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By Maurício Guimarães Bergerman, Eduardo Henrique Marsola Niño de Guzmán

A abrasividade de um mineral ou rocha é um tema de extrema importância na indústria mineral e é medido geralmente pelo índice de abrasividade de Bond (AI). Entretanto o ensaio de Bond restringe as amostras tanto pela granulometria utilizada no ensaio, entre ½” e ¾”, como quanto pela massa, sendo necessários 1600 g, além do tempo de realização de aproximadamente 60 minutos. Visando o estudo de abrasividade de materiais mais finos, foi pensado no desenvolvimento de um ensaio LCPC modificado, utilizando granulometrias extremamente finas, da ordem de 1,0 mm ou menores, para previsão de desgaste em circuitos de beneficiamento mineral, antecipando assim possíveis falhas em função da mudança das características de abrasividade do material que está sendo processado, podendo ser utilizado para caracterizar materiais finos da etapa de prospecção, perfuração, pré-concentração, e fluxos da flotação..

Mar 1, 2019

By Geovane Viturino da Silva, Jeziel de Melo Canedo, André Wulff Hirano, Maxwell Pereira Cangani, Luiz Henrique Curado Ribeiro

With the deterioration of the quality of the iron ore, the new conditions of quality of the raw materials (mainly sinter feed) were adapted to their processes, resulting in the need for changes in the chemical quality of the sinter for blast furnaces in the Ternium Brazil, without changing the parameters of chemical, physical and metallurgical quality. Due to the change in this scenario, there was a great impact on the quality of the fine iron ore this year in 2019, due to which the work ranges of sinter MgO and B2 were currently modified to minimize these impacts in the blast furnaces of Ternium Brazil. This work aims to minimize the effects of the sinter worsening, with the reduction of the sinter MgO and B2 bands, with an increase of 2% in the mixture yield and FeT elevation in the range of 1.6% in the sinter product.

Oct 1, 2019

By Ruy José Feijó Alves

O policarbonato é um polímero quimicamente neutro, 100% reciclável, resistente a altas temperaturas, impermeável, durável que oferece uma combinação fantástica das suas propriedades físicas, químicas, mecânicas, térmicas e eléctricas (isolante eléctrico). O policarbonato é um dos plásticos de maior venda e que mostra a maior taxa de crescimento anual no mundo, devido às suas excepcionais propriedades e versatilidade de aplicação e uso. Devido à grande utilização de polímeros nas mais diversas aplicações ao ar livre, surgiu a necessidade de estudar sua resistência às intempéries, não somente por aspectos estéticos, como descoloração ou perda de brilho, mas também por mudanças nas suas propriedades. Os polímeros quando expostos a luz solar na presença de oxigênio são degradados, no entanto as taxas de degradação foto-oxidativa dependem fortemente da natureza química do polímero. Durante o processo de degradação ocorrem mudanças físicas e químicas no polímero que levam à descoloração, fissuramento, perda de brilho e queda de resistência mecânica. Tais fenômenos estão quase sempre associados a processos de cisão de cadeia e, em alguns casos, ocorrem também reticulações. Para se avaliar a estabilidade, ou mesmo avaliar a eficiência de um polímero, é necessário submetê-los a ensaios que simulem as condições às quais ele estaria exposto durante a sua vida útil. Nesse contexto será apresentada uma avaliação sobre a degradação do polipropileno exposto a radiação ultravioleta.

Aug 8, 2018

By Delciane Porfiro, Tiago de Mattos Serodre, Antônio Eduardo Clark Peres, Valdirene Gonzaga de Resende

The evaluation of the effect of the addition of carbon nanotubes (NTCs) directly to a etheramine on the flotation recovery of the quartz at pH 10.5 was carried out by means of microflotation tests in Hallimond tube. The quartz flotation was evaluated using 0.1% (w/v) etheramine solution with different percentages of carboxylic functionalized NTCs. The increase in the percentage of functionalized NTCs increased the flotation recovery to a maximum and from this it was observed a reduction of the recovery of the mineral. Pure etheramine and etheramine with the NTCs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. FTIR spectra of both pure etheramine and etheramine with NTCs clearly showed peaks with the same wavelengths and diagnostics of the cation etheramine and acetate anion. Thermogravimetry indicated that the etheramine + NTCs-COOH mixture lost approximately the same weight percentage over a larger temperature range. In addition, the interaction of the nanotubes with the etheramine caused them to decompose at a lower temperature.

Oct 3, 2019

By Stefan Thelen

In November 2013 Salzgitter restarted their tandem mill after two weeks of shutdown, during which the existing mill entry equipment has been removed and replaced by new entry area equipment including pay-off reels, welding machine and a vertical entry looper for continuous feeding of the 5-stand tandem mill. It turned out to be beneficial to both product quality and production capacity.

Aug 16, 2017

By Artur Frederico Fonseca da Cruz, Jael Moutinho dos Santos

The problem of iron ore sticking and premature wear on screening rolls on balling systems is recurrent. The importance of the "screening" function of the roller classifier is fundamental, since in perfect conservation state and operation it is possible to ensure the performance improvement of the most expensive phase in the pelletizing production chain, the thermal processing. The present works target is the identification of possible causes of iron ore adhesion in classifier rollers and develop a methodology to evaluate and quantify the iron ore sticking mechanism on the classifier surface. For this purpose, iron ore and additives were collected at four different pelletizing plants in terms of iron ore origins and process flows, three different rollers were chosen for testing around the adhesive energy at the iron ore mixture/rolls surface interface. As results, it was possible to construct methodologies to evaluate the aggregability, it was observed the importance of "specific moisture" definition and knowledge on the adhesive energy increase, besides presenting the better performance of rolls with tungsten carbide coating than other evaluated.

Oct 1, 2019

By Jéssica Vicente Luiz, Rayander Martins Pimenta, Everton Pedroza dos Santos

The Hybrid Pelletized Sinter (HPS) is a agglomeration process that involves the combination of conventional sintering and pelletizing techniques and can be used with the purpose of obtaining improvements in the agglomeration stage of iron ore, and one of the great advantages of the process is the use of a wide particle size range of the ore. In this way, the superfines of low-cost ores, which are improper in sintering, can be used in the HPS process for the formation of the quasi-particle. The use of HPS with the sintering plants of the industries presented throughout the study, enabled an increase in productivity, decreased fuel utilization and reduced slag formation in blast furnaces. Thus, the present study aims to present a review of the literature on the Hybrid Pelletized Sinter (HPS) process and its main characteristics, as well as the results obtained by the companies that adopted the process.

Oct 1, 2019

By Marcus Vinicius Laudares Mendonça

SMS calculates and improves tooth and flank profiles individually to realise a homogeneous pressure distribution over the complete load flank. With a tooth profile and flank profile according to AGMA, ISO or DIN standard the contact pressure varies along the load flank. To realize a homogeneous distribution of the contact pressure and to avoid a premature mesh, SMS improves the tooth profile and flank profile in three steps. First SMS is doing a preliminary calculation and design according ISO, DIN or AGMA standard, with safety factors based on more than 125 years of experience. Second SMS calculates and checks the local contact pressure at the load flank under consideration of shaft, gearing and housing deformation, as well as the bearing behaviour. Finally SMS calculates and designs an improved tooth profile and flank profile to receive a homogeneous contact pressure at the load flank. The result is an increase of the torque transmitting capacity of up to 30% of the SMS advanced gears with the same outer dimensions than traditional gears.

Aug 17, 2017

By André Tarcizo de Oliveira Vieira

A Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) gera diversos resíduos metálicos de diferentes granulometrias que não podem ser utilizadas na rota natural da produção do aço. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o pioneirismo do desenvolvimento e a implantação de melhorias no sistema de adição em carros torpedos que permitiram a utilização nobre de resíduos ricos em ferro, demonstrando a viabilidade técnica assim como a viabilidade econômica. A redução do consumo de energia é outro argumento para reciclagem de resíduos, neste contexto a CSN tem aumentado o interesse pela reciclagem devido a necessidade de diminuição de consumos energéticos e da consciência ambiental. O processo desenvolvido demonstrou a viabilidade da utilização de metálicos de pequena granulometria pela adição em carros torpedo, aumentando a oferta de ferro gusa líquido para os convertedores da CSN.

Aug 2, 2018

By Lidiane da Paixão Carvalho

Foi estudada uma forma de reduzir o custo de produção de aços que atendem a norma NBR 6656 LNE 38 (ou LNE 380) na Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). Esses materiais são utilizados em peças de conformabilidade crítica principalmente para indústria automotiva. Na CSN, o Forno Panela tradicionalmente faz parte da rota obrigatória de fabricação desses materiais constituindo um “gargalo” de produção. Efetuou-se uma análise da composição química, então empregada para os aços e das propriedades mecânicas resultantes, e então se buscou uma nova composição que atendesse a norma e que permitisse outra rota de produção. Percebeu-se que uma redução no teor de manganês em relação ao normalmente utilizado propiciava uma melhor adequação à norma, além de permitir o uso de uma rota alternativa que maximizava a produção e permitia reduzir custos.

Jul 30, 2018

By Walter Mazon, Marcello Rodrigues Cruz, Leandro Carvalhar Maciel

Filtration is the operation of liquid solid separation commonly applied in the mining industry. The use of filtering chemical agents is a technical solution viable for filtering optimization. The present work proposed to evaluate two filtering chemical agents (surfactants) to reduce the final moisture content of iron ore concentrate from Ferrous Resources. The leaf test top feed was done with the FLOTICOR FA 7241 and FLOTICOR FA 16557 products. The foaming profile of the filtrate was also evaluated, once excessive foaming is undesired when using this kind of products. The results showed a reduction in the final moisture of the filter cake. The product FLOTICOR FA 16557 achieved the best results, reducing final cake moisture from 10.4% to 9.8% at the dosagem of 25 g/t, besides presenting a fast kinetics in the foam drainage, presenting itself as a technical alternative for filtration optimization.

Oct 3, 2019

By Leandro Seixas Bicalho, Raphael Alcantara da Costa, Pedro Martins de Almeida Rollo, Eduardo Tres, Anderson D. Thomazini

Usual pelletizing process requires the use of iron ore within a given range of particle size. The pelletizing plants often have comminution circuits composed of ball mills and roller presses to meet the granulometric parameters. Aiming at the partial removal of grinding operations and elimination of wet ore processing, the present study evaluated the pelletizing of two samples of ore with lower surface area: (1) sample with only one passage into the roller press (specific surface area of 997 cm²/g) and (2) “in natura” sample as fed to the pelletizing plant (specific surface area of 450 cm²/g). These experiments were conducted with the use of bentonite and the products E/PE MIN 070/19 and E/PE MIN 090/19, made available by Clariant for this purpose. The results indicated that conventional bentonite is not efficient for coarse particle agglomeration. On the other hand, the products E/PE MIN 070/19 and E/PE MIN 090/19 achieved good performance. Considering a sample with only one passage into the roller press it was possible to form pellets similar to those produced in the conventional process.

Oct 1, 2019

By Raíza da Silva Juvenal, Suelen Silva Rocha, Artur Ângelo Alcântara de Assis, Jorge Luiz Valença Mariz

Um estudo de viabilidade econômica deve considerar parâmetros e incertezas inerentes a um projeto para produzir resultados econômicos consistentes, fornecendo ao investidor uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão. O presente estudo objetivou efetuar inicialmente a avaliação econômica convencional do cenário realista de uma mineração de agregados em fase de implantação localizada em Pernambuco, cujo Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) obtido foi R$ 24.006.309,20, o que representa um resultado positivo. Através da metodologia de Monte Carlo foi efetuada uma análise de risco considerando incertezas em 100.000 cenários, nos quais nove variáveis assumiram valores estocásticos dentro dos domínios definidos, produzindo assim uma distribuição estatística do VPL ao invés de um único número, sendo ainda efetuada uma análise de sensibilidade para identificar e quantificar as variáveis que mais impactam no resultado da avaliação. Por fim, os dois fatores mais influentes identificados na análise de sensibilidade inicial foram isolados e submetidos a uma nova análise de risco em outros 100.000 cenários. Foi concluído que o projeto é economicamente viável e que a probabilidade de gerar lucro aos investidores é de 99,77%, embora a probabilidade do VPL ser igual ou maior que o previsto pelo método convencional seja de 49,98%.

Oct 3, 2019

By Walter Luiz Castro dos Santos, Leandro Resinentti Zanon

In the production of iron ore pellets, one of the factors that strongly influence the cost of ore-pellet processing is the specific consumption of natural gas that occurs during the thermal processing stage of the pellets. The filtration process is the step where the adequacy of the moisture percentage of the retained pulp occurs, so that subsequently there is the processing in the subsequent stages of the pellet formation and hardening of pellets. The water contained in the raw pellet is withdrawn at the stage of thermal processing. For this purpose, the literature indicates the demand of 600 Kcal/kg of water for the heating and vaporization of the moisture of raw pellets. The statistical analysis of the performance data of a pelletizing plant showed that for each decrement of 0.1% of water in the retained pulp is equivalent to the reduction of 0.091 Nm3 in the consumption of natural gas per tonne of pellets produced. Thus, the proper performance of the filtration stage is essential to reduce the percentage of pulp moisture retained and consequently to increase the energy efficiency of the pelletizing furnaces. The aim of this article is to present the main steps in conducting a work to increase the filtration performance to reduce the percentage of retained pulp moisture and the positive impacts on the specific natural gas consumption of a plant Pelletizing.

Oct 1, 2019

By Neiclésio Nunes Ibiapina

No forno elétrico a arco (FEA) é realizado a fusão da carga metálica composta de sucata, gusa sólido ou líquido, fundentes e o aquecimento do banho líquido utilizando energia elétrica e química. O balanço correto dessas energias e a escolha adequada das matérias primas são fatores que determinam a otimização da eficiência energética e demais ganhos advindos. Para melhoria desses fatores foi utilizada a metodologia Delineamento de Experimentos (DOE) que permite estudar as variáveis do processo e a complexidade de suas interações, buscando solucionar problemas e melhorar a desempenho através de análises estatísticas. Este trabalho mostra os experimentos realizados no FEA da Sinobras objetivando otimizar a energia química do FEA para diferentes condições de carga. O resultado alcançado foi a redução no consumo de energia elétrica, no consumo de oxigênio, no power on e aumento da produção.

Jul 30, 2018

By J. Bas A. F. Smeulders

Traditional laboratory lubrication tests, including those for cold rolling lubricants often involve measurement of neat oils. To achieve increased levels of test severity, such tests are often carried out at high temperatures and prolonged durations. However, we found that the levels of lubricant degradation and wear in these tests can be much higher than in the field. Moreover, steel rolling is not done with neat oils, but with emulsions, where the presence of water influences film formation, surface chemistry and oil composition in the roll bite. To better approach the situation in the field, and thus to be able to develop rolling oils with improved lubrication performance, several lubrication tests were developed for emulsions: direct measurement of film formation and measurement of Stribeck curves, in which the emulsions can be assessed in terms of their boundary lubrication and elastohydrodynamic behaviour. The key innovation is that also another test method was developed, which focuses on boundary lubrication and wear, and the role of extreme pressure and anti-wear additives. Realistic levels of test severity are achieved in the tribometer by mimicking frictional power intensities and flash temperatures for typical cold rolling or tinplate mills. Test conditions can be adapted according to the mill stand or pass number and other cold rolling process parameters. The emulsions are kept at normal operational temperature. Clear differences could be observed between emulsions of various concentration and composition. The viability of the method is illustrated by a number of field cases, in which a good correlation is demonstrated between the laboratory tests and the performance in a pilot or production mill.

Jul 30, 2018

By Glaucon Medeiros Silva

Este trabalho técnico tem por finalidade apresentar a evolução dos ensaios de porosidade em pelotas de minério de ferro. Apresentando as diversas formas de realização deste tipo de ensaio a não correlação entre eles, pois cada método possui uma finalidade distinta e como se ocorreu a evolução do método volumétrico (ótico) desde sua realização manual, na década de 1980, início de medições automatizadas na década de noventa e sua total automatização a partir da década de 2010 até o ano de 2019.

Oct 1, 2019

By Anivaldo Chevane, Leonardo Xerinda, Rogério Sendela, Andre Vilanculos

Moatize Coal Mine is located in Tete Province, in centre of Mozambique. The deposit contains Gondwana allochthonous coals, and has a large amount of mudstone and siltstone banding. Phosphorus levels in the coal can be high which impacts the use of the coals in steel making where phosphorus is considered a contaminant. The Chipanga seam in the Moatize deposit shows considerable variability, vertically within the seam and laterally across the deposit. The data available from the exploration work indicates that the phosphorus is predominantly present as Apatite but the Crandallite minerals also are significant. The concentration of phosphorus varies with coal particle density with the highest phosphorus levels found for the mid density coal which also shows the highest likely levels of apatite or fluorapatite. Crandallite minerals show higher potential concentrations in the Lower density coal..

Oct 3, 2019

By Keulla Venya Urbano e Silva, Marcelo Quintão e Silva Marchetti, Rafael Silva Marcelino, Rafaella Bicalho da Rocha

Comparative study between standard and BigFLUX matrices for high intensity magnetic separation pre-concentration (WHIMS) stage for iron ore. The evaluation was carried out on GAUSTEC’s pilot equipment for samples from Viga Mine’s operation. Samples in different feed iron content on rougher stage were evaluated in 46 experiments with matrix variation. The analisys compared chemistry, mass recovery and metallurgical recovery results to define the most efficient matrix to use in a pre-concentration stage.

Oct 3, 2019

By José Fagundes Jr., Juliano Braz Possatti, Bruno Câmara Vieira, Gabriel Godinho Alves, Bruno Bastos da Silva Murad, Cristina Maria de Oliveira Roque

Driven by market trends, increasing environmental accountability, government regulations and fostered by the Company’s strategic plan, ArcelorMittal Tubarão has developed new steel products to deliver better solutions to fit each customer’s needs. This often translates in higher strength, more complex and dimensionally challenging (thinner and wider) steels to attend a broad array of goals, such as reduction of vehicles fuel consumption and carbon emissions, increase in fatigue performance of heat treated parts, higher load capacity per net weight in vessels or wagons and lower supplying lead time as ArcelorMittal Tubarão establishes itself as a domestic option for so far imported grades. Based on the annual Product Development Plan, a structured workflow involves technical discussions from an operational point of view about safety issues, metallurgical project, steel grade family definitions, offline simulations prior to field trials, deformation resistance and process parameters adjustments and scheduling strategy. As a result of the increasing synergy between the areas, the share of new materials developed in recent years has been sustainably increased up to 15% in 2018, adding value to the final product without impact on hot rolled coil output and with a low cobble index.

Oct 1, 2019