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By Frank E. Williams

This Bureau of Mines report describes 147 known fluorspar deposits in New Mexico and briefly mentions 54 miscellaneous occurrences for which little or no information was obtained. Most miscellaneous occurrences are minor and too poorly exposed to be considered more than prospects. History and production of fluorspar in New Mexico, type of deposition, mineralogy, uses, and grade specifications are discussed. Total mine production of fluorspar in New Mexico is nearly 641,000 tons of various grades of crude ore and hand-sorted material. Fluorspar deposits occur in 13 of the state's 32 counties. Grant, Valencia, and Luna Counties account for 86.4 percent of the total production. During the investigation, 141 deposits were visited. A total of 72 character samples was collected for assay, and 3 larger samples were collected for bench-scale metallurgical tests. Results of these metallurgical tests indicate that an acid-grade product can be obtained with 95 percent recovery of the CaF2 content of the crude ore.

Jan 1, 1966

By Frank E. Williams

This Bureau of Mines report describes 147 known fluorspar deposits in New Mexico and briefly mentions 54 miscellaneous occurrences for which little or no information was obtained. Most miscellaneous occurrences are minor and too poorly exposed to be considered more than prospects. History and production of fluorspar in New Mexico, type of deposition, mineralogy, uses, and grade specifications are discussed. Total mine production of fluorspar in New Mexico is nearly 641,000 tons of various grades of crude ore and hand-sorted material. Fluorspar deposits occur in 13 of the State's 32 counties. Grant, Valencia, and Luna Counties account for 86.4 percent of the total production. During the investigation, 141 deposits were visited. A total of 72 character samples was collected for assay, and 3 larger samples were collected for bench-scale metallurgical tests. Results of these metallurgical tests indicate that an acid-grade product can be obtained with 95 percent recovery of the CaF2 content of the crude ore.

Jan 1, 1966

By Earl Redman

The Juneau Gold Belt portion of the Juneau Mining District has historically had the greatest mining and exploration activity within the district. Between 1880 and 1983, the mines within the Juneau Gold Belt produced 6.7 MM oz gold, 3.1 MM oz silver, and 45 MM lbs lead, which had a total value of about $157,000,000 at the time of production. This report summarizes Bureau of Mines work completed in 1986, the second year of the Juneau Mining District study. Fifty mines, prospects, and occurrences were examined and 638 samples were collected for analysis during 1986. Metallurgical samples were collected from seven deposits and preliminary tests of cyanide amenability have been completed for five of these. The simultaneous discovery by private industry and the Bureau of gold-bearing quartz veins cutting diorite gneiss recently exposed by the retreat of the Herbert Glacier is the most notable result of work during 1986. This location yielded gold values up to 7 oz/st.

Jan 1, 2011

By Reynold Q. Shotts

A study was made of the coal resources of an area in Jackson County, Ala., forming a part of the Flat Rock, Henegar, and Stevenson quadrangles. The area studied is a portion of the Plateau coalfield on Sand Mountain and is near the Tennessee Valley Authority's Widows Creek steamplant. Since no detailed geological study of this area had been published, some reconnaissance work was done. The coalbeds and adjacent strata such as sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones, and conglomerates were studied. Available drill logs, together with the areal geology, provided sufficient information to permit correlation of the coalbeds and an estimation of coal reserves. For all categories of reserves, computed on a regional basis, a total of 72,920,000 tons of coal more than 14 inches thick is estimated for the areas studied in Stevenson. Flat Rock, and Henegar quadrangles. Of this tonnage, 40,001.000 tons is estimated to have less than 60 feet of overburden. The total measured coal reserves for the above three quadrangles are 16,359,000 tons, with 12,471,000 tons under less than 60 feet of cover.

Jan 1, 1966

By A. C. Fieldner

"INTRODUCTION In a previous report3 prepared for the American Gas Association, the influence of washing coal on coke properties and on gas and by-product yields was discussed on the basis of answers to questionnaires sent to coke-oven superintendents and a review of the literature on the subject. This review indicated that the elimination of free impurities by cleaning coal improved coke quality by (a) reducing ash and sulphur, (b) decreasing clinker trouble in burning the coke, (c) diminishing cross fractures in the coke, resulting in greater resistance to breakage on handling, and less small coke and breeze, and (d) greater uniformity in chemical composition and physical properties of coke. Washing also reduced the sulphur in coke and gas and increased the yield of gas and by-products per ton of dry coal charged.This paper is supplementary to the previous report and presents some experimental data obtained with Pittsburgh bed coal from Pennsylvania and Mary Lee bed coal from Alabama.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSGrateful acknowledgment is made to F. J. Pfluke, of the Rochester Gas and Electric Cc., of Rochester, N. Y., for the plant test data on screened lump and washed coal; and to Ray W. Arms, Manager of the Coal Cleaning Department, of Roberts & Schaefer Co., of Chicago, for the data on effect of air cleaning."

May 1, 1931

By G. R. Fitterer, E. A. Krockenberger, B. E. Sockman, R. B. Meneilly, J. F. Eckel, E. W. Marshall

"Steel manufacturers have noticed a decided tendency on the part of many of their customers to become more exacting in their steel specifications. Under these conditions, the steel must not only meet the specifications of physical properties (tensile strength, reduction of area, elongation, impact strength, grain size, normality, etc.) and the chemical analyses, but must also pass the inspection test of ""cleanliness.""By cleanliness is commonly meant the absence of oxide and sulphide inclusions. Other foreign particles such as furnace or ladle slag, ladle and runner brick, etc., must also be absent. The determination of cleanliness at present is usually made by microscopic inspection or macroetching.The rejection of steel for lack of cleanliness is increasing, out cleanliness is one of the most difficult requirements for the manufacturer to fill. The reason for this is that every steel inspector has a different conception of a. clean steel. A material which does not pass the examination of one inspector way be regarded as entirely satisfactory by the metallurgist of an¬other company. The cause of this confusion and disagreement concerning the definition of a clean or a dirty steel is simply that as yet no standardized procedure for the determination of impurities has been proposed and generally accepted, since many variables are encountered which interfere with the development of a satisfactory method. An idea of the complexity of this situation will be obtained from the following pages.A Survey of Proposed Analytical MethodsAlthough no analytical method has been accepted, many procedures have been proposed, as may be seen in Table 1. Therein are listed 16 of the better-known processes, pith references to the work of their originators, their mechanisms of determination, and their applicabilities. Among these is included the electrolytic method developed by one of the present authors, and some comparison between this and previously proposed procedures may be obtained by a study of the table. It appears that this new method Las many advantages over the others, and this paper presents a critical Study of its value."

May 1, 1933

By James Westfield

This report covers the calendar year 1954 and has been prepared and submitted to the Congress of the United States in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 106(a) and Sec. 2l2(c) of the Federal Coal-Mine Safety Act (66 Stat. 692; 30 U.S.C. Sec. 451-483). Background The Federal Coal-Mine Inspection program was established to carry out the provisions of Public Law 49, 77th Congress, H. R. 2082, approved May 7, 1941. This act has since been amended to be known as Title I -Advisory Powers Relating to Health and Safety Conditions in Mines, under Public Law 552, 82d Congress, approved July 16, 1952, which also includes Title II -Prevention of Major Disasters in Mines. Public Law 552 is known as the Federal Coal-Mine Safety Act.

Jan 1, 1956

Phase I of U.S. Bureau of Mines contract H01220S3, "Improved Sensors and Fire Control Systems for Mining Equipment, II was an investigative effort involving study of the fire problem and preliminary design of a fire protection system. Overall contract objectives included three basic efforts: * Identify problems * Develop a design * Demonstrate a system The first two efforts were conducted during the period June through November, 1972. Phase II will involve testing of system components; construction and testing of a mockup; and demonstration of the system on a truck to prove its effectiveness under actual operational and environmental conditions.

Jan 1, 1972

By Albert W. Deurbrouck

The percentage of coal cleaned mechanically has increased greatly in the past 30 years. This technological change in preparation methods, accompanied by mechanical innovations in most phases of coal mining, has enabled the industry to supply quality coals at competitive prices. The Bureau of Mines has contributed to this progress by conducting research on coal-preparation problems, by evaluating the performance of domestic-and foreign-made preparation equipment, and by recording advances as they occur in industrial coal-cleaning practices. The Bureau's work in this field is recorded in the more than 150 technical and scientific publications listed in this volume. These reports, published by the Bureau over the past half century, document the Nation's progress in a vitally important phase of fuel technology.

Jan 1, 1961

By Richard H. Bares

The general or macroclimate of the study sites in western North Dakota is characterized by rapid and sometimes extreme daily and day-to-day temperature fluctuations, rainfall patterns which are erratic in spatial and temporal distribution and intensity, generally low relative humidity, plentiful sunshine, nearly continuous air movement, and a relatively short frost-free period. Of particular relevance to plant growth and productivity is the mosaic of microclimates: these microclimates are affected by landform (convex and concave surfaces); exposure; slope angle, length and aspect; soil color, texture and surface cover (litter), and vegetation cover. The most critical plant growth governing factor in this region is available water. It is determined principally by water input (precipitation) and water loss (evapotranspiration) which is increased by high temperatures, wind, and poor litter and vegetation cover. While spring and fall precipitation is generally gentle and soil-soaking summer rains frequently come in the form of intensive, soil-washing, localized convective thunderstorms of short duration. Due to the convective nature of these storms, summer rainfall is particularly affected by regional topography; southwest slopes and crests often receive more rainfall since these storms usually move in a northeasterly direction. The water loss due to runoff and consequent soil erosion arc major problems resulting from such "cloudbursts". Previous fall precipitation (September - October) when added to current seasonal precipitation (March - August) was found to be significantly correlated (r-.93) with plant production. Winter precipitation (snowfall) is relatively light as the prevailing weather is dominated by dry polar air masses from the north. The nearly continuous wind is responsible for removing snow from open exposures and depositing it in depressions and windbreaks. Although the winter precipitation is not a large component of the total annual precipitation, conservation of that which does occur would contribute to plant production during the following growing season. Generally clear skies over the region facilitate receipt of abundant sunshine at the earth's surface. While good for early season soil warming and plant photosynthesis, this abundant sunshine coupled with long days and nearly continuous wind is responsible for evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation by an average of six inches between June' and September. On a local (micro) scale, the water deficit is most severe on the southern exposures which receive the most direct (most effective) solar radiation and therefore are warmer than other exposures. On a broader scale, it was found that ambient temperature extremes were slightly but significantly greater in the town of Beulah in the Knife River Valley than at the upland test sites, This may have been due to the difference in topography and/or the "urban heat island" effect. It is known that air temperatures in large cities may be 2° to 4°C higher than that of the surrounding countryside. It is also well known that basins, depressions or valleys are sinks for cold air masses and are often subject to frosts not occurring on adjacent upland sites.

Jan 1, 1982

This publication summarizes, for all interested parties, the research, development, and demonstration in-house projects programed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1979 (October 1, 1978--September 30, 1979) under its Nine Health and Safety Research program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced series of advances toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the system technology required to create a healthier and safer working environment for the Nation's miners.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. A. Trevits, J. E. Urosek, A. C. Smith, M. P. Valoski

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), in partnership with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), is conducting research to test, evaluate, improve or modify coal mine fire-fighting strategies and methodologies through large-scale tests. Since wood is the second most abundant fuel available during a coal mine fire, it was decided that series of large-scale wood crib fire tests were needed to measure the products of combustion and to observe the capability of commonly available direct application fire suppression equipment, namely, fire extinguishers, water and gas-enhanced foam. This paper discusses the wood crib fire tests, provides insight into the products of combustion and describes observations made during the application of the fire suppression agents.

By Francis E. Federspiel

In 1984 and 1985, at the request of the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined the 87,720-acre South Boise Yuba study area (formerly known as RARE II Wilderness Recommended area I-4553) to evaluate mineral resources. The study area and additions are in Blaine, Camas, and Elmore Counties, 10, about 60 mi east of Boise. Granitic rocks of the Cretaceous age Idaho Batholith occupy the western two-thirds of the study area. A Tertiary age granitic complex has intruded, and broken into small blocks, Paleozoic age sedimentary rocks in the eastern third of the study area. Tertiary Challis Volcanics overlie both of these rock types. Principal mineralized structures are gold-and silver-bearing quartz veins and shear zones trending northwest to easterly in the Cretaceous granitic rocks. Copper, lead, and zinc are accessory metals in many mineralized structures.

Jan 1, 1987

A prototype EM Location System was fabricated and tested at the Geneva Mine near Dragerton, Utah. This system consisted of six manpack transmitters and six manpack receivers covering the frequency band from 900 Hz to 2900 Hz as well as a six channel receiver designed for use, in a helicopter. Tests showed that EM signals from lightweight (3/4 lb) transmitters could be detected both on the surface and from a helicopter through as much as 4450 ft of relatively high conductivity (2 X 10- 2 mhos/m) overburden. Furthermore, the resulting field strength profiles could be used to determine source location to within 150 ft of the actual surveyed location in the mine. Modifications were made to a Monitoring, Locating and Communications System being tested at the Bruceton Mine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. These modifications have improved the performance and quality of the paging and voice telephony mode of the system. Subsurface receiver modifications have improved reception of voice downlink signals.

Jan 1, 1973

Introduction MINING IS THE BRANCH OF INDUSTRY involving the exploration and removal of minerals from the earth (figure 1). Mining is one of the oldest and most important endeavors of humankind, because it provides the raw ingredients for most of the material world around us and, like agriculture, is the lifeblood of civilization. The main objective of any type of mining is to remove the valuable material economically and safely with minimum damage to the surrounding environment. The Earth has many natural resources on which we depend that must be mined. Coal, oil, gas, and other mineral fuels are used for heating electricity, and numerous industrial processes. Nonfuel minerals such as iron ore, precious metals, and industrial metals, and nonmetallic materials like sodium and potassium are used in chemical and agricultural applications. Even crushed stone used in road building and other construction projects must be mined. Mining affects our standard of living and impacts almost everything we do. A myriad of items that we use in our homes and offices and for transportation, communications, and national defense all require minerals (figure 2). For example, more than 30 different minerals are needed to make a television or telephone! Table 1 lists several commonly mined materials and some of the end uses in our daily lives.

Jan 1, 1995

By Donald W. Mitchell

Research shows that water neutralizes the explosion hazard of coal dust when present in sufficient quantity and when intimately mixed with the dust. The quantity of water required to neutralize coal dust and coal-rock dust mixtures is about equal to the limiting moisture adsorptive capacity of the dust; the adsorptive capacity increases with increase in the fineness and volatile content of the coal. Pools of water or high atmospheric humidity do not reduce the explosion hazard. Although wetted dust is less dispersible than dry dust, poor dispersibility cannot be relied on as the sole safeguard against explosion. Dust mixtures that contain water in excess of their limiting adsorptive capacity are dispersed and ignited by severe initiation sources. Pure coal dust adsorbs water with difficulty and retains water poorly; adsorption and retention is increased by the addition of rock dust the coal; the rock dust agglutinates wetted coal and assures that incombustible is present should drying occur. Therefore, it is advantageous to rock-dust wet areas in bituminous coal and lignite mines. When coal-rock dust mixtures are wetted and subsequently dried, the explosion hazard is about the same as for dust which was not wetted.

Jan 1, 1962

By Robert F. Chaiken

Burnout Control is a process developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for accelerating the burning of wasted coal fires in situ, while at the same time controlling the heat and fumes produced. The Albright fIre project is a fIrst fIeld trial of Burnout Control as applied to a coal waste bank. An exhaust ventilation system was designed and constructed and then operated over a 1-year period at the site of an existing abandoned mine land fire near the town of Albright, WV. While predicted exhaust gas temperatures of 900° C and thermal power levels of 5 MW were achieved at 20-to 3O-in H20 vacuum levels, problems were encountered with engineering designs, equipment breakdown, and fuel-rich combustion that curtailed the time period of satisfactory operation. Effective afterburning of the exhaust gases (as they were drawn from the bank) corrected the problems associated with combustion stoichiometry and led to high thermal outputs. It is believed that with (1) improvements in engineering design and construction, (2) better control of the afterburning process, and (3) the use of conventional stack gas air-pollution controls, Burnout Control can be applied successfully to a coal waste bank fire.

Jan 1, 1991

By Michael Schmitz, Eugene Ahrenholtz, William A. Heitbrink, Jeanne A. Zimmer, Andrew B. Cecala, Ernest S. Moyer, Earle H. Andrews, Chris C. Coppock, John A. Organiscak

Many different types of surface mining equipment use enclosed cabs to protect equipment operators from health and safety hazards. The overburden removal and mining process can be extremely dusty and can cause excessive dust exposure. To study this issue, a cooperative research effort was established between the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Silica Co., Clean Air Filter Co., and Red Dot Corp. in an effort to lower respirable dust levels in an enclosed cab on an older surface drill at a silica sand operation. Throughout this research effort, a number of modifications were incorporated into the drill's filtration and pressurization system, as well as in other areas, to improve its design and performance. An average cab efficiency of 93.4% was determined with gravimetric sampling instruments when comparing the outside with the inside cab dust levels on the final design. Although this study considered just one operation, the goal was to identify cost-effective improvements that could be implemented on all types of enclosed cabs to lower respirable dust concentrations. Two critical components for an effective enclosed cab system are having a properly designed, installed, and maintained filtration and pressurization system, along with a method for maintaining structural cab integrity, which allows the cab to be positively pressurized. Another important component is maintaining cab cleanliness. Although this research was originally directed toward the mining industry, it is also applicable to agricultural or construction equipment.

This chapter summarizes data on crude mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Common- wealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are tables that show the principal mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables 'were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of volume I and in the State chapters of volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the production of auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. C. Kerkering, S. M. Miller, P. C. McWilliams

Researchers at the U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated the use of close-range photogrammetry and subsequent stereo digitizing to obtain data from rock fracture roughness profiles. The photogrammetric process yielded results that were acceptable but somewhat inferior to those obtained by a mechanical profilometer. On the basis of this study, further pursuit of photogrammetry as a data collection method in mining is proposed. Fractal geometry was investigated as a means of measuring the roughness of rock fracture profiles. Four fractal algorithms were used: divider method, modified divider method, box method, and spectral method. A comparison of the methods gave ambiguous results. Brown's modified divider method provided the best means of obtaining the fractal dimension. Shear strength estimates were obtained using the parameters of the modified divider method and Myers' Z, measure. Because of differences in results when comparing the different ways of obtaining the fractal dimension, future users of fractals in studies of rock fractures are advised to cross-check their results carefully.

Jan 1, 1993