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By Warren B. Weeks

The year 1940 saw an increase of 20 per cent in oil production over the previous year—compared with a 16 per cent increase the previous year. In all, 25,790,380 bbl. were produced, an increase of 4,414,150 bbl, over 1939 and the largest production figure for south Arkansas since 1928. The older settled production continued to decline. Magnolia accounted for most of the increase, with aid from the other recent deep fields. During the year, 169 wells were drilled, 79 fewer than in the previous year. Of 131 wells drilled in proven fields, 18 were dry. Three of the 38 wildcats were pool openers. The drilling depth record was increased from 9028 to 9550 feet. Trend of Prospecting For the first time since 1936, the search for oil in the deep Smackover limestone slackened perceptibly; g dry wildcats ended in Smackover, 2 in. the underlying Eagle Mills; 7 penetrated Paleozoic beds, while 9 ended in Hosston, 2 in Glen Rose, 2 in Paluxy and 4 in Gulf. Geology The wells listed in Table 2 either resulted in the discovery of new oil pools or, because of their depth or location, afforded impor-tant stratigraphic or structural informa-tion. Fig. I is a general columnar and stratigraphic section showing the relation-ship of the strata within the Comanche series. The nomenclature shown was ac-cepted by the Shreveport Geological Society. It was subsequently published by Imlay,l who indicated probable correlations with other areas and presented evidence for the possible Jurassic age of the under-lying Cotton Valley and Smackover formations. New Fields Pouke.—On June 10, 1940, the Louark Producing Co. completed its No. I Sturgis, sec. I, T. 17 S., R. 27 W., in central Miller County, producing between 3583 and 3607 ft. in the upper part of the Paluxy forma-tion. The well flowed I00 bbl. of 3r.4' gravity oil per day through Ns-in. tubing choke. This discovery resulted from seismograph work. Six other wells were drilled in the area, none of which found production in the original sand. One of these wells is producing from a sand 50 ft. deeper in the section. The others were abandoned. No further development is in prospect. Production is from lenticular sands of the upper Paluxy; 45,556 bbl. had been pro-duced by the end of 1940. There is structural closure against a fault to the northwest. McKanzie.—The Atlantic Refining Com-pany's No. I Bodcaw Lumber Co., sec. 29, T. 17 S., R. 23 W., eastern central La-fayette County, was completed June 8, 1940, as the eighth and farthest west of the Smackover (Reynolds o6lite) limestone pools. The well flowed 10 bbl. an hour of 58.6' gravity distillate through an 1 1/64 Ma-in. tubing choke, with a gas-oil ratio of 8400:I.

Jan 1, 1941

By A. H. Smallbone, R. Lathe

Considerable efforts have been expended to apply multiple regression techniques to quantitative determinations in x-ray fluorescence analysis. Multiple regression has been shown to be an effective method for correlating x-ray fluorescence intensities to elemental concentrations. Although many other techniques have been devised to solve the problem of matrix effects in x-ray fluorescence analysis, there are few as efficient in terms of storage requirement or ease of programming for digital computers as the multiple regression method. In the case of ore slurry, it has the additional advantage of allowing a unified approach to the problems of slurry density correction and matrix effect corrections. The data used in the present work were obtained with an on-stream x-ray analyzer capable of analyzing 15 slurry streams for as many as nine elements simultaneously. One of its fixed monochromators was set to accept scattered radiation at a discretely selected wavelength as a means of monitoring the slurry's pulp density. The data were reduced to obtain the correlation equations and a computer program combining slurry density with matrix corrections was written in FORTRAN IV to calculate concentrations.

Jan 8, 1969

By William Y. Holland, Roger M. Cook

In view of the increasingly widespread deterioration of concrete structures as the result of the interaction of the alkalies sodium and potassium released by hydration of portland cement and susceptible rocks and minerals in aggregates, it is believed that a paper summarizing the geographic distribution of these aggregates will be of interest to producers and users of concrete, concrete products, and concrete-making materials. THIS paper reviews the problem of alkali-aggre-gate reaction in concrete and describes the geologic and geographic occurrence and distribution of alkali-reactive sand and gravel in western United States. It includes no discussion of crushed stone or synthetic aggregates. Most deposits of sand and gravel are accumulations of particles of rocks and minerals from a variety of sources, and it is not unusual for at least one or two varieties of the rocks to contain some form of reactive material. Examination by petro-graphic methods of many sands and gravels, as well as manufactured aggregates, has shown that a comparatively high proportion of the deposits does contain, in greater or lesser degree, rocks and minerals known to be deleteriously reactive with the alkalies of cement. Fortunately the amount of reactive materials is commonly less than that necessary to cause deleterious effects in concrete. As investigation of unsound concrete structures progresses, it becomes evident that the alkali-aggre-gate reaction is even more widespread than supposed, Figs. 1 and 2. Even though some parts of the country appear at present to be immune, further investigations will probably show that the effects of alkali-aggregate reaction can be seen in many structures in these areas, although only on a small scale in most of them. Many concrete structures will, of course, have lived their useful life before disintegration from this cause is serious, and in others the alkali-aggregate reaction may never become significant even though the microscopic evidence of reaction is present. The alkali-aggregate reaction first was reported to be a cause of deterioration of concrete in 1940 when Stanton1 described expansion of concrete pavements in California. Similar expansion and deterioration of concrete was recognized during succeeding years in concrete structures located in many parts of the country, but particularly in the western states. A number of concrete laboratories2 became interested in the problem. It was soon determined that only certain combinations of aggregate and cement caused the alkali-aggregate reaction to take place, and moreover that the reaction progresses only in the presence of water. Further research proved that cements containing more than 0.60 pct total alkalies (pct Na,O + 0.658 x pct K2O), when used with aggregates containing appreciable amounts of reactive ingredients, caused the reaction to take place, usually with subsequent deterioration of the concrete. During the last few years this limitation has been adhered to in both government and private construction as the maximum allowable alkali content of cement to be used with aggregates of known alkali reactivity. Because of this limitation, it appears that deleterious reaction either has been reduced or eliminated in many recently built structures in which it probably would otherwise have occurred. Recent tests have shown that the degree of expansion obtained with any particular cement-aggre-gate combination depends not only on the alkali content of the cement but also upon the relation of this alkali content to the amount and degree of reactivity of reactive constituents in the aggregate.' In laboratory mortar bars, opal and cements with alkali content of as low as 0.2 pct (as equivalent of Na2O) have produced deleterious expansion as the result of alkali-aggregate reaction. These experiments demonstrate that aggregates containing even 0.1 pct of opal are deleteriously reactive. It was soon determined that alkali-silica gels were formed by the interaction of the alkalies of the cement and the reactive aggregate, Figs. 3 and 4. Osmotic or swelling pressures produced by the continued hydration of these gels cause expansion of the concrete with resulting cracking, warping, and dislocation. Evidence of the alkali-aggregate reaction can be seen by a petrographic study of the deteriorated concrete. Among the first structures studied by this method was Parker Dam on the Colorado River, California-Arizona. In the concrete from this dam pebbles of rhyolite, andesite, siliceous limestone, and chalcedonic chert were found to be reactive.

Jan 1, 1954

By K. Nassau

The Effect of tin and hydrogen on the C0 parameter of a titanium. specimens were capsule cooled in water to eliminate contamination by water. Deybe-Scherrer photograms were obtained in a 114.6 mm camera with CuKa radiation. The parameters shown in Table I and Fig. 1 were calculated from the 213 (8569°) and 302 (8173.5°) reflections? no attempt being made to correct for systematic errors. The principal difference in method of preparation of specimens between this investigation and that of Worner was the use of pickling by the latter to produce X-ray diffraction samples. The possibility that hydrogen introduced by pickling was responsible for the lower a and c-parameters was investigated with the same 80 pct HNO3- 20 pct HF solutions used by Worner. The 6 and 10 at. pct specimens, the parameters of which had already been determined, were pickled and the c-parameters obtained are also shown in Fig. 1. The a-parameters, not shown, are also diminished. The quality of the lines obtained from the unetched and etched samples was unchanged, being quite sharp in both cases. It is quite possible that if corrections for systematic error carried out that the parameters obtained for the unetched samples would approach the data of Worner. In any event, the parameters of the etched samples would be still lower. The data obtained here is evidence that hydrogen in solution has contracted the c and a -parameters. Crystallographic Angles of Calcium Tung-state (Tetragonal, c/a = 2.169) K. Nassau In connection with the preparation and orientation of single crystals of calcium tungstate (Scheelite -CaWO4), the need arose for a stereographic projection for this tetragonal material. There appear to be no tetragonal projections with a c/a ratio above that of indium1 (c/a = 1.522) in the literature. In addition to its use for calcium tungstate, such a projection might find other more general applications and is accordingly presented below. The most recent X-ray diffraction work on CaWO4 is that of Swanson, Gilfrich, and Cook,2 where a summary of previous work is also found. Lattice parameters given are: a = 5.242A, c = 11.372A, and c/a = 2.169. The material is tetragonal with space group Table I, giving angles between crystallographic planes (HKL) and (hkl), was calculated from the formula3

Jan 1, 1961

By G. E. Karantzavelos

Anew flotation process to recover alunite from low-grade alunite ores is described. The process begins with run-of-mine ore, reduced to less than 5 mm (0.2 in.), being preconditioned with the reagents before grinding and alunite flotation. From the preconditioning step, ore particles, impregnated with reagents, form pellets that subsequently disintegrate into the pulp during grinding. The second step is basically a standard alunite flotation step. Pilot plant test results show that an alunite concentrate assaying at least 85% alunite and less than 5% silica can be produced. Laboratory and pilot plant results were in excellent agreement, indicating that the new process is a viable means of alunite beneficiation. Plant results, using the new process, were superior to results from conventional alunite flotation procedure.

Jan 1, 1986

By ROY BERENTZ

MANUFACTURE is the transformation of material by the application of energy and power. The energy of a man exerted throughout a day is equivalent to about one horsepower-hour of mechanical work an amount which can be purchased for less than 2c. It is evident that manual labor is uneconomical if mechanical energy can be applied effectively, or without disproportionate expense. Since manual energy is relatively so costly, economy demands that mechanical power be employed so as to reduce the human effort connected with mining operations to a minimum. Power, like other commodities, is most efficiently produced in large quantities. Mechanical transmission, once prevailing, is being rapidly superseded by electric drive. There are many reasons for this change; such as increased production, ease and accuracy of control, convenient application, ease of moving, etc.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. H. Swislzer

TWO-LIQUID miscibility gaps have been found to exist in both the CaO-SiO, system above 1705 and the Cr,03 system above 2200"c. Glasser and 0sborn3 studied the extension of these miscibility gaps into the Ca0-Si0,-Crz03 ternary system and reported that the two-liquid region is not present at temperatures below the monotectic temperature of 1705°C in the CaO-SiO, system. The present authors, in connection with other work on surface-tension measurements and foam stabilities in the same ternary system,4 observed that the miscibility gap exists at temperatures as low as 1600°C. A brief experimental study was devoted to deter- mining tie-line positions in the two-phase region. The technique used was to obtain a separation of phases at 1600°C, then to quench-in the high-temperature phases and obtain a chemical analysis of each phase. It was necessary to take special precautions in obtaining a phase separation because of a tendency toward emulsification of the two liquids. The procedure followed is described in the schematic drawing in Fig. 1. A small platinum crucible containing several pinholes on its sides was placed inside a larger platinum crucible. An excess of Crz03 was placed in the outer crucible, together with a prefused binary CaO-Si02 mixture, and the Cr203 was allowed to diffuse through the pinholes and saturate the same binary CaO-SiOl mixture in the smaller crucible. After equilibration at 1600°C, the inner crucible contained only the lighter liquid (liquid A) saturated with Cr203. The outer crucible contained layers of both liquids. Experimental data were obtained by analyzing the entire contents of the inner crucible and only the bottom layer of the larger crucible (liquid B). The upper layer of the outer crucible was not suitable for chemical-analysis purposes because dispersions of the second phase sometimes were found in the samples. The technique is described in more detail in Ref. 4. The same method was used by Grieveson and urkdoan' to study a miscibility gap in sulfate-ferrite melts, where the liquids were difficult to separate because of similarities in density. In addition to the phase-separation experiments, a few others were conducted to obtain information

Jan 1, 1964

By CHARLES F. DEISS

The total pipe-line runs of petroleum in Indiana during 1945 were 4,114,000 bbl., a decline of nearly 17 per cent below the estimated 4,950,000 bbl. produced in 1944. Drilling activity during the year was centered in Posey and Gibson Counties, where seven new pools were discovered in the state. Four of the pools are in Posey County-Crunk, Farmersville, Jeffries and St. Wendells East-and the other three are in Gibson County-Johnson West, Lysle and Mt. Carmel East.

Jan 1, 1946

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership. EARL EILERS, Chairman. LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON. JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. BAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANE WAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 8, 1918

By Edwin R. Phelps, Charles W. Porterfield

BACKGROUND OF SURFACE MINING Surface mining refers to the process of removing the material (over- burden) overlying a coal seam and exposing the coal so that it can be loaded out and conveyed by trucks or other methods to the preparation plant or other facility. Surface mining has not always been important in the coal industry. In the early 1900s, almost all of the coal mined in the United States was mined by underground methods. In 1900, about 192 Mt (212 million st) of bituminous coal mere mined and less than 1% was mined by surface methods. The development and use of larger equipment has allowed surface mining to gain prominence throughout the years. Table 1 shows the total production of coal by mining method in the United States for ten-pear periods since 1920 and indicates the growth of surface-mined coal production. Surface mining will undoubtedly continue to account for a large percentage of the coal production in the US for many years because: 1) The capacity of surface mining excavators has continued to increase. Today, mining companies are using shovels (see Fig. 1) which are able to move up to 137.6 m3 (180 cu pd) in each bite and draglines (see Fig. 2) which move up to 168.2 m3 (220 cu pd) in each bucketful. 2) Increasing tonnage from the thick western coal seams is being produced by surface mining methods. 3) Surface mining has normally had lower costs and a better safety record than underground mining. 4) Surface mining normally recovers a much higher percentage of the coal reserve than can recovered by underground mining. 5) Some coal measures call best be extracted by surface mining

Jan 1, 1981

By Gerald G. Griswold, James O. Greenslade, Cherie Tilley, Richard Reseigh

INTRODUCTION The Harrison Western Corporation, a leading Denver based mine contracting and engineering concern, is presently engaged in sinking two 1,006 m (3,300 ft) shafts for the Phillips Uranium Corporation at their Nose Rock Project, approximately 13 miles northeast of the small community of Crownpoint in McKinley County, New Mexico. The Nose Rock Project is the first attempt by the Phillips Uranium Corporation to tap the deep uranium reserves in what has become known as the Grants Mineral Belt. (See Figure 1) Project Description Phillips Uranium Corporation's plan for the large 2700 metric ton per day (2950 tons/day) mining facility calls for a series of deep access and ventilation shafts ranging from 4.27 m (14 ft) to 5.49 m (18 ft) in diameter to approximate depths of 1,006 m (3,300 ft). The initial pair of shafts consists of one production shaft and one ventilation shaft separated by a distance of 91 m (300 ft). The interbedded layers of sedimentary sandstones and shales to be penetrated by the shafts contain several major water producing aquifers, the deepest being the mineralized zone called the Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation. A series of temporary and permanent water pumping stations is planned. Generally, the temporary stations are located above major aquifers to facilitate water removal while sinking through the aquifer and the permanent stations constitute what, in the final mode, will be the mine dewatering system. In addition, Phillips Uranium Corporation has In- stalled and is maintaining a system of depressurization wells that temporarily pump the major aquifers and considerably reduce the water inflows during shaft construction. The major aquifers are also chemically grouted prior to sinking. Site work for the project was initiated in the fall of 1976. Full scale shaft sinking commenced in November of 1977 on the 4.88 m (16 ft) diameter ventilation shaft and on the 5.49 m (18 ft) production shaft by another contractor. Harrison Western Corporation began work on the project on November 4, 1979 wlth the production shaft at a depth of 633 m (2,076 ft) and the ventilation shaft at a depth of 474 m (1,554 ft). This paper will address only the portion of shaft sinking completed by Harrison Western. Geology and Hydrology The Nose Rock Project is located on the Chaco Slope in the southern extreme of the San Juan Basin in northwest New Mexico. The southern San Juan Basin is generally bound by the Defiance Uplift to the west, the Zuni Uplift to the south and the Nacimiento Uplift to the east. The Grants Mineral Belt occupies most of the southern portion of the San Juan Basin and this project is located on the northern extreme of the Grants Mineral Belt. The San Juan Basin is comprised of sedimentary rock of continental, marginal-marine and marine origin, that dip northward from the Zuni Uplift and Chaco Slope into the interior of the San Juan Basin. (See Figure 2) Major Formations The major geologic formations to be penetrated range from mudstone and shales to siltstones and sandstones. The sandstones are highly productive aquifers which, under static conditions, would flow artesian. Water temperatures in the aquifers are high and therefore are a force to be dealt with. Temperatures range from 18ºC (65OF) in the upper aquifers to 48ºC (118º'F) in the lower. The mudstones are generally bentonitlc. (See Figure 2) GALLUP SANDSTONE: The Gallup Sandstone is the first major regressive wedge in the San Juan Basin of the Cretaceous era and at this project is about 35 m (115 ft) thick. It is medium grained and prior to depressurization carried a hydrostatic water pressure of over 72.5 kg per cm2 (1,031 psi) which 1s artesian. Compressive strength ranges from 334.7 kg per cm2 (4,760 psi) to 421.8 kg per cm2 (6,000 psi). Water temperature is approximately 30°C (86°F).

Jan 1, 1982

By V. O. Struebing, K. A. Johnson, F. H. Ellinger, C. C. Land

The system Pu-Ce-(Pu,Ce)Co2 has been investigated by thermal, micrographic, and X-ray diffraction methods. The principal characteristics of this system were found to be: 1) a "eutectic" valley extending across the phase diagram from the 6 Pu/Pu3 Co eutectic at 408°C to the 7 Ce/Ce24Co11 eutectic at 42Z°C, the maximum temperature in the valley being 443°C; 2) three ternary inter mediate phases, each having an appreciable mutual solid solubility for plutonium and cerium; 3) eleven four-phase equilibria comprising one eutectic, four peritectics, and six Class II reactions; 4) a pseudobinary section between the ternary phase A and the y Ce solid solution, and another such section between the 6 Pu solid solution and the 77 phase (Pu3 CO) containing cerium in solid solution. ALLOYS of plutonium that are completely molten at temperatures in the vicinity of 500°C are of interest for use in the liquid state as fast reactor fuels. Since exploratory work1,2 on Pu-Ce-Co alloys had indicated that a "eutectic" valley extended across the ternary system between the Pu-co[6 Pu/n (Pu3co)] and the Ce-CO[? Ce/? (ce24co11)] binary eutectics, thus allowing alloys of any plutonium concentration to be selected within the temperature limitation, the present investigation was begun for the purpose of accurately defining the "eutectic" valley. However, when the existence of three ternary intermediate phases and the consequent complexity of the liquid-solid equilibria were discovered, the investigation was expanded to cover the complete system, except for the corner between the isomorphous series PuCo2-CeCo2 and pure cobalt. 1) EXPERIMENTAL The purities of the alloy components are given in Table I. Alloy buttons, each weighing about 5 g, were prepared by arc melting the accurately weighed components (±0.1 mg) under a purified He-Ar atmosphere. Weight loss as a result of melting was usually less than 1 part in 1000; therefore, the buttons were not chemically analyzed. One half of each button was re-melted by induction heating in vacuo in a magnesia crucible and furnace-cooled, so as to produce a somewhat coarser microstructure than that of the rapidly cooled arc-melted button. About 20 g of each alloy to be examined by thermal analysis were remelted in vacuo in a tantalum crucible of the inverted thermocouple well type. The thermal, X-ray diffraction, heat treating, and micrographic methods used in this investigation were essentially the same as have been described in earlier reports.3,4 Two etchants for these alloys were found to be satisfactory: A) 8 (parts by volume) orthophosphoric acid, 5 ethanol, and 5 glycol; B) 7 tetraphosphoric acid, 36 water, and 57 2-ethoxyethanol. Etchant A was used at 5 to 6 v for 15 to 20 sec, and etchant B was used at 10 v for 10 sec. 2) THE LIMITING BINARY SYSTEMS 2.1) Plutonium-Cerium. The phase relationships of this system have been investigated by Ellinger, Land, and Cramer,5 and by Selle and Etter.6 The over-all agreement of their phase diagrams is good, but there are some discrepancies in the positions of some phase

Jan 1, 1967

By Frank E. Caropreso, William P. Badger

A hydrogen peroxide precipitate process has been adopted by Atlas Minerals for the recovery of uranium oxides from sodium chloride strip solutions. Adoption of the process was based on laboratory and plant tests comparing hydrogen peroxide with other precipitants. Plant operation has demonstrated that the hydrogen peroxide process consistently yields uranium concentrates of high purity and barrens of low uranium content. Increased U3O8 concentration in the product, reduced levels of impurities which incur penalties, and higher product density have produced economic advantages.

Jan 1, 1974

By D. J. DeLazaro, W. Rostoker, R. E. Riley, M. Hansen

KNOWLEDGE of the isothermal transformation behavior and the TTT chart method of graphically summarizing such information has been of invaluable aid to the ferrous metallurgist in understanding and developing heat treatments intended to provide specific mechanical properties. It is to be expected that similar lines of study directed to titanium-base alloys will be as profitable. This paper summarizes, on conventional TTT charts, the isothermal transformation products and pertinent reaction rate data for binary alloys of titanium containing 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 pct Mo, respectively. The results so presented were derived from metal-lographic examination. Some X-ray diffraction work was done to clarify certain points of question. Ti-Mo System To the authors' k.nowledge, TTT charts have only been used to describe the reaction rates of eutectoidal decompositions. It would seem that the kinetics of decomposition of any unstable solid solution might be conveniently described in this manner. The equilibrium diagram of the Ti-Mo system' is shown in Fig. 1. The similarity with the Fe-Ni system will be recognized. Additions of molybdenum serve to stabilize the /3 phase to increasingly lower temperatures. The solubility of molybdenum in the a phase is restricted to less than 1 pct at 600°C. Under normal conditions. a homogeneous ,8 structure quenched to a, temperature in the a f & field will reject a of invariant composition. The rate at which this occurs depends on the degree of undercooling and the degree of supersaturation of /3. The structural character of the rejected phase may also be expected to be related to the undercooling. Materials and Experimental Methods A sponge titanium was used which has a nominal impurity content as reported in Table I. The nominal composition of the molybdenum used is also included. The alloys were prepared in 150 g melts by arc melting in an evacuated water-cooled copper crucible of the type reported in an earlier paper.' The pancake-type ingots were forged to 1/4x1/4 in. bars and homogenized for 24 hr at 1000°C in evacuated Vycor bulbs. Specimens Vi in. thick were cut from these bars for heat treatment. The heat treatment cycles followed an invariant procedure. The specimens were soaked at 1000°C for 20 min under a helium protective atmosphere prior to quenching into a lead bath held at a temperature corresponding to a chosen degree of undercooling. After a prescribed period of time at this temperature, the specimen was removed and water quenched. A series of specimens so treated for progressively longer periods served to establish the times for initiation and completion of the decomposition of the /3 phase at a particular temperature. Although heat treatment of unprotected specimens in a lead bath does permit surface contamination by lead diffusion, this method is necessary to insure sufficiently rapid quenching rates. As long as the bath treatments were of less than 1 hr duration. the contaminated surface was not unduly deep and could be removed without excessive grinding. Metal-lographically, the contaminated zone could be readily distinguished from the pure binary alloy. Transformation Characteristics of Ti-Mo Alloys Metallographic examination showed that a supersaturated p phase may decompose by one of two processes. Alloys containing 1 to 9 pct Mo, when quenched in water from the homogeneous /3 field,

Jan 1, 1953

By C. O. Burgess, W. D. Forgeng

DESPITE the increasing interest in and the technical importance of iron-chromium-manganese alloys, very little published information is available regarding their constitution. F. M. Becket's paper1 in 1930 represents the first correlated effort in the field of these alloys. The paper served particularly to draw attention to the commercial possibilities of iron-rich alloys containing chromium and manganese in balanced proportions. The duplex structure of alloys within the commercial range was briefly discussed, but exposition of their structural constitution was necessarily limited because the physical properties and corrosion resistance of the alloys were the main subjects of the paper. Both prior to and following the publication of F. M. Becket's paper, and at his instigation, an extensive investigation of the constitution of iron-chromium-manganese alloys of commercial purity was in progress at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc. The present paper is based on the results of that investigation. In the last few years, investigations covering various portions of this alloy system have also been made in Europe. W. Koester briefly mentioned the effect of annealing on chromium-manganese steel2 and later3 constructed approximate sections of the iron-chromium-manganese equilibrium diagram. M. Schmidt and H. Legat14 even more recently studied this system, and their article and conclusions are of interest as representing an entirely independent study of a number of iron-chromium-manganese alloys. Koester's sections are shown in Fig. 1. The figures summarize the effect of manganese additions to iron alloys containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent Cr as well as the effect of increasing chromium content on iron alloys containing 3, 8, 20 and 30 per cent Mn. These diagrams, within their composition limits, substantiated in some measure the results of our investigation. However, in our work some differences as regards the position of the mixed alpha-gamma fields were found as compared to Koester's work, and we were able to detect the presence of

Jan 1, 1938

By Jeffrey L. Thompson, Kenneth A. Gutschick, Robert C. Freas, Robert S. Boynton

Lime, the "versatile chemical," is, generally speaking, a calcined or burned form of limestone commonly known as quicklime, calcium oxide or calcia, or, when water is added, calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. Almost 40 different lime products are available, a fact which has contributed to the rather loose use of the term lime as well as to much confusion and misunderstanding. The term is frequently, albeit erroneously, used to denote almost any kind of calcareous material or finely ground form of limestone or dolomite. Lime is usually made from high-calcium or high-magnesium limestone, generally having a minimum of 97% combined carbonate content. Normally, high-calcium limes contain less than 5% MgO. When the lime is produced from a high-magnesium limestone, the product is referred to as dolomitic lime. Calcination, or the production of lime, has its origins in the earliest days of alchemy, with the general reaction class having been identified in an Arabic text printed in 1000 A.D. It was much later, however, in the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s before this basic reaction became understood from a scientific perspective. The production of lime has been so basic and simple that its underlying scientific principles have over the years received only intermittent investigation. Rather, much of the thought and inquiry has been directed toward the development of kilns. Thus, it has only been in the last 15 to 20 years that lime has received any concentrated scientific investigation relative to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the calcination and hydration reactions. Calcination refers to a broad class of reactions, of which the lime/limestone reaction is just one, wherein a substance is heated to less than its melting point, resulting in a weight gain or weight loss. In the calcination of limestone to produce lime, the basic chemical reaction is as follows: [CaCO3 (limestone) + heat (1000° to 1300°C)= 100 CaO (quicklime) + CO2 T 5644 or CaCO3 • MgCO3 (limestone) 10084 + heat (900°C to 1200°C) CaO • MgO (quicklime) + 2CO2 T 56 4088] While there is nearly universal agreement about the equilibrium conditions related to the limestone/lime reaction above, there have been numerous and varied calcination models developed for the reaction. Recent investigations have resulted in the development of the model shown in Fig. 1. From this model it can be seen that calcination is a function of both temperature and CO2 pressure. It does not, however, provide any indication of the rate at which the reaction takes place. Calcination is strongly time variant with different limestones. In a very broad sense this relates to the fact that the calcination reaction starts on the exterior surface of the limestone and then proceeds toward the center. As the calcination reaction takes place, the CO2 released at the reaction interface must make its way through the lime to the exterior surface. Therefore, because calcination is limited by gas diffusion to the surface of the partially calcined limestone, natural impurities in the stone, differences in crystallinity, grain boundary chemistry, density variations, and imperfections in the atomic lattice all play a significant role in

Jan 1, 1983

By Nicholas J. Grant, Oliver Preston

A series of dilute solid solutions of a1uminum and silicon in copper, in powder -form, were internally oxidized, compacted, and extruded, to produce Cu-A12O3 and Cu-SiO2 alloys with 0.1 to 12 vol pct of oxide. Room-temperature tensile tests, creep-rupture tests from 450oto 850°C. conductivity measurements, and recrys-tallzzation studies were made. Oxide particle size and interparticle spacings were determined in an effort to relate the structure to measured strength values by means of known dispersion strengthening theories. A new dispersion strengthening theory, based on the effect of the dispersed phase on the retention of strain energy from the deformation step, zs proposed for this type of alloy, THE study of dispersion strengthening is of partitular interest in high-temperature materials technology in view of the excellent creep-rupture Properties and thermal stability achieved with SAP.1-5 Considerable effort has been devoted to this study in recent years, and encouraging results have been obtained in a number of systems.6 In general, the most

Jan 1, 1962

By G. S. Brooks

(New York Meeting, February, 1913.) THE tendency of the oxides of such metals as aluminum, zinc, chromium, and calcium to form compounds at high temperatures with iron oxide is well established by past investigation. Data of this reaction, as developed in laboratory research, have been contributed by Burleigh, Hofman, and Wells, in America, and by many others abroad. A partial bibliography of the subject is appended. From these authorities we learn that the ferric oxide here has the function of an acid, giving in the case of ZnO a zinc ferrite, with a normal composition of ZnOFe2O3. This formation of zinc ferrite particularly affects the success of such processes as leaching or magnetic separation, and thus becomes practically important to the metallurgist. But the meager existing data do not entirely agree; and quantitative results from muffle-practice are conspicuously absent. Furthermore, it being of some general importance to the zinc smelter in both roasting and reduction, the following few notes of operations on a commercial scale are contributed

Jan 5, 1913

By S. J. Rothman, J. J. Hines, D. Rokop, R. Bastar

Self-diffusion has been measured along each principal axis of mosaic-structured and relatively perfect a uvaniuln single crystals. The anisotropy reported before,' D[loo] = D[001] » D[010 , has been confirmed. and is shown to represent volume diffusion. Diffusion along the dislocations in the imperfect crystals increases the measured value of D significantly without changingr either the shapes of the penetvation plots or the anisotropy. SINCE a uranium is orthorhombic, the diffusion coefficients along the principal crystallographic axes need not be equal. A previous measurement of self-diffusion in three mosaic-structured a uranium single crystals1 showed that Dil00| =D[001 >>D[010 This result was deduced from penetration plots similar to those in Fig. 1. That is, the plots for diffusion along [loo] and [001] were the straight lines expected from the solution of the diffusion equation for the boundary and initial conditions of the experiment, while the plot for diffusion along [010] was curved so that the part near X = 0 had a much steeper slope than the straight lines did. The observed anisotropy could have been due either to volume diffusion or to diffusion along the very large number of dislocations in such crystals, according to the model proposed by aart.' The authors of Ref. 1 argued that the latter possibility was unlikely, but did not exclude it. To settle the question, a simultaneous measurement of self-diffusion in mosaic-structured and mosaic-free crystals was carried out. This paper reports the results, as well as a measurement of the temperature dependence of self-diffusion in a uranium. EXPERIMENTAL The single crystals of a uranium used in this experiment are listed in Table I, together with other experimental details. '(Mosaic structured" here means crystals grown by solid-state phase change.3 The Laue spots from such crystals spread over about 6 deg of arc, which indicates that the density of dislocations is very large. "Perfect" crystals are ones grown by Fisher's grain-coarsening tehnique; the Laue spots from these are quite sharp,4 which shows that the dislocation density in these crystals is much lower. All of the crystals were made from high-purity uranium; a typical analysis is given in Ref. 1. The actual diffusion directions were within a few degrees of the nominal. The thin layer-sectioning method was used. The experimental techniques were similar to those described in Ref. 1, except the sectioning. Crystals Za, 2b, 2c, 4a, 4b, and 4c were sectioned on a lathe. Crystals 3a, 3b, and 3c were sectioned by grinding on glass plates, with 1 p diamond powder in butyl alcohol as the abrasive. The use of glass plates eliminated the crowning noted in Ref. 1, and the use of butyl alcohol as a lubricant simplified the chemical processing of the sections. Material from the sides of these three crystals was removed by spark machining before sectioning. The sectioning of crystals 4a and 4c was botched. A small cylinder of metal was extruded from the center of crystal 4a while turning off material from the side of the sample. Crystal 4c was misaligned by 2.1 x 10"3 cm because the dial gage jammed during the alignment. Notwithstanding these errors, useful data were still obtained from these crystals. The points

Jan 1, 1967

By J. B. Goddard

The discovery of rhenium on the ion exchange resin used at the uraniun in-situ leach operations at Palangana, TX, led to a laborabory study of possible recovery methods. Rhenium was present in small amounts in the ammonium carbonate leach liquors as the perrhenate anion, ReO4-. It concentrated on the anion exchange resin, which was a factor of 10 more selective for rhenium than for uranium. Various elution systems were investigated for stripping the rhenium from the columns after the uranium had been eluted with chloride or nitrate solutions. Although the per-chlorate ion was most efficient on a molar basis, nitrate ion combined the benefits of efficiency and low cost. A 3N or stronger concentration of nitrate containing up to 0. 5N H + was found to be the system of choice. A rhenium sulfide concentrate containing up to 14010 Re was obtained from these effluents by hydrogen sulfide precipitation. Preliminary experiments were run to produce rhenium metal powder by oxidation of the concentrate to NH4ReO4 followed by hydrogen reduction at elevated temperature.

Jan 1, 1984