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By S France

The Waterview Connection will complete a strategic Auckland motorway route linking the south, west and north. The project will comprise 2.5 km of ‘undrained’ driven tunnels and 900 m of drained cut-and-cover tunnel and portals.The project is aligned beneath a stream valley of Oakley Creek incised through alluvium and in places overlain by landfill, between Mt Albert volcano and a ridge formed in alternating sandstones and siltstones. The hydrogeology of the area is complex with perched aquifers in compressible soils, cascading water levels in fractured rock aquifers, and discontinuous higher permeability units resulting in artesian water levels and groundwater springs.Numerical groundwater modelling was undertaken to assess the potential effects of tunnel construction and long-term operation on the groundwater system; the magnitude and extent of changes in groundwater level and the resulting potential for settlement, buoyancy effects, contaminant migration and adverse effects on creek base flow. Modelling also provides inputs to tunnel design such as groundwater seepage volumes and water pressures.The driven tunnel will be ‘undrained’ long-term so potential effects on the groundwater system are limited to short-term dewatering during construction. Significant project time and cost savings can be made if the portal areas are permanently ‘drained’, but this means potential effects are greatest in the long term condition.This paper summarises the investigations, implications of the complex hydrogeological setting on tunnel design and environmental assessments, and groundwater modelling undertaken during the planning stage of this project. The groundwater modelling has been used to incorporate mitigation options in tunnel design and construction sequencing; a comprehensive monitoring program will be used to trigger appropriate responses should effects differ from those predicted.

Mar 8, 2011

By D Craw

The Macraes gold deposit is located in a low angle NE dipping (~15¦) shear zone, the Hyde Macraes Shear Zone (HMSZ) cutting greenschist facies metasediments of the Otago Schist. The shear zone is host to large volumes of mineralised schist and relatively sparse quartz veins. Early in the development of this through going shear the schist experienced an episode of hydro fracturing and fluid redistribution. As a result, presently exposed schists within the Intrashear sequence are pervaded by localised swarms of quartz filled pure extension and extensional shear fractures hosting goldscheelite mineralization. The swarms comprise networks or æstockworksÆ of veins that strike NE, are subvertical and form subperpendicular to the shear zone fabric. Vein frequency across strike is typically ~1 m-1, with most veins five to ten centimetres thick and vertically continuous for up to ~20 m. Many of the veins show delicately banded internal textures that are parallel to the vein margins. These bands/lamina indicate incremental growth and are defined by a variation in grain size or alternatively by thin slivers of wallrock schist, though typically uncommon. The majority of veins are overprinted by a weak plastic deformation, although primary structures are largely preserved. This deformation has produced subgrain structures, migration of grain boundaries with sutured margins and undulose extinction of grains. These microstructural observations possibly indicate that temperatures were around 300¦C during stockwork vein formation. In general, the mode of brittle failure that developed the stockwork veins can be directly related to lithological variation. The geometry of stockwork veins indicate that local vertical shortening and extension occurred in the Intrashear sequence of the HMSZ synkinematically with thrusting. Localised extension was mainly parallel to the structural trend; that is, it took place perpendicular to the direction of inferred thrusting. The development of lateral ramps most likely gave rise to extension in parts of the shear zone during continuous shortening to form swarms of stockwork veins.

Jan 1, 2004

By Moxon N. T

A series of low shock energy water resistant emlulsion based explosives have been developed by combining inert materials, such as Perlite P500, into the formulation. The material handling, water resistance and explosive properties of these mixtures were determined as a function of inert additive type, density, charge diameter and emulsion base. Of the emulsion bases tested Emulite produced the best and most stable low density mixtures ranging in density from 0.8 to 1.35 g/cm3 producing velocity of detonations (unconfined) ranging from 3000 to 5500 nits. The mixtures could be detonated successfully at these densities at diameters as low as 25mm. Low shock mixtures formed by combining Emulite with Perlite P500 were successfully trailed at the Cadjebut zinc mine in Western Australia. The performance of the explosive, at three densities, was monitored using both continuous and point to point VOD techniques. The fragmentation produced by the blasts were compared by photographic analysis. During this trial the low shock emulsion mixtures were shown to be as effective as the currently used explosives (packaged emulsion) at a significantly reduced cost.

Jan 1, 1990

By Eggleton R. A, Taylor G

As the search for major orebodies continues, the regolith dominated areas of the Broken Hill region remain one of the major exploration frontiers. The past exploration philosophies emphasising bedrock related characteristics have been limited in their ability to effectively explore in the regolith dominated areas, that are a feature of most of the Broken Hill region (Figure 1). If mineral exploration is to be more effective across all of the Broken Hill region, particularly in the regolith dominated areas, an appreciation and increased understanding of the regolith and landscape features are a necessity. Ironically, there have been very few studies of the regional regolith and landscape features of this region. Owing to the previous lack of an established regolith-landform framework, this study initially concentrated on the general characterisation and variation in regolith types corresponding to the area of the Broken Hill Block, within NSW (Willis, 1989; Stevens, 1986). The approach has been to produce a regional regolith-landform map at 1:100 000 scale and conduct a complimentary program of regolith sampling and site descriptions. This was a basis to identify areas for more detailed regolith-landform mapping (1:25 000 scale) and for producing a regional stratigraphic framework and models for landscape and regolith evolution. This information can then be used to provide a basis for regional mineral exploration models and strategies. This paper highlights some of the regionally significant regolith-landform features and their general significance to mineral exploration. More detailed information on specific regolith-landform features and study sites may be found in Hill et al (1994; 1996; in press) and Hill (in prep).

Jan 1, 1997

By Bearman R. A, Parkin R. M

In the comminution industry cone crushers are widely used for secondary and subsequent stages of size reduction. Traditionally cone crushers have been operated and monitored manually. Alteration of discharge setting is now commonly achieved via hydraulic means, however, compensation of liner wear can still involve plant shutdown and loss of production. Drift in discharge setting due to liner wear is still a major problem that must be addressed to improve product quality, consistency and reduce recirculating load. The continuous demand for better quality products and the high cost of reprocessing or discarding unsaleable material, highlights the need for re-examination of the technology associated with the crushers to ensure optimum control and system efficiency. A collaborative project between Pegson Ltd, one of the leading UK manufacturers of jaw and cone crushers, De Montfort University Leicester, and Transfer Technology plc was established to address the technological requirement for automation of the control of cone crushers. The machine chosen for the study is a 900 Autocone cone crusher manufactured by Pegson Ltd. The design philosophy is based on a mechatronic approach providing a complete solution through a distributed network of intelligent sensors, artificial intelligence technology and adaptive control. The modular design of the system ensures a progressive sophistication in technology that allows the automation to be phased in as required. This will ensure maximum benefits to all sectors of the aggregate industry. It is estimated that the automation will result in savings of around ten per cent. The savings will result from minimising the production of unsaleable products by reliable condition monitoring and automation of the control and maintenance of system parameters to optimise system efficiency. Extension of the methods and principles into the mining sector is anticipated. The control over the size of crusher product will offer great benefits to the mining industry with significant implications for subsequent milling and beneficiation processes.

Jan 1, 1995

By Y Gu, R Fandrich

Traditionally, characterisation of the mineralogy and textures of ore and rock samples were based on observations of hand specimens and thin sections using an optical microscope. The extent of the data collection was limited by the available tools and thus variations in mineralogy and texture were generally not described by quantitative data. These qualitative to semi-quantitative approaches, even though well established over the years, resulted in variable observations and data sets. The data were unlikely to be representative of a sample and limited statistical validity meant the results could not be reliably used in modern digital mining design and planning. With recently developed SEM based quantitative mineralogy tools and the corresponding methodologies, ore textures can be quantified and compared numerically. The numerical data can not only enhance the understanding of an orebody in geological terms, but can also be used in the creation of metallurgical models for mine and mineral processing design and simulation. These capabilities provide valuable inputs to risk assessment studies and the evaluation of mineral projects.

Jan 1, 2007

Classification within the Inferred Resource category is based on geological judgement and the balance of extrapolation versus interpolation that the Competent Person is prepared to accept. These resources are typically drilled at spacings well in excess of the geostatistical range and at a density that is non-uniform. In many cases, a substantial proportion of the available data will be historical, and should be considered with more recent data sources. The provision of a robust geological model will increase the confidence in any resource estimate, and should be viewed as a critical component. The definition of Inferred Resources is of great importance to vein gold projects, since Indicated and Measured Resources generally require costly underground development for delineation. Indeed, many gold vein operations possess substantial quantities of Inferred Resources (>75 per cent) in their resource inventory both at project start-up and during production. This contribution explores a number of the key issues when using the Inferred Resource category and presents four recent case studies.

Jan 1, 2006

By M Bond, R R. Hargreaves, G W. Booth

There are numerous causes of speculative mineral resource and reserve inflation. Traditionally, these are linked to issues of data accuracy or misinterpretation, the use of overly optimistic estimation parameters or assumptions, an absence of independent expert verification, or the simple pressure to increase company value, covert or otherwise. Owing to its subjective nature, classification of resources and reserves remains an opaque process. Of necessity, Competent Persons rely on personal heuristic interpretations, ideally underpinned by appropriate estimation and classification experience across commodity and deposit types. Whereas independent verification of individual resource and reserve statements remains impractical, publicly available data can be interrogated for potential category inflation, particularly when viewed with exploration expenditure statistics included in annual company reports. Abrupt changes in category tonnages and market capitalisation without concomitant expenditure can aid in outlier detection. Consequently, a comparison of common exploration and resource reporting parameters offers a basis for risk assessing classification robustness, over time. In this introductory study, an analysis of globally listed companies was undertaken over a multi-year period, examining base and precious metal projects in both preproduction and operational asset classes. From these, a series of exploratory decision tree trigger points were generated against which target companies were anonymously identified and risk-ranked.

May 24, 2023

By P G. Doig

Recent drops in commodity prices and economic uncertainty have seen many businesses re-evaluate their operational expenditure to ensure mine profitability. The high capital and operational cost of truck and digger fleets has resulted in loading and hauling of material being a significant proportion of a mine’s expenses (Nel, Kizil and Knights, 2011), thus it is often one of the first areas to be considered for cost reduction. If an operation requires additional trucks to maintain or improve productivity, a robust justification is crucial due to the expenditure involved.Mining schedules form the basis of productivity and cost estimations for mining operations and therefore must have a significant level of confidence with regards to achievable quantities and rates. Traditionally, a mining schedule is produced without detailed consideration of the trucking capacity or requirements. Although some mine planning software incorporates haulage predictions into schedules, most cannot model the dynamic nature of dumping and haulage. Previous studies have shown that it is necessary to have detailed haulage analysis instead of the traditional mining block centroid to dump block centroid methods for more realistic mining schedules and cost estimation (Doig and Kizil, 2013).Recent developments in software have allowed the dynamic integration of haulage analysis with mining schedules. Engineers can now create mining schedules in conjunction with dumping schedules, allowing mining schedules to reflect the restrictions created by the number of available trucks, combined with dynamic consideration of available in-pit and out-of-pit dumping locations.A study has been completed producing a mining schedule in conjunction with a dumping schedule and haulage analysis. Multiple schedules were run with various haulage strategies (including minimising rehabilitation liability) and truck availability to identify the impacts on coal production, and hence revenue. A financial analysis was then completed where a net present value (NPV) was calculated for each scenario. The study showed that trucking shortfalls can significantly impact mining schedules and cost estimations, both in terms of cost as well as revenue lost when trucks cannot maintain forecast production rates, thus dumping schedules and haulage analysis should be completed simultaneously. If dumping and haulage is not considered when planning the mining schedule, a mining business is ignorant to the impacts trucking has on the mine production, closure risk and profitability.CITATION:Doig, P G, 2014. Value impacts of truck limited scheduling, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 513–524 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By T Baumgartl, J Burgess, B Emmerton, P D. Erskine

Large-scale open cut mining in the Bowen Basin has been undertaken for over 40 years. During this period, improved mechanical capability and economics have allowed extraction to greater depths, resulting in post-mining landforms of increasing height. Rehabilitation practitioners face significant challenges in stabilising these landforms and require a comprehensive understanding of the Bowen Basin Coal Measures strata likely to be disposed of during mining. Knowledge regarding the potential behaviour of differing spoil materials (following disturbance) provides a rationale to maximise short- to medium-term surface stability of constructed landforms by identification, salvage and advantageous reuse of cladding resources as a means to minimise erosional risks.CITATION:Emmerton, B, Burgess, J, Baumgartl, T and Erskine, P, 2016. Bowen Basin coalmine spoil classification for improved mine rehabilitation outcomes, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference , pp 142–147 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By D Pateman, F de Fredrick

The Bentley underground mine, which is located 60km north of Leonora, Western Australia, is owned and operated by Round Oak Minerals Pty Limited. A high-grade Zn-Cu Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) orebody, Bentley was discovered in 2008 with production commencing in 2012. Long-hole open stoping is employed to mine the steeply dipping ore body, and in recent years the Avoca method has been adopted. This requires all development in a particular area of the mine to be completed prior to stoping commencing in a bottom up sequence. Voids are commonly backfilled with loose Run-of-Mine (ROM) waste loose rockfill (LRF); or alternatively cemented rockfill (CRF) can be used. Stopes in the 3860 AOS and 3900 AOS panels were located below previously extracted Avoca zones, with LRF situated immediately above them. These high-grade stopes were originally designed with rib and sill pillars to maintain control of the existing backfill during extraction. Due to changing factors over time, including mining economics, alternative options to achieve full extraction of the stopes were reviewed, including: • Mining small successive full height stopes which would involve drawing a blanket of LRF down with the extracted ore (stoping under waste); • Stabilisation of the existing LRF above the stopes and implementing a primary/secondary stoping sequence, with the primary stopes backfilled using a cement fill. An assessment of these options was undertaken which determined that the second full extraction method was the most beneficial to the operation, and could be achieved using a cement grout (Minova’s FB200 grout) to stabilise the LRF in conjunction with implementing a sequence where the primary stopes would be backfilled with cemented aggregate fill (CAF). Footwall drives were developed adjacent to the rockfilled stopes, allowing for the installation of horizontal grouting conduits, as well as providing access to the top of the planned 3860 and 3900 level stopes for the placement of CAF. An interval at the base of the previously rockfilled stopes was grouted at multiple horizons to achieve the required thickness, with a comprehensive quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process undertaken. Primary stopes were CAF backfilled via an arrangement of downhole winzes, linking the top of primary stopes to cross-cuts developed off the associated footwall drives. CAF was delivered underground through an open reticulation network that was extended to the specific levels. Overall the successful implementation of the revised mining method effectively increased ore recovery while maintaining control of overbreak and dilution, providing significant financial upside. This was achieved while maintaining effective controls in light of the changes to the risk profile. Stabilisation of the existing rockfill has allowed the extraction of stopes to full height, including the originally designed sill pillars, representing an average 23% increase in ore tonnes on the initial design, with dilution from the stope crowns averaging less than 1%. The use of CAF in association with primary/secondary stoping, eliminating the need for rib pillars, has yielded an average 47% increase in ore tonnes compared to the base case mine design.

Mar 15, 2021

By T J. V Duffy, L H. D Siahaan, P G. Albert

G-ResourcesÆ Martabe Mine in North Sumatra, Indonesia, is a US$700 M world-class and world-scale operation in a country which, with a few notable smaller scale exceptions, has had no significant hard rock mining development in more than ten years.The mine was commissioned in the middle part of 2012 and poured first gold on 24 July. At full production Martabe will produce 250 000 oz/a of gold and 2 - 3 Moz/a of silver at cash costs in the lowest quartile. The mine location is on the west coast of North Sumatra, which experiences annual rainfall of 4 m with no notable dry season, adjacent to seismically active fault zones, and relatively close to a rural community of 31 000 people with no significant industrial experience.The management team has successfully forged strong links with the various government departments and levels in Jakarta, North Sumatra Province and the local Regencies; developed long-term relationships with the various community groups within the local district of Batangtoru to build a sustainable social licence; has dealt with the physical and environmental challenges presented by the project location, and has successfully raised more than US$900 M over a period of three years for the original acquisition then the development of the project.Whilst in its infancy of operation, the mine is set up to deliver a long-term sustainable future for the company, the shareholders, and the people of Batangtoru and all stakeholders generally. The quality of the project execution and commitment by the company will ensure that maximum value can be delivered from Martabe, not just for the current mine life but from the significant exploration potential that exists on the large tenement area that the company has access to for 30 plus years.This paper will deal with the physical challenges associated with the design, the Indonesian government regulatory requirements for mine development, the social aspects of building a world-class project in a developing area, the in-country commitment necessary for any project development anywhere in the world and the successful funding arrangements for the mine development.CITATION:Albert, P G, Siahaan, L H D and Duffy, T J V, 2012. Building AsiaÆs latest hard rock mine, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 189-204 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

Newmont Australia Limited has for some 15 years mined a number of large open cuts associated with the Telfer Gold Dome deposits. The principal ore body exploited has been the East Flank of the Main Dome where a very high grade gold reef deposit of mixed metal sulphides, grades in excess of 20gA Au, has been mined in conjunction with dissemi- nated mineralisation contained in the overburden material. The main ore body has been under review for some years as an under- ground mine, however due to the ore body widths of less than 1 metre and a dip generally less than 35 degrees and a very weak host rocks earlier studies all resulted in a continuation of open pit mining activities. In early 1988 it was recognised that open cast mining would not be able to mine all of this valuable resource and a feasibility study was commenced to come up with a practical and economic approach to underground mining.

Jan 1, 1991

By Wong PLM, Hsu YJ, Nguyen HH

The treatment of copper-gold ores has been plagued by several problems because of the interaction of copper minerals with the cyanide leach solution and the dissolved gold cyanide. Apart from the higher consumption of cyanide caused by the dissolution of various reactive copper minerals such as azurite, malachite, chalcocite, cuprite and bornite, native copper also causes the loss of gold due to its cementation reaction with the soluble gold cyanide. This interaction however is complicated by the strong dependence of various copper-cyanide species on the solution pH and free cyanide concentration.By understanding the effect of various operating conditions (pH and cyanide concentration), several treatment processes could be implemented to minimise the copper-gold interaction and to separate copper from mixed copper-gold cyanide solutions.

Jan 1, 1997

By W Kendall

Ore sorting has the potential to reduce the feed to wet plants and in the case of complex orebodies that can significantly reduce the water, energy and reagent consumptions and resulting operating costs for the project. The application of ore sorters has sparked renewed interest and application in the precious and base metals mining industry in recent years as a result of the continuing development of new sensing technology and very fast information processing that is making ore sorters applicable to a much wider range of ores and larger scale operations. The application of ore sorters involves a range of trade-off decisions that have economic impact upon the benefits of ores sorting to the project under consideration. This paper will present some typical trade offs to be considered and their impact in a particular project setting. CITATION: Kendall, W, 2018. How economics drive the application of ore sorting, in Proceedings Complex Orebodies Conference 2018, pp 24–27 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 21, 2018

By P M. Larionov, V I. Zaikovskii

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy together with X-ray spectral microprobe analysis were used to investigate the structure and chemical composition of pathological calcified formations on the bioprostheses of heart valves. Controllable synthesis was carried out under the conditions (T = 37¦C, pH = 7.4) when the ion composition of the main elements (Ca, P, Mg and NaCl) is close to their concentrations in blood plasma. It is proposed on the basis of the obtained results that the formation of the hydroxyapatite of calcific inclusions on bioprostheses occurs as a result of spontaneous precipitation in the blood plasma. One of the factors determining the formation of massive calcified bodies on the bioprostheses of heart valves can be decreased magnesium concentration in blood.

Jan 1, 2008

Process engineering principles are used to analyse the features of leaching processes for large masses of low grade, unprocessed ore. Different performance characteristics are related to the numerous variants of these processes. The variant for which reagent enters a heap only via the input solution is further subdivided into three modes of operation. The three modes may occur in testwork and full-scale operations; the effects of process variables on the rate of the process are completely different in each mode. The mode can be identified by the time at which reagent first appears in the pregnant solution. It is related to the ratio of the height of the heap and the thickness of a band of ore in which the reactions are localised. Synthesis of the phenomena occurring within a heap via a computer program has produced a quantitative relation for the reaction band thickness. The program has been validated for several different systems. The overall achievement is that the mode of operation and the rate of the process can be forecast before column testwork is commenced. Some applications of the outcomes to testwork, process design and operational tactics are described.

Jan 1, 1994

By Drinkwater DJ, Watsford RMS, Johnson NW, Munro PD

This paper describes the use of modelling and simulation techniques in the analysis and optimisation of grinding circuits at the Lead/Zinc Concentrator of Mount Isa Mines Limited.The objectives of the studies were to: -1. improve primary grinding circuit performance by reducing the production of -0.006 mm galena fines.2. maximise the fineness of grind in the second existing grinding power and pumping capacitie The study has shown that quantitative models can operations. The models described plant operation,,and simulated the effect of process changes on plant performanc The use of automated scanning electron microscope technology tcliberation characteristics of the major minerals in the Mount isa Lead/Li ore is also described.

Jan 1, 1985

By P Klaric, N Swart, S Barnes

The recent advances in digital imaging technology, specifically around photogrammetry, have facilitated precision measurement in the difficult conditions encountered in an underground development mining environment. With the recent downturn in the resources industry, many mining houses have begun to focus on cost reduction projects and driving efficiencies. The application of digital photogrammetry has allowed greater insight into the development mining cycle and supported a focus on areas where efficiencies and cost savings can be achieved. Data collation, via digital image capture, can be completed with minimal disruption to the development mining cycle with analyses taking a nominal time to process and interpret. The result can be a stark visual representation of the result of blasting and associated activities of the development mining cycle. Many millions of dollars of benefit can be derived from understanding the impact of each component of the development mining process, with some of the biggest savings associated with conformance to drill design and the minimisation of overbreak during blasting. This paper will explain the image capture process, analyses and instigated improvement opportunities that were undertaken at a number of mine sites to improve efficiencies and drive savings in their development mining processes.CITATION:Klaric, P, Swart, N and Barnes, S, 2017. Digital imaging provides valuable insights into underground development mining, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 129–134 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By J E. Everett, K Jupp, T J. Howard

Simulation modelling is a practice commonly used in the mining industry to evaluate alternative process designs. Such modelling is typically undertaken as an optimisation study to increase the efficiencies, productivity and product quality of operating mines. In this situation, real short-term grade variability data of extracted ore are available from production records as input data into the simulation.There is also a need for simulation modelling to be performed before mines are approved for construction to clarify the grade variability characteristics that can be expected from the operating mine and assist in the optimisation of the process design. In this situation no historical short-term grade variability data are available. To achieve meaningful and reliable results from a simulation it is necessary to have input data for the ore to be extracted from the pits, representative of the short-term grade variability that would be expected for the operating mine.This paper describes an example of a path taken to generate realistic input data.A method described as composite cut-off criterion was used to distinguish ore from waste, which gave substantially greater recovered tonnage at target grade compared to the conventional quadrant cut-off grade criteria.The only data available for the project was resource model data in the form of kriged block models, which are known to underestimate true ore grade variability. To achieve realistic results from the simulation it was essential to increase this variability while maintaining the accurate average grades. Areas of certain deposits that were modelled using both kriging and conditional simulation estimation techniques were quantitatively compared to establish the comparative variance and the kriged data was modified to match the conditionally simulated variance.A realistic mining model was generated via a process of discretisation and regularisation of the resource blocks. Quantitative assessment demonstrated that this method adequately compensated for ore dilution and that adjustment for ore loss was not required due to an ore skin surrounding the edge blocks.The conditioned data was then used to generate a schedule of daily mine extraction, considering grade variability, tonnage, equipment constraints and extensive blended-in-blended-out precrusher stockpiles to feed into the process design simulations.For the precrusher stockpiles a number of alternative allocation criteria were examined for ore being extracted from the pits to identify the best method in achieving reduced variability through the daily scheduling system. The study concluded that a single analyte separation criterion produced acceptable variability with minimal complexity.The blending efficiency of manually stacked and reclaimed precrusher stockpiles was studied to determine a realistic blending efficiency within the pile. A recommended method of building and reclaiming was determined to give maximum blending efficiency.Finally, the data was used as input into process design simulation models; simulation from crusher feed to shiploading demonstrating that control of shipment grade variability was achievable and that the conditioning of the data delivered realistic results.CITATION:Jupp, K, Howard, T J and Everett, J E, 2013. Generating synthetic data for simulation modelling in iron ore, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 231-238 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013