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By Norihiko Fukatsu

In order to use effectively the previously reported new sensing system for hydrogen and oxygen potentials in molten copper, the criteria of the potentials for getting sound castings have been determined in the laboratory experiment. The copper melt equilibrated with a given hydrogen and an oxygen potential was rapidly quenched in the crucible. The relations between the holding potentials and the gas porosity in the solidified sample were investigated by measuring the density of the sample and microscopic observations. It was found that the defects of the gas porosity became the maximum at the potentials where the dissolved amount of hydrogen and oxygen was in the mole ratio 2:1. The samples having the density more than 99% of the theoretieal value were obtained in the higher oxygen and lower hydrogen potential region or in the lower oxygen and higher hydrogen potential region. The criteria thus determined were examined by comparing with the measured potentials in the practical casting machine. In tough-pitch copper casting, the problem due to gas porosity was found to be serious when the hydrogen potential increased. In the. oxygen-free copper casting, the evolution of hydrogen was found not avoided. The gas porosity in the casting, however, was found eliminated when the oxygen potential was kept at a low value.

Jan 1, 2003

By Luben Savov

This paper presents recent research works on the removal of the tramp elements Cu, Sn, Zn and Pb from steel. The evaporation of Cu and Sn in iron-based melts treated at reduced pressure of the gas phase was studied in a vacuum induction melting furnace. The effect of chamber pressure, temperature and melt composition was investigated. Since the main source of contamination of steel with Sn and Zn is the recycling of tinplate and zinc coated steel, respectively, possibilities for the removal of meta1ic coatings in a scrap pre-treatment stage were studied, too. Tin was removed in the temperature range 400-5S0°C by treatment with reactive gases featuring high sulphur potential. Zinc can be removed by evaporation or by a combination of thermal and mechanical treatment. The paper discusses the thermodynamics of Pb in carbon-saturated iron melts, too.

Jan 1, 2001

By H. Kamiya, H. Hasegawa, M. Nojiri, S. Matsui, Y. Fukuda, M. Tsukada

"The present paper focuses on the action mechanism of anionic polymer dispersants in dense Si3N4 and SiC suspension. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to determine the relationship between the macroscopic suspension viscosity and the microscopic adsorbed structure of a polymer dispersant at the solid / liquid interface. The surface interactions within the suspensions were analyzed in various dispersant pH and additive conditions. The addition of an anionic polymer dispersant decreased Si3N4 and SiC suspension viscosity and increased electro-steric repulsion force on the non-oxide surface in solution at pH> 6 which was the isoelectric point of the materials. It was assumed that the increase of repulsive force was promoted by a hydrophobic adsorption of polymer dispersant on the non-oxide particles.IntroductionThe surface of silicon nitride and silicon carbide powders in a water suspension system has quite a complex molecular structure. In the case of Si3N4, hydroxyl and ammonium groups form on the surface and the pH of the suspension is increased from neutral to about 10 due to surface oxidation. The particle surface is negatively charged in alkaline solutions (pH=10), because the isoelectric point of silicon nitride exists in the pH range from 5 to 6. However, in spite of charging the negative surface charge, an anionic polymeric dispersant is generally used for the reduction in slurry viscosity.In dense SiC suspensions, an anionic polymer dispersant is generally used in order to disperse aggregates and reduce the suspension viscosity, too. Since an anionic dispersant is used in alkaline solutions higher than the isoelectric point of silicon carbide, the dispersant adsorbed on the negative charged surfaces of SiC.Few researchers have discussed and estimated the adsorption mechanism and structure of anionic polymeric dispersants on silicon nitride and silicon carbide surfaces. This is because it is difficult to observe the structure and measure the interaction at the solid/liquid interfuce directly. However, new developments in surface-force measurement technology have enabled the determination of non-DLVO type interaction for analyzing aggregation behavior2. The use of the AFM for analyzing the effects of various surfactants and co-polymers on colloidal dispersions and solid surfaces has also begun to rapidly expand to characterize the interaction between solid surfaces."

Jan 1, 2000

By Banqiu Wu

Zirconium carbide powder has been synthesized from zircon concentrate and methane using a high temperature plasma reactor, a non-transferred DC plasma torch was used as heat source. A high temperature filter consisting of graphite felt was designed, built and operated to separate the zirconium carbide from silicon carbide during the process. Characterization of the collected powders was done by wet chemical analysis using Atomic Absorption (AA), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) and by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It was found that the zirconium carbide purity was around 95% with silicon carbide being the primary impurity. The powders had particle sizes between 30 and 80 nm. The effect of several experimental variables are presented as well as temperature and velocity profiles calculated in the reactor.

Jan 1, 1997

By Yurniko Nakamura

Hydriding properties and crystal structure of a Ti-V- Mn solid solution alloy have been studied by P-C isotherm measurements and neutron and X-ray powder diffraction. The absorption P-C isotherm at 298K shows two plateau regions at 0.01MPa and 1MPa. The X-ray diffraction data have demonstrated that three phases with a BCC, a pseudo-cubic FCC and an FCC structure form subsequently with increase of the hydrogen content. Crystal structure of the latter two phases has been determined by Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data. The FCC phase is the di-hydride of CaF2 type with hydrogen occupation in the T sites. The pseudo-cubic FCC phase is the mono-hydride of NaCl-type with hydrogen occupation in the 0 sites, which has not been reported so far. The lattice constants of the mono-hydride (Ti1.0V1.1Mn0.9)H_2.7 are a'=0.407 nm for two axes and c'=0.390 nm for the third axis. The a'axis is shorter by 4% than the c'axis. This pseudo-cubic FCC lattice is formed by contraction of 5% of the a axis and expansion of about 30% of the c axis from the original BCC lattice.

Jan 1, 2002

By J. Tang, B. Q. Li, R. Akarapu

"An integrated model is developed to represent the three-dimensional electromagnetic wave propagation and thermal phenomena during microwave heating of ceramics and dielectric/biological materials. The model development is based on the edge finite element formulation for electromagnetic fields and the node fmite element formulation for thermal phenomena. Results are presented and compared well with available analytical solutions and experimental measurements. With the model, the effect of sample positions on the electromagnetic and thermal field distributions is studied.IntroductionMicrowave, as an electro-heating source, has been widely used in the processing industries for packaged foods and other materials. The commonly used household microwave oven is a typical example of microwave heating processes. Other industrial microwave processing systems include large-scale microwave guides and cavities, which are used for the sintering operations as required for making ceramic components or for sterilizing the packaged foods."

Jan 1, 2004

By R. M. G. S. Berezowsky

Treatment of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd. (HBM&S) zinc concentrate in the Sherritt zinc pressure leach process produces a residue containing elemental sulphur, residual sulphides, precipitated iron species, si1ver and gold. Flotation of the residue recovers most of the elemental sulphur and residual sulphides to the concentrate, leaving iron oxides and bask sulphates in the tailings. The tailings also contain most of the sflver and some gold. Direct cyantde leaching of the oxide tailings (220 g/t Ag, 1.4 g/t Au) was capable of leaching most of the gold, but only a minor portion of the silver. This paper reports testwork, conducted by Sherritt on behalf of HBM&S, to define a process for a high recovery of the precious metals from the oxide tailings. A si1ver enhancement treatment, consisting basically of digestion of the residue with lime at 90°C to render the silver amenable to enhanced recovery by subsequent cyanidation, was selected as the most promising approach. Batch silver enhancement and cyanidation tests showed that treatment of the oxide residue with 80 kg/t CaO at 90°C for 1 to 2 h increased the silver extractability in subsequent cyanidation from <20% to 96%. A 96 h continuous miniplant test (1 kg/h solids feed rate), of a circuit including a silver enhancement treatment step followed by conventional cyanidation and carbon in pulp silver and gold recovery, confirmed metal recoveries to the carbon of 90% Au and 96% Ag. Reagent consumption rates were 1ess than 100 ?kg/t CaO and 5 kg/t NaCN.

Jan 1, 1990

By G. A. Brooks

Reactive ball milling has been proposed as a new route for producing carbides from oxides through carbothcrmic reduction. It is claimed that through milling oxide and graphite powders to the nanoscale, amorphous materials with very high reactivity are formed, that allows for easy transformation of the starting material to another in a subsequent thermal process. Thermodynamic analysis of this proposed process suggests that unless particle sizes are reduced to below 10nm, then reduction in size alone cannot explain a change in the stability of oxides. Even with nanometer scale powders, the products formed need to have a lower total surface energy than the reactants before a chemical change will occur. A model developed by Bhattacharya and Arzt for predicting localized temperature changes based on milling conditions suggest that temperarure rises less than 400 K will be achieved in laboratory conditions. The present calculations suggest that nanometer scale powders formed through high speed ball milling (>10 mls) may have undergone a process analogous to melting and quenching. Further work is required to fully distinguish these features.

Jan 1, 2003

By E. Ilgar

"Deposition studies were conducted in acid copper electrolyte to determine the influence of chloride ions on cathode morphology. A statistically designed screening test was carried out in the absence and presence of 20 ppm CI- using a three factor, two level factorial design, in an electrolyte containing 36 gl'! Cu2+ and 150 gl-! H2S04, The independent variables evaluated were agitation; current density and temperature and their influence on surface roughness was determined. The copper deposited at current densities where activation was the primary control mechanism appeared similar in morphology whether stirring was used or not. The addition of 20 ppm CI- to the electrolyte gave rougher deposits under the same conditions. In the mixed control regions, considerably rougher, dendritic deposits were obtained when CI- was present. Agitation was effective in reducing the copper surface roughness both in the apparent activation and mixed control regions in the presence ofCI-. The results of this study showed that 20 ppm Cl- polarized the copper deposition at low overpotentials but caused depolarization at higher overpotentials.IntroductionChloride ion is inherently present in copper electrolyte, either as an additive or from other sources such as make up water. The behavior of the chloride ion is well documented in electrorefining operations, but its role in copper winning is less obvious. However in both cases there is evidence that cathode growth and solution chemistry are strongly influenced by its presence. The mechanism and electrochemical action of the Cl"" have been shown to be very complex, therefore a better understanding of its influence on electrocrystallization is essential for improved cathode deposit growth control. It was proposed that Cl"" polarizes the copper deposition reaction at low concentrations due to CuCI formation but depolarization occurs at higher concentrations due to the formation of a soluble CuCI2"" complex [1,2]. Franklin [3] reviewed the mechanism of additives in the electrodeposition process and proposed that the Cl"" complexed with copper, adsorbed on the cathode as an induced anion leading to an increase in the reduction rate. At cathodic overpotentials less than 100 mY, lppm NaCl had a polarizing effect, i.e. an increase in impedance of the charge transfer step. At higher Cl"" concentrations up to 100 ppm, depolarization occurred as evidenced by a decrease in impedance, which was attributed to soluble cuprous complexes [4]."

Jan 1, 1997

By Joo Hyun Park, Kyu Yeol Ko

The viscosity of the CaO-SiO2-xMnO-yCaF2 slags (C/S=1.0; x=10, 40%; y=0 to 15%) was measured to clarify the effect of CaF2 on the viscous flow of molten slags at high temperatures. Furthermore, the Raman spectra of the quenched glass samples were quantitatively analyzed to investigate the structural role of CaF2 in a depolymerization of silicate networks. The critical temperature of the slags abruptly increased at 15%CaF2, which was confirmed to originate from a crystallization of cuspidine using XRD analysis. The viscosity of the slags continuously decreased by CaF2 addition in the 10%MnO system, whereas the viscosity of the 40%MnO system was not significantly affected by CaF2 addition. The effect of CaF2 on the viscosity of the slags was quantitatively analyzed using micro-Raman spectra of quenched glass samples accompanying with a concept of silicate polymerization index, Q3/Q2 ratio. A polymerization index continuously decreased with increasing content of CaF2 in the 10%MnO system, whereas it was not affected by CaF2 in the 40%MnO system. Consequently, the bulk thermophysical property of the CaO-SiO2-MnO-CaF2 slags was quantitatively correlated to the structural information.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. L. Liow

Studies have been carried out on the causes and effects of slopping in an annular cylindrical geometry such as the top submerged combustion reactor. Properties of standing waves formed such as the wave profile, period, pressure distribution and velocity have been derived analytically. The wear profile due to wave erosion was calculated based on the assumption of linear motion and that the wear is a dissolution process. The use of the j, factor showed that the wear was proportional to the square root of the wave velocity at any point. Using the dimensions of the lsasmelt reactor given by Errington et al. (1987)[11, the wear profile due to wave erosion was calculated using the analytical solution. The wear profile calculated was shown to have a maximum just below the initial bath surface. The wear was found to be concentrated in the region where the first asymmetric standing wave was most active. The results showed that the refractory near the bath surface will be affected by wave erosion, more so than any other parts of the reactor. The contribution of wave erosion on wear must be accounted for in assessing the total refractory wear of a vessel in which slopping exists.

Jan 1, 1991

By F. J. Tavera

Recently Jameson cell technology has gained acceptance in both mineral and non-mineral applications, mainly because of the high degree of contact between the involved phases in the downcomer, fact that leads to an efficient collection performance. The key for an acceptable performance of the downcomer operation depends on the stability of the jet zone, the mixing zone, and the plug flow zone. in this work the behaviour of the downcomer of a laboratory Jameson cell is reported, as a function of gas hold-up, superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid (or slurry) velocity, and length of the operating zones. The presence of carbon is evaluated in terms of its effect on the gas hold-up and bubble surface area flux. The influence of the downcomer operating conditions on the gas-liquid disengaging cell is presented. Keywords: Jameson cell, downcomer, gas hold-up, mixing, plug flow, conductivity.

Jan 1, 2003

By W. L. Cornell

Bulk sulfide concentrate produced from Missouri Pb ore concentrator tailings must be reground to liberate sulfide values for subsequent sepa-ration. Studies to determine grinding parameters for optimum liberation were carried out using optical microscopy coupled with image analysis. The major sulfide phases present in the ground mineral particulates are marca-site, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, siegenite. and bravoite. Results showed that the base metal minerals were liberated by grinding to 74 micrometers (200 mesh), but the siegenite and bravoite required grinding to 20 micrometers or less to achieve liberation. Both the experimental method and results are presented.

Jan 1, 1987

By Debbie Marshall

Process water is an important consideration in the development of a nickel laterite project. Depending on the location of the ore body, sufficient fresh water may not be available and it may be necessary to use seawater (or saline groundwater) for ore preparation. This introduces various species, which have major effects on materials of construction and leaching chemistry. This paper summarizes batch testwork completed at the Falconbridge Technology Center. The leaching behaviour of eleven different laterite ore samples were compared using seawater and fresh water. For brevity, six of the eleven samples are reported here-the other five samples showed similar results. Each ore type was leached under identical conditions in both freshwater and seawater and the leaching chemistry compared. The batch test results were confirmed in a continuous pilot plant, and leach kinetics for the two systems were compared. Keywords: high pressure acid leaching, laterites

Jan 1, 2004

By C. W. Vierrether

Mineralogical analysis contributes directly to the selection of applicable beneficiation techniques for a given site. Tentative remediation methods for use on the Sharon Steel tailings in Midvale, Salt lake County, UT, were determined in part by mineralogical characterization. A systematic characterization scheme was employed to identify mineral species, mineral associations, and grain size. This paper presents the mineral content and distribution data collected for site characterization. This data was used to determine areas that were representative of the total tailings at the Sharon Steel site. Although this was the main focus of characterization, other useful information was obtained. The approximate location of "old jig tails" was identified and insight on possible arsenic, mobility through the pile was also obtained from the mineralogical study.

Jan 1, 1991

By W. L. Cornell

Ore microscopy was used in support of both bench-and large-scale continuous beneficiation testing programs. Reflected light microscopy and Vickers hardness measurements were utilized to help identify problems relating to mineral identification, mineral association, mineral liberation, mineral distribution in product streams, and froth entrainment. Specimens studied were size fractions of concentrates and tailings resulting from Bureau of Mines research to recover a siegenite-enriched product by beneficiating chalcopyrite concentrates. Other specimens were size fractions of bulk sulfide concentrates recovered during the enhanced amine scavenging of final tailings by froth flotation. The findings from studies directly affected flowsheet development.

Jan 1, 1987

By Sridhar Seetharuman

Sulfur and oxygen dissolved in nickel and cupronickel melts can be removed as gaseous oxides of sulfur by a vacuum treatment. Presented in this paper is a new matched thermochemical diagram that permits direct evaluation of the equilibrium partial pressure of SO, as a function of temperature over an alloy of specified composition. The matched thermochemical diagram consists of a central plot which shows the integral Gibbs&apos; energy of mixing for the binary system S-O2, at different temperatures. The central plot is flanked on either side by terminal plots of the chemical potentials of oxygen and sulfur, as functions of temperature, for different alloy compositions. By projecting the chemical potentials of oxygen and sulfur from the terminal plots on to the central diagram, the equilibrium pressure of SO2,can be directly read on the nomograms on the central plot at different temperatures. The matched thermochemical diaerams are - useful in assuring the efficiency of vacuum refining.

Jan 1, 1993

By Xianwen Dai

One of the biggest challenges for the gold industry in the 21st century is the presence of copper in gold containing ore bodies. This is because copper consumes large quantities of cyanide. In addition, copper cyanide species are more stable than free cyanide, and hence are problematic in events of tailings spillage. The present paper compares cyanide and thiosulfate leaching for the recovery of gold from a copper containing ore. For cyanide leaching, the extraction of gold using copper cyanide complexes instead of free cyanide was tested in the presence and absence of added ammonia. For the thiosulfate leaching, the effect of the minerals present in the ore on the solution potential and thiosulfate consumption are illustrated.

Jan 1, 2003

By Milton Manrique

The thermal decomposition of ilmenite concentrates in a non-transferred arc; thermal plasma flow reactor was investigated. The plasma torch was operated using argon-helium and argon-nitrogen mixtures as plasma gases. The effect of power, feed rate and particle size was studied. Products were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and ICP techniques. Free energy minimization plots were used to predict the thermodynamic behavior of the system under different operating conditions. The results of this investigation showed a significant segregation process where titanium-rich products are collected in the reactor, while iron-rich products are collected in the quenching box and filter. The average size of the product is in the sub- micron range. Titanium nitride was formed and condensed in the reactor zone when using an argon-nitrogen mixture as the plasma gas.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. N. Hryn

This paper describes some of the work done in Phase 1 of a multi-year, five-phase program aimed at demonstrating the economic feasibility of producing commercial-scale quantities of commodity materials derived from salt cake residue-oxide. The amount of salt cake generated annually in the U. S. is estimated to be 510,000 tons, including 340,000 tons of residue-oxide. Used beverage can (UBC) processing accounts for the majority of residue-oxiae that could be made available for further processing into commercial products. To characterize the composition of residue-oxide. eight residue-oxide samples from various secondary processors were obtained and analyzed. Surprisingly, the composition of residue-oxide was found to be independent of source or alloy family being processed, with? the exception of slightly elevated silicon levels in 3XXand UBC residue-oxide samples. Major phases detected in the residue- oxide were? alumina, spinel, and aluminum hydroxides. Preliminary economic analyses indicated that the refractory market appears to be the best choice for high value-added products produced from residue-oxide with minimum processing. Bench-scale tests indicated that low silicon containing residue-oxide is ready to enter this market, but the elevated silicon content of UBC and 3XX residue-oxide preclude this possibility. A separation technology should &apos;be developed to remove silicon-containing . species from the alumina and spinel values Present in residue-oxide. This technology would then allow UBC and 3XX residue-oxides to be converted to significantly higher value-added products.

Jan 1, 1995