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By Jiann-Yang Hwang

The economic growth in new developing countries such as China and India has stimulated strong demands in basic materials such as steel. World steel production has exceeded the milestone of a billion tons a year recently. However, the blast furnace technology, which was invented in 1340 A.D., is still the fundamental route for today?s steel production. It is important to develop a new generation of steelmaking technology that can meet the society?s needs from the energy, environmental and economic standpoints in the 21st century. The new microwave and electric arc heating technology discussed in this paper provides a totally different mass and heat transfer mechanism from the conventional blast furnace technology and offers a great potential to meet our society?s needs.

Jan 1, 2006

By K. Yarnaguchi

In the Mitsubishi Continuous Copper Converting Furnace, calcium femte slag is used. Due to its extremely high basicity, the improvement of corrosion resistance of the refractory lining is in need. In order to clarify the corrosion mechanism and to search for a new corrosion resistant material, first, the surface snuctures of bricks corroded in molten slags were observed by EPMA. Second, the dissolution behaviors of sintered MgO-based pellets containing various oxide additives were examined. It was found that the formation and the dissolution of magnesiofemte at the surface of the bricks play an important role in their corrosion and an addition of NiO, Mn02, or Ti02 to MgO is effective in stabilizing the magnesio-femte and improving the corrosion resistance of MgO.

Jan 1, 1994

By Antonio Luraschi

The constituents iron, oxygen, silica and cop- per are of principal interest in slags utilized in pyrornetallurgical processes for producing copper. Accordingly, phase relationships in the.Cu-Fe-0-SiO2 system are important when one considers the physico- chemical behavior of slags. These phase relation- ships for the quaternary and constituent ternary systems are developed from available information. Isothermal composition and composition-oxygen potential diagrams, and oxygen potential-temperature diagrams are utilized to describe the' important relationships.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. Springer

The identification of lost mineral values in mill tailings frequently requires the inspection of hundreds of thousands to millions of particles. The search of these particles can be made automatic by using an electron microprobe. A standard instrument (Cambridge Mark V) was modified by the addition of stepping motors to advance the specimen stage in a controlled manner. The X-ray Signal is monitored continuously by a computer interfaced to the instrument with an analog-to-digital converter. 400,000 particles of a tailings sample can be scanned in about 3 hours. Particles as small as 2 um and containing as little as 3% of a particular element can be detected.

Jan 1, 1982

By Sue Ritz

Gold extraction has relied on coconut carbon in adsorption circuits for several decades. IXOS®, invented by 6th Wave Innovations of Salt Lake City, Utah, is a new type of adsorbent that exceeds the selectivity of carbon and improves on the mechanical properties of other available resins. IXOS selectivity against copper cyanide complexes allows it to be used in circuits that currently struggle with copper contamination. IXOS potential to eliminate or reduce the application of SART technology will expand the opportunities to exploit more complex precious metals deposits. This paper will describe the technology behind IXOS molecular imprint, its comparison to carbon adsorption in the field, and the effect of efficiency on long-term recovery from heap leach METSIM simulation software.

By Stanko Nikolic

One of the keys to success in process development is incremental scale-up, allowing for potential problems to be identified and rectified. The ISASMELT™top submerged lance (TSL) process was developed to maturity using this method by Mount Isa Mines, now owned by Glencore. Commercialization only occurred once the process had been proven on each scale and as a result the ISASMELT™ technology now operates successfully around the world. An important parameter in the evolution of the technology has been the furnace campaign life. The initial commercial scale furnaces had minimal water-cooling. Although this led to shorter campaign lives, an extended development program resulted in the achievement of four-year campaign lives, without any water cooling. In tandem to the refractory designs Glencore Technology, supplier of the TSL technology, has progressed cooled copper lining designs for application to both the ISASMELT™ and ISACONVERT™ furnaces allowing for ultimate flexibility in the lining choice. This allows each ISASMELT™ operating site to minimize their overall life-cycle costs by balancing their campaign life with lining costs, energy inputs, and other shutdown requirements.

The Kaldo furnace smelting technique was developed for oxygen steel production by the late Prof. Bo Kalling, Domnarvet, Sweden. Development started in 1948, and production in 1956. Five million tons of steel were produced in TBRC's in 1973. Mainly due to high TBRC maintenance costs, the steel industry now prefers non-rotating converters. In non-ferrous metallurgy, however, qualified new applications of the TBRC technique have been realized or are being considered. Inco, Canada, succeeded to convert nickel matte to metal in the Domnarvet pilot plant in 1959, and have now installed a commercial plant in Copper Cliff. La Metallo-Chimique, Belgium, has pioneered secondary copper smelting and refining in the TBRC, operating plants in Beerse, since 1968, and Alton, U.S.A. Peko-Wallsend Ltd., Tennant Creek, Australia, was faced with the problem of producing saleable blister from concentrates containing 1.5-2.0% Bi. The flash smelting matte, containing 0.2% Bi, could not be refined to an acceptable limit of 0.03% Bi in the blister copper in a Peirce-Smith converter. Tests at Domnarvet indicated that a TBRC would achieve satisfactory bismuth elimina- tion. Two TBRC's were installed in Tennant Creek and operated for 14 months during 1974-75. The problems encountered and how they were over- come are described. Further TBRC applications have been studied in Sweden.

Jan 1, 1976

By Cheng Fang, Zhou Lie-xing, Peng Jin-hui, Guo Sheng-hui

This article discusses the behavior of temperature and microwave thermo gravimetric analysis characteristic of ammonium paratungstate in a microwave field. Experimental results show that when 12g of material is place in a microwave with 900W of power, paratungstate’s temperature rises at 70°C/min. This results in paratungstate’s temperature being 980°C after 14 minutes. Compared with thermo gravimetric analysis characteristic, former two-step process of paratungstate microwave calcined completed ahead of schedule, after two-step process reaction is more intense,Paratungstate warming is more rapidly, the reaction time is much shorter; According to XRD and SEM, the product is high purity, the crystal particle size is uniform, and the grain size is fine.

Jan 1, 2015

By Issa S. AI-Kharusy

Oxidation/reduction (REDOX) alloy media, as used in wastewater treatment, is founded on the exchange of electrons. Because of this electron exchange, many contaminants are converted to harmless components which require no further treatment. Other types of contaminants are removed from the waste stream by electrochemically bonding to the alloy medium. This paper discusses the REDOX reactions, the role of the alloy medium in various treatment processes, and describes specific applications of REDOX alloy media for the removal and minimization of waste. The characteristics and handling of spent treatment media is also reviewed as a further consideration in waste minimization.

Jan 1, 1996

By Fernanda de Paula, Lázaro A. Rohen, Sérgio N. Monteiro, Rafael G. de Castro, Carlos Maurício. F. V, Maycon A. Gomes, Frederico M. Margem, Anna C. C. Neves

Synthetic fiber has been gradually replaced by natural fiber, such as lignocellulosic fiber. In comparison with synthetic fiber, natural fiber has shown economic and environmental advantages. The natural fiber presents interfacial characteristics with polymeric matrices that favor a high impact energy absorption by the composite structure. However, until now little has been evaluated about the hemp fiber incorporated in polymeric matrices. This study has the purpose of evaluate the impact resistance of this kind of epoxy matrix composite reinforced with different percentages of hemp fibers. The impact resistance has substantially increased the relative amount of hemp fiber incorporated as reinforcement in the composite. This performance was associated with the difficulty of rupture imposed by the fibers resulting from the interaction of hemp fiber / epoxy matrix that helps absorb the impact energy.

Jan 1, 2015

By Henry Hu

In high pressure die casting processes, proper control of temperature die yields a high casting production rate and superior quality components, Die temperature is usually influenced by various die design and process parameters such as size and location of intemal water cooling lines, flow rates of cooling lines, and pouring temperature of molten metal. Among them, the cooling water flow rate plays a major role in controlling thermal pattern of the die_ In order to develop an effective control strategy, data of local die temperature must be collected and analyzed, In this study, a PC-based data acquisition and control system (DACS) for die temperature control has been designed, and established, The developed DACS has three input channels for temperature signals and one input channel for water flow rate signals, as well as one output channel for a water pump, and is capable of displaying data in both curve format and value format. Implementation of the DACS in a laboratory setup has also been attempted, It should be pointed out that more advanced control mechanisms can be potentially integrated into this system in future,

Jan 1, 2003

By Z. Zak Fang, P. Fan, S. Middlemas

"Titanium dioxide (T1O2) has been widely used as pigment in paints, paper and cosmetic products, as well as high-tech applications such as PV Cells, semiconductors, biomedical devices and air purification. T1O2 pigment is primarily produced by the high temperature chloride process, resulting in considerable CO2 emissions. A novel hydrometallurgical process for making T1O2 pigment without direct CO2 emission is investigated. The new method promises to eliminate direct CO2 emissions, consume significantly less energy, and produce minimal environmental waste. The novel process involves molten salt roasting of titania slag, with subsequent washing, leaching, solution purification, hydrolysis, calcination and post-treatment stages, resulting in high-purity anatase or rutile pigments while realizing significantly reduced environmental impacts. Pigment whiteness is critically sensitive to trace amounts of discoloring impurities such as iron and chromium. Several methods for reducing the levels of these impurities are investigated. Energy consumption and emission models are also developed.IntroductionTitanium dioxide (T1O2) is one of the most commonly used minerals in the chemical manufacturing industry. It has been commercially processed since the early 1900's, and has a wide variety of applications. Pigment is used in paints [1], plastics and paper [2], sunscreen [3], cosmetics and even as a food additive [4]. T1O2 has also been used in photovoltaic cells [5], biomedical devices [6], and in air purification [7]. T1O2 pigment has a refractive index of 2.7, which imparts a high level of opacity (and hence whiteness) to whatever material it is added [8]."

Jan 1, 2012

By Takayoshi Fujii, Mitsumasa Hoshi, Chikashi Suenaga, Yoshiaki Suzuki

"In a bid to renovate its Saganoseki Smelter & Refinery and to establish a leading production unit in terms of global competitiveness, Nippon Mining & Metals undertook major - restructuring efforts since 1993.One of its themes was the shift from a two-flash furnaces operation to a single-flash furnace operation. The shift was successfully completed in 1996 while maintaining the production at the same level (330,000 metric tons per year of copper) by adopting such measures as improvements in pneumatic concentrate dryers, the concentrate feeding system, concentrate burners, the furnace cooling system, and a new cryogenic oxygen plant was constructed.With a view to realizing high matte grade operation (at 65%Cu) and increasing the concentrate feeding rate, further steps were taken the capacity of waste heat boiler was expanded and technical improvements were added, including optimization of the smelting reaction in the furnace shaft. As a result, the smelting capacity, as of the year 2000, has increased to 450,000 metric tons per year of copper.IntroductionThe feed rate to the flash furnace was doubled to 140 t/h from 70 t/h in 1996. Teething problems, as a result of the renovation, were almost solved by the end of 1996, and the operation of the single furnace operation has become stable.The main theme was the shift from a two-flash furnaces operation to a single-furnace operation to maintain the production capacity at the same level, namely 330,000 metric tons of copper per year. Then, in a bid to further renovate the Saganoseki Smelter & Refinery and to establish a leading production unit in terms of global competitiveness, further enhancement of the flash furnace's productivity was planned.The purpose of this plan was to raise the copper production capacity to 450,000 mtpy building on the potentialities of existing plants and without installing new equipment."

Jan 1, 2000

By Shenghui Guo, Jian Chen, Hongbo Zhu, Jinhui Peng, Linqing Dai, Qianxu Ye

"Response surface method (RSM) based on mono-factor experiment was applied for the process optimization of sintering of chromite fines by microwave. In RSM analysis, effects of binder addition amount, sintering temperature and holding time on the compression strength and shatter strength of the sinter were examined. Results showed that the optimal values of the above parameters were determined as follows: binder addition amount of 1.90% (in mass), sintering temperature of 1153? and holding time of 16 min. Under the optimized conditions, the compression strength was 11155.8? and shatter strength was 95.6849%. The results show that the process was optimized by response surface methodology is stable and feasible, and provide a new way for sintering of chromite fines.IntroductionChromite ore is the main feedstock for ferrochrome, and ferrochrome can be used as steelmaking additive to produce a variety of great strength, corrosion resistant and oxidation resistant special steel, which can be widely used in the aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, military departments[1], and it has important strategic significance. At present, among the annual world's mined chromite the number of lump ore continues to diminish with its price rising sharply, while the proportion of ore fines been always increased, and the difference in prices between ore fines and lump ore is growing[2]. Despite the low price of chromite fines, and its rich in resources, it can be only used for ferrochrome smelting after agglomeration. Thus manufacturing blocks by using cheap chromite fines is an effective measure to reduce the cost of ferrochrome production and use the chromite resources[3]."

Jan 1, 2013

By Viviane Tavares de Moraes, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenorio, Adriana Johanny Murcia Santanilla

"Increasing volumes of solid waste are generated worldwide, due to the continuous technological advances, the electronic scrap is part of these waste, requiring the study of recycling processes to stimulate this activity or the reuse of its components. The separation of nickel from sulphate leach solution, which also containing iron, zinc and aluminium was carried out using bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) as extractant, in order to determinate the effects of pH and temperature. The number of stages required for extraction was also assessed. The results showed that the metal extraction increased with increasing pH. On the other hand, increasing temperature was not favorable for all metals. However, under conditions used in this paper the purification of solution containing nickel was possible.IntroductionIncrease in the demand of metals in the world for use in industry causes a great exploration of natural resources. One outcome of this is increased investigations for the recovery of metals from industrial wastes. Nickel is found in wastes, such as batteries and electric and electronic devices, this kind of waste becomes a significant source for metals recovery. Since nickel is also present in printed circuit boards, which are associated with electric and electronic equipment, it can be recovered from this kind of waste through different techniques. It is important to highlight that iron is generally associated with this scrap [1] and for its removal chemical precipitation is often used. On the other hand, the solvent extraction process is widely used for treatment of leach liquors, because it can be produce high purity solutions [2, 3]. This technique is based on the purification of solution using contact between a liquor leaching and the immiscible organic solution, which contains an extractant that promotes the desired metal transfer [4]."

Jan 1, 2012

By Theo Lehner

The Rönnskär smelter has wide experience in the field of recycling of non-ferrous metals. Today, smelting and refining from primary and secondary raw materials are integrated in a complex flow sheet. Boliden operates a lead flash smelter, a lead refinery, a copper smelter and refinery, a sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide plant, a slag fuming plant and precious metal plant at its Rönnskär smelter in the North of Sweden. The Business Area Smelter Operations also incorporates Boliden Bergsöe, Sweden's lead-acid battery recycler, and Norzink, Norway, where recycled zinc accounts for more than 20% of it's production. Raw materials for the Rönnskär smelter include concentrates, ashes, slags, metallic scrap, electronic scrap and electric arc furnace (EAF) steel-making dust. This paper briefly describes current operations and illustrates current measures to improve productivity. Limits to recycling as experienced by a non-ferrous smelter are, illustrated. The deportment of critical elements contained in raw materials is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1998

By Wilson Pascheto

This paper presents results of investigations performed as part of a Root-Cause-Failure-Analysis (RCFA) of a DC smelting furnace that was brick lined with MgO-based refractories. An unusual continuous contraction of the furnace hearth was identified during operation. Cracks in the refractories were envisaged after a major shutdown of the furnace. To determine the mechanism and causes of the unusual contraction behaviour of the furnace hearth, refractory samples were taken from the furnace at different locations and subjected to different analysis including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), QEMSCAN and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). Creep testing of refractories under different loads (ASTM C832) was also employed to evaluate the mechanical integrity of the used bricks in comparison with the new ones. Results of the various characterisation analyses revealed that there was an interaction between refractory bricks and molten material during furnace operation, which resulted in reduced creep resistance of the MgO-based refractories. This was verified by comparing creep performance of the used brick samples and new brick samples at different temperatures and applied stresses.

By J. M. Toguri

The viscosity of the molten FeO-Fe2O3-Si0z system in the composition range of interest to copper smelting has been investigated using a rotating cylinder technique. The silica content of the slag was varied from 20 to 35 wt percent while the oxygen pressure of the system was varied from 10-7 10-11 atm. The temperature range investigated was from 1200 to 1350°C. It was found that the viscosity of the slag generally decreased with increasing temperature and increasing oxygen pressure. As the silica content was increased, the viscosity was found to increase.

Jan 1, 1976

By Shadia J. Ikhmayies

SnO2:F/CdS:In bilayers were produced by the spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates. The structures were characterized by recording and investigating their transmittance curves, I-V plots, X-ray difractograms (XRD) and by observing their scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. From the I-V plots it was found that the SnO2:F forms an ohmic or quasi-ohmic contact with CdS:In. XRD patterns show the polycrystalline nature of the films and show that there is a small shift in the position of the (200) line of SnO2:F without the appearance of new peaks. The morphology of the structures are compared with those of SnO2:F alone and CdS:In alone on glass substrates.

Jan 1, 2009

By Walter E. McCulloch

Recent laboratory bench scale and pilot plant metallurgical tests at Mountain States R and D International have demonstrated that some copper ores because of relatively coarse copper sulfide mineralization can be preconcentrated by heavy media separation (HMS). In tests with a copper ore from the AMT Copper Creek project near San Manuel, Arizona, HMS preconcentration rejected about 75 to 80 percent of the feed as a minus 13 mm gravel. The HMS concentrates copper recoveries were about 93 to 95 percent. With the incorporation of HMS preconcentration, significant capital and operating costs savings have been projected for the proposed AMT Copper Creek concentrator. An overview of the HMS preconcentration step development for the AMT Copper Creek project is presented. Also presented are other potential applications of HMS preconcentration for copper ore processing.

Jan 1, 1999