addition were sterile. However, as the work done in the ball mill is not by kilo-watthours per se or balls per se but by kilowatthour-balls, it is possible that the kilowatthourballs in the mill before the ll-ton addition had a different amperage, voltage or robustage than those in the mill after the addition and that the overall outcome was that equal work was done before and after the addition. The authors can keep the efficiency that they got with the 45 pct volume 1-in. ball charge and get additional capacity by putting more kilowatthourballs to work in the form of the addition of 11 tons of 2-in. balls to the present ball charge, and subsequent makeup additions by weight of 20 pct 2-in. balls and 80 pct 1-in. balls. J. F. Myers (authors' reply)-—Mr. Garms points his finger at the 11 tons of "sterile" balls added to the Tri-cone mill. A fact so interesting to us that we felt it should be reported. Clearly, ball slippage at the existing mill speed prevented any further transfer of power from the shell to the ball mass. We agree that the kilowatthourballs would increase, were we charging rough 2-in. balls as suggested by Mr. Garms. The assumption is, of course, that we would get a corresponding increase in work done. Our reported data (CIME meeting, Vancouver, 1946) shows a gain of work accomplished of 7.6 pct as we decreased the ball size from 2 in. to 1% in. and a further gain of work accomplished of 2.1 pct when we went from 1 % in. to 1 in. The small ball results reported by H. R. Banks at Chapman Camp are also very convincing. In the case of 2-in. balls they would take the conventional ball path and start cascading. They would thus destroy the classifying pool over the "foot" of the

Jan 1, 1951

By John L. Boardman

Because of the attention that has recently been given to the health and safety of miners by various organizations such as the A.I.M.E., The American Congress, Mining Section, National Safety Council, as well as the Bureau of Mines and various state mining departments, your committee on health and safety deemed it best to call attention this year to the mine-accident cause that is by far the most important; namely, injuries due to falls of ground, rock, roof and coal. Each of several members of the committee contributed a brief outline of the importance of this accident cause in his district. While these papers were brief, it would require too much time and space to give them in full, therefore we present an outline of each and summation of all. Report of M. D. Cooper, Hillman Coal and Coke Co. M. D. Cooper, Division superintendent, Hillman Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., contributed the following: During the period from 1930 to 1939, accidents from falls of roof in bituminous mines average 54.3 per cent of all accidents. In mechanized mining, there is a tendency toward reduction in this class of accidents because the operator of the machine is usually at a distance of 10 to 20 ft. from the face, whereas in hand load- ing the miner is close to the face during most of the shift. No doubt the use of aluminum and light steel beams supported at regular intervals by jacks, a common practice in mechanical mining, has contributed to the favorable record so far developed. Report of M. H. Fies, De Bardeleben Coal Corporation Milton H. Fies, Vice-President, DeBar-deleben Coal Corporation, Birmingham, Ala., says: With reference to the types of mining, it is suggested that a clear understanding be had as to the character and thickness of the directly overlying strata, with especial consideration to the strength and in some cases an analysis of it. In coal mining, generally speaking, overlying strata higher in silica than others is stronger. In changing from narrow to wide places, the procedure should be experimental, both as to the width and depth of places and as to the nature of the necessary timbering. Since most of the accidents in coal mining particularly are due to falls of roof and coal, this phase of mining should be attacked with vigor There is no substitute for discipline and, in this connection, under present conditions it is important that cooperation by the labor ornanizations- be sought and that a spirit of fairness prevail. Frequent and thorough inspection of all active working places should be made.

Jan 1, 1943

By John L. Boardman

Because of the attention that has recently been given to the health and safety of miners by various organizations such as the A.I.M.E., The American Congress, Mining Section, National Safety Council, as well as the Bureau of Mines and various state mining departments, your committee on health and safety deemed it best to call attention this year to the mine-accident cause that is by far the most important; namely, injuries due to falls of ground, rock, roof and coal. Each of several members of the committee contributed a brief outline of the importance of this accident cause in his district. While these papers were brief, it would require too much time and space to give them in full, therefore we present an outline of each and summation of all. Report of M. D. Cooper, Hillman Coal and Coke Co. M. D. Cooper, Division superintendent, Hillman Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., contributed the following: During the period from 1930 to 1939, accidents from falls of roof in bituminous mines average 54.3 per cent of all accidents. In mechanized mining, there is a tendency toward reduction in this class of accidents because the operator of the machine is usually at a distance of 10 to 20 ft. from the face, whereas in hand load- ing the miner is close to the face during most of the shift. No doubt the use of aluminum and light steel beams supported at regular intervals by jacks, a common practice in mechanical mining, has contributed to the favorable record so far developed. Report of M. H. Fies, De Bardeleben Coal Corporation Milton H. Fies, Vice-President, DeBar-deleben Coal Corporation, Birmingham, Ala., says: With reference to the types of mining, it is suggested that a clear understanding be had as to the character and thickness of the directly overlying strata, with especial consideration to the strength and in some cases an analysis of it. In coal mining, generally speaking, overlying strata higher in silica than others is stronger. In changing from narrow to wide places, the procedure should be experimental, both as to the width and depth of places and as to the nature of the necessary timbering. Since most of the accidents in coal mining particularly are due to falls of roof and coal, this phase of mining should be attacked with vigor There is no substitute for discipline and, in this connection, under present conditions it is important that cooperation by the labor ornanizations- be sought and that a spirit of fairness prevail. Frequent and thorough inspection of all active working places should be made.

Jan 1, 1943

WHEN Magma Copper Company in 1952 set about finding $100,000,000 to finance the project of developing and equipping the property of its lusty progeny, the San Manuel Copper Corporation, A. J. McNab, president and guiding genius for both companies (and incidentally a mining engineer by profession), determined that he would avoid the mistake frequently made in such circumstances, of underestimating the cost, and thereby running short of funds before the job was completed. The fear that this might happen was one of the reasons why insurance companies, one potent source of "big" money, were reluctant to finance the enterprise. How, they asked themselves, would Magma, a relatively small company, get additional money in such a contingency? Insurance officials' thumbs were turned down. Conditions Imposed by R.F.C. The upshot was the negotiation by Mr. McNab for San Manuel of a contract with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, dated July 10, 1952, whereby needed monies in amount up to $94,000,000 would be advanced as a loan, bearing 5 per cent interest. Arrangements were made for the separate financing of the new $10,000,000 town, needed for the project, through the Del E. Webb Construction Company of Phoenix, Arizona, and M.O.W. Homes, Incorporated, of Los Angeles. Thus the $94,000,000 drawing account was believed ample to provide for building the railroad, the mine plant, the concentrator, and the smelter, as well as for the underground development of the mine needed to start production. As a matter of fact, only

Jan 1, 1957

By Nobuhiro Takahashi

PROLOGUE The Yaguki mine, which is located near the southern end of the Tohoku region, Japan, near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, had had a long history as a copper mine, but had not been operated since 1925. About 30 years later it was reopened by Nittetsu Mining Company, and in 1958 a small flotation and magnetic separation plant, a so-called test plant, started production. The ball mill the author first met, a 8x4x4x7 ft tricone mill, called No.1 mill, had started running at that time. With his experience in initial, running of this mill he realized that the ball mill was not simply a preparatory process to flotation, but a determinant factor for flotation performance, an energy-consuming and costly process, and that its operation control was an important task in the plant (1). The working part of an operating ball mill is the ball load inside, whose properties govern the grinding performance. Its size distribution affects the efficiency greatly and the capacity is nearly proportional to its weight. When a ball mill operates for a long period of time with a constant and consistent addition of renewal balls, wear and renewal of balls are balanced, and an equilibrium ball load is formed. A stable equilibrium load is the primary requirement for a stable ball mill operation. However, renewal ball size would be the most influential factor affecting efficiency and capacity of operating ball mills. To improve efficiency, to increase capacity, or to get finer product, attempts to find out the optimum size assortment of renewal balls should be made. When re-

Jan 1, 1976

By R. Maddin, A. Lawley

Single crystal Mo-Re alloys (99.99+ purity), grown by electron bombardment floating zone heating, were deformed in tension at temperatures from -196° to +200°C. At -196oC, Mo-6 pet Re and Mo-20 pct Re alloys deform by slip on systems of the type (101) [1ll]. Above-78oC, the operative slip system is of the type (112) [111], (101) [1ll], or (211) [1ll], depending upon orientation. Mo-39 pct Re alloys deform by twinning and slip at all test temperatures with a (112) [111] type twinning system. Critical resolved shear stress for slip and twinning is calculated as a function of composition and temperature, and the mechanical properties compared with those of less Pure polycrystalline alloys. HEXAGONAL close-packed rhenium, c/a = 1.615, is highly soluble in molybdenum. The bee molybdenum-rich solid solution extends to approximately 42 at. pet Re* at 2500°C,' Fig. 1. Recent work on polycrystalline alloys has shown conclusively that the addition of rhenium to molybdenum improves both the fabricability and the low-temperature ductility.2"5 Similar behavior is observed for W-Re and Cr-Re alloys.5 Initially, Geach and Hughes2 found that the Mo-30 pct Re alloy could be cold rolled to approximately 90 pct reduction before the onset of cracking. The remarkable effect of the rhenium was later confirmed by Jaffee et al. 3-5 with an optimum condition of maximum strength combined with maximum ductility at the Mo-35 pet composition. At higher rhenium contents, the ductility was severely impaired due apparently to the presence of brittle tetragonal s phase, Fig. 1. In the Mo-35 pet Re alloy, at least 110 ppm (parts per million) oxygen could be tolerated before cold workability was reduced. By comparison, the corresponding tolerance figure in unalloyed molybdenum is ~ 10 ppm. The effect of rhenium was considered in terms of: 1) a reduction in oxygen solubility in the lattice; 2) a redistribution of intergranular oxide from grain boundary films to isolated spheres; and 3) the promotion of twinning as a further mode of plastic deformation. Paradoxically, twinning is often associated with brittle fracture in iron and the silicon irons.6'7 Work to date has been restricted to are-melted and powder metallurgy polycrystalline material of ~ 99.9 pet purity. The present investigation was initiated for the purpose of determining the mode and crystallography of plastic deformation of a series of bee Mo-Re alloy single crystals over a wide temperature range from -196o to +200°C. Using high-purity zone-melted material (~ 99.99 + pet purity), the specific role of rhenium in the molybdenum lattice may be understood more fully since effects due to grain boundaries and oxide redistribution will be absent. At the same time, the study provides a comparison of single and polycrystalline deformation behavior. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES A) Preparation and Purity of Single Crystals. Alloys in the form of either are-cast and swaged or sintered and ground bar, 0.120 in. diam, were obtained from the Chase Brass and Copper Co. Alloy single crystals ~ 8-in. long were grown from the

Jan 1, 1962

A tentative plan for the Colorado Meeting has been formulated as follows: One day will be spent at Denver, one day at Colorado Springs, one day at Cripple Creek, a trip by automobile to the top of Pike's Peak, one day at Pueblo, one day at Leadville. All the principal mines and mills of the districts mentioned will be visited, including the gold mines in Cripple Creek, the lead, zinc, and steel works. of Pueblo, the production of ferro-molybdenum by electric furnace at Leadville, etc. Special arrangements are being made for the social entertainment of ladies at all points; one evening at Colorado Springs will be devoted to a reception and dance, and the usual dinner will he given on another evening. The following papers have already been accepted for the Colorado Meeting, and some have already been published: Fireproofing Mine Shafts by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. By E. M. Norris. (March Bulletin.) Air Blasts in the Kolar Gold Field, India. By E. S. Moore. (March Bulletin.) The Use of Coal in Pulverized Form. By H. R. Collins. (April Bulletin.) Coal Mining in Washington. By F. A. Hill. (April Bulletin.) Carbocoal. By C. T. Malcolmson. (May Bulletin.) Gaging and Storage of Oil in the Mid-continent Field. By O. U. Bradley. (March Bulletin.) An Interpretation of the So-called Paraffin Dirt of the Gulf Coast Oil Fields. By A. D. Brokaw. (April Bulletin.) The Theory of Volcanic Origin of Salt Domes. By. E. DeGolyer. (May Bulletin.)

Jan 5, 1918

By George A. Connell

BORAX, a sodium borate and the principal sodium salt of boric acid, has been surrounded with romance and with a certain amount of mystery. Its early history is not entirely known but it has been contended that Marco Polo in his travels in the Orient introduced this material to the West during the Middle Ages. Without doubt its first source was from Central or Eastern Asia and perhaps from Tibet. The well-known fluxing properties of borax probably introduced its earliest use that of a soldering flux in the manufacture of jewelry. This use, as well as the remote location of most borate deposits, added greatly to the romance associated with the thought of borax. COMPOSITION The common element in all borates is boron but this element has never been discovered as such in any deposit, because of its great affinity for oxygen. Incidentally, this makes its manufacture extremely difficult and expensive. Elemental boron undoubtedly has many properties that make it quite valuable but the extreme cost involved in producing it from its oxidized form prevents its general use or manufacture. The common element in all borates is boron but this element has never been discovered as such in any deposit, because of its great affinity for oxygen. Incidentally, this makes its manufacture extremely difficult and expensive. Elemental boron undoubtedly has many properties that make it quite valuable but the extreme cost involved in producing it from its oxidized form prevents its general use or manufacture. The common element in all borates is boron but this element has never been discovered as such in any deposit, because of its great affinity for oxygen. Incidentally, this makes its manufacture extremely difficult and expensive. Elemental boron undoubtedly has many properties that make it quite valuable but the extreme cost involved in producing it from its oxidized form prevents its general use or manufacture of disodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O), and, further, can be considered as the acid salt of monosodium metaborate. However, the term "acid salt" might imply that borax gives an acid reaction in solution, which is not true, since solutions of borax are decidedly alkaline, giving a pH of 9.2. Boric acid, also known as boracic acid, has the chemical formula H3BO3; it occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite. Sassolite has been

Jan 1, 1949

By E. C. Truesdale, W. K. Waring

The Research,Division of The New Jersey Zinc Company (of Pa.) has conducted, over a period of years, numerous tests of the reducibility of various zinc ores and the reactivity of various kids of coal, using a number of different experimental methods. Most of these tests have involved the reduction of mixtures of ore and coal. In such cases the following simultaneous reactions are believed to be mainly responsible for the production of zinc, as was shown by Bodenstein' some years ago: ZnO + CO = Zn + CO2 [i] C + COj = 2CO [2] Each of these reactions is dependent upon the other for the supply of CO and COz, respectively, and the over-all rate of formation of zinc vapor will be determined by the slower of these two reactions. An analogous pair of reactions sometimes of importance is: ZnO + He = Zn + HZO 13] C + Hz0 = CO + He U3 While it is possible to obtain an indication of the relative reducibility of various ores, or of a fine versus a coarse Ore, by testing them with a given coal, and while coal reactivities may be measured in a corresponding manner, a more direct determination of relative reaction rates is possible by carrying out the desired reactions, such as I and 2, separately and under reproducible conditions. It is one purpose of this paper to present some of the results that have been obtained by the latter method. C. G. Maier2 discusses the relative rates of reactions I and 2 and concludes that while at relatively low temperatures reaction I is faster than reaction 2, this difference becomes less with increasing temperatures, although at smelting temperatures reaction is still the faster. He also says (p. 48), "At temperatures . . . be- -tween 1100' and 1300°C., . . . the zinc oxide reduction reaction is intrinsically more rapid than its physical limitations; that is, it is limited by gas diffusion rates.'' In the course of numerous reactivity tests involving the separate use of reactions and I and 2, we have obtained data that show by direct experiment, we believe for the first time, the correctness of Maier's statements concerning these reactions. We also include data on the relative rate of reaction 3, involving reduction by hydrogen. Finally, some interesting results obtained by carrying out the reduction of ' a zinc ore-coal briquet in streaming atmospheres of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, respectively, are presented.*

Jan 1, 1944