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By D. R. Pyke, R. S. Middleton

"Three main types of base metal sulphide mineralization are present in the Timmins area:(1) -Massive and stringer-type copper-zinc deposits occurring mainly in pyroclastic rocks, as typified by the mines of Kam-Kotia, Jameland and Canadian Jamieson, or within or close to possible breccia pipes as shown by the Genex and Kidd Creek mines. With the exception of the Kidd Creek mine, all of these orebodies occur northwest of Timmins (Kamiskotia area) and appear to lie within or close to a major center of volcanic activity characterized by a thick accumulation of felsic pyroclastic rocks and subordinate epizonal intrusions. The margins of the rhyolitic pile are interfingered with mafic volcanics; overlying sedi-ments mark the termination of a vol-canic cycle. The copper-zinc deposits in the Kamiskotia area are confined to a particular stratigraphic unit. Ore-bearing solutions were probably derived from the intrusive complex of the volcanic pile.(2) -Porphyry copper deposit of the Mcintyre mine. The deposit occurs in a quarz porphyry intrusion related to the volcanism in the area (Hurst, 1936). Mineralization was probably introduced at the time of intrusion, and subsequently redistributed within the porphyry during deformation. (3) -Massive and disseminated nickel mineralization, associated with serpentinized alpine-type ultramafic intrusions, as shown by the Alexo, McWatters, Hart, Inco and Texmont deposits. The nickel mineralization occurs at or near contacts of the serpentinites with felsic or mafic volcanics, or sulphide-bearing iron formations. The nickel deposits south of Timmins are confined to a particular stratigraphic unit along the margins of domical-shaped structures which appear to outline former volcanic centers. Sulphurization as pro-posed by Naldrett (1966) appears to be a workable hypothesis for the formation of some of the deposits."

Jan 1, 1971

Mining Equipment Challenges Equipment Availability Unplanned downtime Maintenance Costs Secondary damage and catastrophic failures (T282 $750k) Emergency work is 4x the cost of planned work Inspections Troubleshooting time Incorrect repairs (parts, labor, lost production) Equipment Life Mis-operation of equipment

May 1, 2013

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER presents some analyses of diabases from a number of metallogenic provinces in Canada and the United States. It is intended as a contribution to the literature on the genesis of mineral deposits associated with diabase.As it has been in the past, opinion today on the origin of the cobaltnickel- native silver and associated pitchblende type of deposit is sharply divided. Some geologists hold that this type of deposit is in some way genetically related to intrusive diabase; others are of the opinion that the deposits are related to granite. The controversy, like others of a similar nature, probably will not be settled satisfactorily for many years to come, •but in the meantime it is recognized that, with respect to most deposits of the type referred to, altogether too few facts are known for accurate conclusions on genesis to be drawn. To contribute in a small way to factual data on this whole .problem, the writer analyzed diabase from several districts in Canada in which deposits of the aforementioned type occur. For comparative purposes, the copper, cobalt, and nickel content of diabase from Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and of norite from the Sudbury basin of Ontario, was also determined.Insofar as is known, none of the analytical work undertaken had been previously carried out."

Jan 1, 1953

By M. Dupuis, V. Bojarevics

It is well known that horizontal current density in the metal pad contributes greatly to the generation of MHD driven bath-metal interface wave. It is possible to compute very accurately the metal pad current density using a very detailed finite element model [1], but a MHD model must be compatible to this level of mesh refinement and to recalculate the current distribution at each time step, including the full busbar supply system. The accuracy of the instability prediction of the cell depends on the accuracy of the metal pad current density calculation. This study presents the comparison of the metal pad current density calculation of the detailed finite element model and the MHD-Valdis model for different metal pad heights and ledge thickness. It also presents the corresponding cell MHD stability predictions.

Jan 1, 2006

By Tom Dettweiler

Who We Are A global pioneer in discovery, development and recovery of deep-ocean assets Shipwrecks Deep-sea Minerals Company Overview Founded 1994 HQ ?Tampa, Florida USA Employees 45 Tampa + 150 Abroad Publicly Traded: NASDAQ:OMEX Requires Specific Financial Controls and Reporting

May 1, 2013

By Robert Y. Lamarche

On exploite le chrysotile dans le sud du Quebec depuis plus de cent ans. Au cours des dernieres decennies, cette variete d'amiante est devenue une des principales substances minerales produites au Quebec. Bien que la production de fibres d'amiante ait diminue de J 365 779 ten /979 a que!que 700 000 ten 1983, le Quebec n'en demeure pas mains une des principa/es sources d'approvisionnement mondial de ce mineral, la valeur des exportations quebecoises ayant ete de l'ordre de 315 millions de dollars en 1983. Dans la presente contribution, nous passons en revue que!ques-unes des notions mineralogiques sur l'amiante, depuis l'etymologie du mot et les proprietes physico-chimiques du mineral, jusqu'd ses principales utilisations commercia/es et industrielles. Un des deux objectifs principaux de noire article est de definir brievement le contexte geologique regional, la lithologie et /'age des roches ultramafiques serpentinisees et de decrire les principales caracteristiques des gftes de chrysotile qu'elles renferment et qui furent exploites a date dans /es Appa/aches du sud quebecois. Nous concluons en dressant un tableau synoptique de la metallogenie et en soulignant le role preponderant qu 'ont joue /es mouvements tectoniques majeurs, a la jonction des plaques et au sein des feuillets et copeaux de la croute oceanique (lithosphere et manteau superieur), sur la genese des gftes de chrysotile dans les roches ultramafiques serpentinisees, et tout particu!ierement dans celles associees aux series ophiolitiques du Paleozaique inf erieur.

Jan 1, 1984

By Morris Wong

"An antimony-bearing gold ore was studied in a cyanide slurry containing 7 -20 ppm dissolved oxygen. 1 g/L NaCN at pH 9.5 and 48 hours retention time is required to extract 94 % of the gold from the 90 % minus 200 mesh ore by conventional cyanidation at a 7 ppm O2. As oxygen concentration was increased to 20 ppm, the conditions required to extract the same amount of gold were: 0.25 g/L NaCN, 16 hours retention time and 80% minus 200 mesh. Compared to conventional cyanidation, oxygen-enriched leaching was shown to reduce retention time by three times and cyanide consumption by four times. The kinetics of gold dissolution related to the dissolved oxygen concentration in slurry was expressed by following equation:XAu = 100 * (Kt + I0) / (1 + Kt + I0)where XAu is the percentage gold extraction; t is the retention time; K and Io are the slope and the intercept of the plot of XAu I (100 -XAu) vs. t respectively. The values of Kand Io depend upon the concentrations of cyanide and oxygen, the fineness of grind and the origin of ore sample etc.. A preliminary cost analysis was also performed to justify the use of oxygenating slurries.IntroductionGeneral:It was proposed almost 149 years ago (Elsner 1846) that oxygen is required for the dissolution of gold in cyanide solution. However, little attention were paid to oxygen application in the gold milling industry during the following one hundred years. Due to the constraints of gold price, reagent costs, refractory ores, and environmental issues in the past decade, the oxygen enhancement in the cyanidation process was introduced to the gold milling industry for increasing operation efficiency, reducing production costs, and meeting the requirement of environmental standard.The advantages of oxygen-enriched cyanidation have been reviewed by several investigators (Hague 1992, Jara et al 1992, Henderson 1989, Loroesch et al 1988, Elmore 1987, Cathro 1963). Common to all conclusions are the following advantages."

Jan 1, 1995

By A. Y. Senchenko, Y. V. Kulikov

"In recent decades HPGR technology has proven itself in comminution circuits of mining plants. High technical and economic performance, lower specific energy consumption and reliability of HPGR equipment makes it an efficient alternative to conventional circuits using stage crushing and rod/ball milling, as well as to AG/SAG circuits. However, despite all the advantages of this technology the correct selection of key and auxiliary equipment is very important since errors at testing and design stages may lead to discrediting of the whole concept of HPGR application. There is a great variety of possible circuit configurations using HPGR, e.g. with circulation of edge product, with crushing of the whole discharge and circulation of screen oversize, successive two-stage crushing, etc. Each type of minerals will require its own optimal crushing circuit. In this context the testing methodology for selection of an optimal configuration becomes of prime importance. It is common knowledge that the best simulation of material crushing and softening within a HPGR can be obtained only in the course of a large-scale pilot test. The main approaches applied to this kind of testworks are described in this article. Special aspects of HPGR technology design and industrial operation are revealed as well. Some operational issues of HPGR equipment and of circuit as a whole were detected. They are related to regions specifics, plants location, and other factors. Process solutions proposed to deal with these issues are also indicated in the article. INTRODUCTIONDesign and construction of the processing plants involving High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) technology becomes more and more common in mining as this technology has specific technical and economic advantages against the circuits with autogenous/semiautogenous mills (AG/SAG) and other circuits. The main advantage of the technology is low energy consumption and low operation costs respectively. The presence of microcracks and increased content of fine size fractions in the crushed product contribute to reduction of energy required for further ball grinding. Besides, HPGR technology applies a special wear resistant liner that enables significant reduction of operation costs of grinding media and liner comparing with AG/SAG circuits."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. U. MacEwan

THE basis on which the modern metallurgical industry is operated is the endeavour to attain maximum return in purchasing power for the least expenditure of energy. This has always been the general objective of the industry, as of all industries. In recent years, however, it has received a new emphasis. Today, as never before, increased attention is being directed to the detailed study of plant operations and the application of scientific knowledge and of business principles in order to achieve the maximum efficiency. This new emphasis is the result in large part of the new problems and conditions with which the industry has been confronted, chief among which are the following: (l) Development of new ore-bodies and the treatment of complex ores. (2) Necessity of achieving a greater degree of purity in some of the metals in order to meet the newly discovered demands for some of the industrial metals. (3) Discovery of new markets for many of the metals, either in pure form or in the form of alloys. ( 4) Change in values, absolute or relative, of some of the important metals. (5) Increasing scale of investment in expensive plant and equipment, which makes imperative most efficient utilization if total unit costs are to be kept to a minimum. (6) Increasing scale of operations in some important branches of the industry, which also makes essential maximum efficiency in organization, administration, and operation. The success with which the metallurgical industry has met the problems created by these changing conditions has been due primarily to the following factors: (1) Results of research and experimental work carried on by universities, government laboratories, and many private corporations in the industry itself. (2) Closet study of every detail of plant operation, both from the technological and from the economic point of view, with the object of increasing plant efficiency. (3) Interchange of information and experience amongst the operating companies. It is only by the concerted efforts of numerous investigators and experimenters that the underlying fundamentals of plant operations can be learned. The exchange of results permits their easy assembly and correlation with maximum benefit to the whole industry. Unnecessary duplication of research and experimental work is avoided and the industry as a whole is able to reap the fruits of this work with the maximum of-speed and efficiency. (4) Advances made in recent years in so-called 'scientific management' in industry as a whole and the application of the principles learned to the metallurgical industry. A review of the modern trends in extractive non-ferrous metallurgical processes illustrates the afore-mentioned new conditions and problems, and gives some idea of the methods by which they have been and are being surmounted.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. A. Millar

THE output of coal from the Province of Alberta reached its peak; in the year 1928, when 7,334,179 tons were produced. Following this, a steady decline was recorded, and in 1930 a low mark of 4,564, 290 tons was made. Since that time, however, the tendency has been upward, and this year (1937) 5,551,682 tons were produced, compared with 5,696, 375 tons in 1936 and 5,462,973 tons in 1935. The value of the output in 1937 was $14,434,969, against $14, 720,004 in 1936. The coals of Alberta have been classed under three heads, viz., domestic, sub-bituminous, and bituminous The domestic (or lignite) and the sub-bituminous coals are used chiefly for domestic purposes, with the possible exception of the smaller sizes and the output of the two stripping pits at Stereo and Coal Valley The bituminous output is used mainly by the railways, for locomotive purposes, which, in 1937, accounted for 80.6 per? cenr of the total sales of bituminous coal. A fair proportion is sold for stationary engine and steam purposes and, in 1937, 25,000 tons were used in making briquettes at plants operated by the Canmore Coal Company, Limited, and Brazeau Collieries, Limited. The International Coal & Coke Company, Limited, used 99,500 tons in their plant at Coleman, for making coke. The bulk of the 66,000 tons of coke produced was sold for use at the smelter at Trail, B.C.

Jan 1, 1938

By M. E. Holter

"Five main lignite seams occur in the Tertiary Ravenscrag Formation in the Eastevan area, at depths of 100 feet or less. They are named, in ascending order: the Boundary, Estevan, Souris, Roche Percee and Short Creek seams. A total sequence of approximately 250 feet is represented by the coal beds and interstratified clays, silts and sands. Strata dip to the southeast at 25 feet per mile or less and trike northeast. Large areas underlain by coal seams at shallow depths are delineated. Reserve calculations are dependent on detailed information on seam thicknesses and feasible stripmining depths. The stratigraphically higher seams are thinner on the average than lower seams and this, together with the increase in elastic size fractions in higher strata, suggests a retreat of a Tertiary marine margin to the south during the closing depositional history of coal seams and associated strata."

Jan 1, 1972

By C. H. van Eendenburg

"Installation of a 3.6 km long raw coal conveyor in the Balmer open pit was undertaken to improve over-all haulage efficiency. This paper covers the rationale behind this project, system design and construction aspects and initial operating experiences. The majority of the construction work was performed by our own personnel. Where feasible, used equipment was installed to reduce capital cost and facilitate a tight construction schedule.BackgroundWestar Mining Ltd's Balmer Mine is located in the British Columbia Rockies, just outside of the town of Sparwood in the southeastern corner of British Columbia. The open pit mine, which has been in operation since 1969, currently produces about 6 million clean tonnes of coal per year, mostly for the metallurgical coal export market. Run-of-mine coal tonnages total between 9 and 9.5 million annually and waste removal volumes exceed 30 million bank cubic metres.The mine is a truck/shovel operation; loading equipment includes nine electric shovels, five front-end loaders and a hydraulic backhoe. The truck fleet consists of 40 units of 154-tonne, 181-tonne and 315-tonne capacity. The newer 154-tonne trucks are used for coal haulage for which they have been equipped , with tailgates to maximize their coal carrying capacity."

Jan 1, 1990

By J. Paraszczak

ABSTRACT Diesel-powered loaders are a pillar of modern underground metal mining. As these mines are getting deeper and hotter and the emission regulations stricter, ventilation costs are soaring, affecting production cost. Also, the cost of diesel fuel is expected to rise. These may make the use of diesel engines more problematic. Electric load-haul-dump machines (LHDs) are an interesting alternative. This paper compares features and performance of diesel and electric, cable-powered LHDs. It overviews equipment offerings, and compares, analyzes and discusses technical parameters, operational problems and cost issues. The paper gives some conclusions about electric LHD applicability and performance, indicates possible applications, and suggests further research work.

Jan 1, 2013

By N. T. Avard

THE profitable disposal and utilization of much of our slack coal, lignite, and other low-grade fuels is one of the major problems facing the coal mining industry of Canada today. It is my belief that the pulverization process applied to these fuels opens the door to greater efficiency and greater prosperity, and I wish to discuss briefly with you some features of its development and advantages to date. Indeed, the art of burning pulverized coal under stationary boilers is one of the romances of modern engineering. As a Nova Scotian, I feel some pride in the fact that at Chignecto Mines, N.S., was built in 1906 the first pit-mouth power plant on the North American continent. This was built to make effective for the first time Edison's dream of carrying coal for power by wire rather than by rail. This plant, built by the Maritime Coal, Railway and Power Company, Limited, success-fully utilized underfeed stokers for twenty years but in 1927 was replaced by a more modern plant equipped with machinery for burning pulverized coal, which is now operating very successfully. A further source of pride is the fact that the first boilers on this continent to be operated by pulverized coal were installed by the Dominion Coal Company at New Waterford, N.S., in 1912 and were satisfactorily operated during the lifetime of the plant. It is an acknowledged fact that average living conditions on a large part of the North American continent are far superior to those of any other people on earth. The reason is that we use so much more machinery per capita, and cheap power supply has been a large factor in bringing that about. Statistics show that where one horse-power was used one hundred years ago to assist man in his work, five hundred horse-power is used today. Truly a remarkable development and the key to our present high standard of living. Lack of coal in the chief industrial centres of Canada has forced the extra-ordinary development of the water powers which Providence has placed in those centres. How many of us realize that Canada stands second in the world in the per capita development of hydro power, Switzerland being first and the United States sixth? From this condition, we are reminded of the fact that the per capita foreign trade of Canada far exceeds that of our great neighbour to the South-but another illustration of the benefits accruing from our great power development.

Jan 1, 1937

In the last five years, new iron ore pellet plants have been built with significantly reduced air pollution levels compared to the older generation of plants. European and American pollution controls are more stringent that in China and Brazil. The recent American plants have successfully employed circulating fluidized beds for sulfur control, baghouses for particulate control, activated carbon injection for mercury and a new design of specialized low-NOx burners.

Jan 1, 2015

By Silvana Costa

The quality of life in remote mining communities is a significant factor that impacts the mining industry?s ability to attract and retain high quality workers in remote areas. The rapid growth of mining development, along with the shortage of skills and training globally are reflected in an increasing need to identify the ideal conditions for employee wellbeing and investigate ways to improve quality of life of miners and their families in remote locations.

May 1, 2007

By E. N. Gilje

"IntroductionDURING the past five years, over two miles of shaft sinking have been completed at Falconbridge. As sinking has continued, we have improved our equipment and technique with a resulting increase in efficiency. Throughout this period, all sinking has been done by contracting firms, under our direction and to our equipment specifications, with highly satisfactory results. Since 1949, Riddell shaft mucking machines have been successfully used in conjunction with the •benching method of sinking. Our most recent practice can best be illustrated by describing the method used in sinking No. 1 shaft at the Fecunis Lake mine.No. 1 Shaft, Fecunis Lake MineNo. 1 shaft, consisting of six compartments and measuring 13 ft. 11 l/2 in. by 19 ft. 9 3/8 in., outside timber (Figure 1), will be sunk to a depth of 4,170 feet. It was designed to accommodate two 10-ft.diam. Koepe hoists."

Jan 1, 1955

By Robert F. Shurtz

This paper discusses and compares methods of statistical analysis of the information relating to the evaluation of an asbestos deposit. From a study of 10-ft. lengths of drill core, the separate effects of visual evaluation errors were determined, as well as the deviations between evaluators and the deviations produced by a slight displacement in the center lines of the check drill holes. The importance of careful statistical analysis of such information is stressed.

Jan 1, 1966

By L. Haavanlammi

Iron is a significant component of all copper concentrates leached in the HydroCopperTM process. The metals in the concentrate are leached in a chloride solution by oxidation with cupric ions. Copper enters into the solution as a cuprous chloro¬complex. Iron dissolves at the same time in the ferrous form, but it is immediately oxidized to the ferric state. Oxidation is effected by sparging air or oxygen into the leaching reactors. Because the pH is 1 - 2.5, ferric ion precipitates as akaganeite (T<90°C) or hematite (T> 90°C). Arsenic, antimony and the main part of the bismuth co-precipitate with iron and report to the leach residue. Cupric leaching is faster than iron oxidation; thus, leaching of low-iron concentrates (secondary copper minerals) is quicker than leaching high iron concentrates (chalcopyrite). Pyrite does not dissolve during copper leaching, but is oxidized slowly at higher redox-potentials after the copper has been leached.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Fujioka, Y. F. Gu, C. Cui, D. Ping, A. Sato, H. Harada

"A new kind of cast & wrought (C&W) Ni-Co base superalloys named as ""TMW alloys"" are developed recently for compressor or turbine disks of gas turbine engines in High Temperature Materials 21 Project at National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Japan. These Ni-Co base superalloys combine the characters of two kinds of y- y&apos; two-phase alloys (Ni-base and Co-18at%Ti alloys) and have higher tensile strength and creep resistance than C&W UNDIMET 720Li superalloy."

Jan 1, 2006