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By D. H. Wertz, R. R. Furlong

A. E. LEE*—I would like to ask Mr. Neale if he has determined the moisture content of his dried retort. Also, has he ever experienced difficulty with bending in the dry room where the green wel retorts contain 17 pet moisture and are placed 3 in. apart? M. M. NEALE (replying for authors)— I cannot answer your first question as we have had no experience with that. Setting the retorts 3 in. apart, we had no trouble with bending. We thought we would, anticipated we would, but did not. L. P. DVVIDSON*—You mention,

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

THE 140th meeting of the Institute will be held in the Engineering societies Building, 'New York, Feb.: 16-19, and one of the most important features, one which cannot be reduced to text in the TRANSACTIONS, will be the opportunity to renew old friendships and make new friends, to talk things over -to orient one's self in these troublous .times. There will be daily get-together luncheons for all, luncheons and dinners for specialized groups, an informal dance, the annual reception and banquet, and a smoker. And such a smoker! It starts with dinner at .dinnertime, shows signs of cabaret, turns smoker, and then goes entertainment-all for the price of one. This year one can stay long after 11 o'clock-there will be time and opportunity to amble around and meet everyone present. The formal program is rapidly rounding into shape. The annual business meeting will -be held on Tuesday morning and the banquet will be at the Commodore. The four Divisions and the various, Technical Committees are arranging their sessions. and scheduling for these a long list of significant papers. A .feature of the meeting will be a number of round tables on timely subjects.

Jan 1, 1931

By James W. Guider

Of all the technology available to the iron blast furnace operator, raw materials preparation [(Fig. 1)] is by far the most important. Superior raw materials have been basic to the success of the Japanese steel industry, and they are just as essential to the American steel industry in winning its competitive battle against foreign government subsidized steel imports. Therefore, the mine operator and the ore beneficiation engineer must strive to produce the highest quality raw materials possible to meet the precise demands of the modem blast furnace and steel plant.

Jan 1, 1982

By B. W. Gonser

SOFT solders are used principally in the automotive, can-making, building construction and electrical industries, but their field of usefulness extends well beyond these principal users to a vast list of miscellaneous applications where metal joints are required. The most common soft solders and the only ones considered in this discussion are those com-posed of lead and tin, with or without various relatively small percentages of impurities or additions. A small amount of antimony is often pur-posely added. As an indication of the importance of these lead-tin solders, 8620 long tons were consumed in 1934 in the U.S., and during most of 1935 from 900 to 1000 long tons were used each month. A great many factors influence the properties of joints made with soft solders. Fluxes and the fluxing procedure used to prepare the surfaces to be joined in order to give a true metal-to-metal contact are among the most important of these factors. The temperatures used, cleanliness of the work and general soldering technique have their effect, but when results are unsatisfactory they are usually attributed to the metallic solder itself and the raw materials from which it is made. Some-times criticism of the solder is justified. The wrong composition may be chosen for a given job, impurities may be present that ruin certain desired qualities, or uniformity may be lacking. A solder may even be looked upon with suspicion because of its ancestry, regardless of its true composition and behavior. To clarify the effect of slight differences in composition as found in commercially refined solders, a comparison of properties of solders grouped according to their origin has been undertaken. This investigation seeks to give practical information on the proper-ties of tin-lead solders produced from virgin metals, from commercially

Jan 1, 1936

By Orville R. Lyons

THE Russellton preparation plant of Republic Steel Corp., located north of Pittsburgh, Pa., prepares 395x0-in. Thick-Freeport coal by means of a 13-ft 6-in. diam Chance cone and 16 No. 7 Deister tables. The plant feed ranges between 370 and 410 tons per hr, of which approximately 31 pct is 1/4xO-in. size, and the plant reject ranges between 14 and 16 pct of the feed.

Jan 6, 1953

By E. J. KENNEDY

FEBRUARY 15-18 will be the outstanding dates of the month for members of the A. I. M. E., for then the 141st Meeting of the Institute is to be held in the Engineering Societies Building, at New York. What with 41 technical sessions, the Annual Business Meeting at 4 o'clock Tuesday afternoon,, two sessions of the Section and Division delegates, minor committee meetings, and the many luncheons and dinners, the Dinner-Smoker, Informal Dance, President's Reception and the Dinner-Dance, the opportunity will be limited to do- more-than cast sheep's eyes at New York's other multitudinous attrac¬tions until the meeting is over. The technical program is diverse but well organized. The sessions are almost equally divided among the four days, with ten on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and 11 on Thursday. The meeting opens Monday morning with registration. Be sure to attend to this detail. Failure to do so may have its repercussions at the meeting and throughout the year.

Jan 1, 1932

US 4,185,077 - In the recovery of uranium from a solution produced by leaching uranium ore, the leach liquor is contacted with a polymeric crosslinked vinyl benzyl chloride anion exchange resin and eluted with sulfuric acid to recover uranyl sulfate Such a resin is resistant to attrition and thermal degradation during elution. R.L. Albright, assigned to Rohm & Haas Co Jan. 22, 1980. 6 pp (423-7). Filed: 10-31-75 (627,829).

Jan 1, 1982

By S. K. Tarby, W. O. Philbrook

Limited experimental data and a critical review of the literature are given to indicate that the true equilibrium distribution of manganese between carbon-saturated iron and blast-furnace type slags has not yet been satisfactorily established as a function of the composition, temperature, and pressure of the system. THE distribution of manganese between carbon-saturated iron and blast-furnace type slags has been studied by a number of investigators.1-7 Generalization of the results of these works indicates that the weight percent distribution ratio, (%Mno)/[%Mn], decreases with increasing temperature and slag basicity, in accord with thermodynamic data and practical observation. However, where comparisons among these studies can be made for similar slag compositions and temperatures, the reported values of the manganese distribution ratio are discordant. The variations are attributed to failure of the experimenters to bring their systems completely to equilibrium with graphite and CO at 1 atm, as judged by departures from silicon equilibrium. Even in the most recent work,5-7 this problem was recognized but the authors made the questionable assumption that equilibrium could prevail for manganese distribution even though other reactions were still in progress. Manganese equilibrium values for three particular slag compositions were required incidental to a kinetic study8 and were determined experimentally. Special pains were taken to approach concurrent equilibrium with respect to silicon. Although the results were not completely definitive, they indicate that the true manganese equilibrium distribution ratios are lower than have heretofore been reported. The data are presented together with a brief commentary on the literature to suggest the need for further work in this area. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Equilibrium runs were carried out in a stationary, induction-heated graphite crucible closed by a graphite lid and flushed continuously by a slow flow of carbon monoxide at 1 atm pressure. Temperature was controlled manually within ±3 deg C with the aid of immersed thermocouples in mullite tubes protected against slag attack by graphite sleeves. The desired temperature was established by a calibrated Pt vs Pt-10 pct Rh thermocouple and control was then maintained using a more stable W-Mo couple. Runs were made at 1500º and 1575ºC for durations of 7.5 to 10.5 hr. The charges were calculated to yield 400 g of metal and 100 g of slag. The primary slag compositions and designation numbers were as follows:

Jan 1, 1963

By O. W. Simmons, L. W. Eastwood, C. M. Craighead

The results of a preliminary study of 113 ternary titanium-base alloys are described. The compositions investigated were as follows: 1. Ternary titanium-carbon alloys containing copper, silicon, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, or cobalt. 2. Ternary titanium-nitrogen alloys containing chromium. 3. Ternary titanium-chromium alloys containing additions of vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, or nickel. 4. Ternary titanium-manganese alloys containing additions of silicon, chromium, tungsten, or iron. Tensile properties, minimum bend radii, hardnesses, response to heat treatment and aging treatment, and phase relationships for these alloys were determined. THIS is the second in a series of papers describing some of the results of the exploratory work on titanium alloys being conducted at Battelle Memorial Institute for the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The work with the binary alloy systems has been described in a previous publication.' This paper describes ternary titanium-base alloys as follows: 1. Ternary titanium-carbon alloys containing copper, silicon, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, or cobalt. 2. Ternary titanium-nitrogen alloys containing chromium. 3. Ternary titanium-chromium alloys containing additions of vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, or nickel. 4. Ternary titanium-manganese alloys containing additions of silicon, chromium, tungsten, or iron. As the preparation and fabrication of the 0.5-Ib experimental titanium alloy ingots to 14-ga sheet, as well as the methods of testing used in this work, have been described in the first paper of this series, Titanium Binary Alloys, no further discussion of these techniques will be given. Ternary Alloys Containing Carbon The following alloys of titanium, containing carbon and one other metal, were investigated: 1. 0.25 pct carbon; 1, 2.5, and 5 pct copper. 2. 0.25 pct carbon; 1, 2, and 3 pct silicon. 3. 0.25 pct carbon; 1, 2.5, and 5 pct vanadium. 4. 0.25 pct carbon; 2.5, 3.5, 5, 10, and 15 pct chromium. 5. 0.5 pct carbon; 2.5, 3.5, and 5 pct chromium. 6. 0.25 pct carbon; 1, 1.75, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 pct manganese. 7. 0.5 pct carbon; 1.75, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 pct manganese. 8. 0.25 pct carbon; 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 pct iron. 9. 0.25 pct carbon; 1, 2, and 3 pct cobalt.

Jan 1, 1951

By J. A. Wilcox

A NEW LINE of specialists has arisen as a result of the trend toward labor socialization and collectivism in all branches of industry. These men are the ones who will govern the destiny of many companies and the labor policy of our government in coming years. They must be men of integrity and of rather exceptional qualifications; men who can foresee the trend of labor relations with business, and who are willing to sacrifice the immediate fruits of technical training for manual labor and study. They must take their place in industry, not with the idea of following the orthodox line of advancement, but knowing that they must stay at the bottom until they have learned to understand the viewpoints, the work, the advantages and the disadvantages of each classification of labor. They must not be of a radical nature or become easily biased, and they must study. You will say I am looking for a superman and in one sense that is true, but the business man and our government are both in the market even now for this type of man, and with the proper training and background, many of our young technicians can readily enter this field of work.

Jan 1, 1942

By D. F. Hewett

ALTHOUGH most persons will agree that an individual or a nation can profit from the experience of other individuals or nations, there is always room for debate over the degree of similarity of their past and present conditions and of their future problems. Noting the increasing interest that Americans are showing in our mineral problems, I have felt that we could profit from reviews of the experiences in mineral exploitation acquired by the industrial nations of Europe. Whether we can learn much from Europe's experience in exploiting such minerals as petroleum may be debatable, but certainly, with a record of metal production extending back nearly 3000 years, Europe should hold much of value for America. A trip to Europe in 1926 permitted me to visit 28 mining districts, of which about half are now or have been in times past outstanding sources of several metals. The districts range from England to Greece and from Spain to Poland. To summarize briefly my impressions of these mining districts, as well as such reactions to the thought and life of Europe as so short a visit permits, I shall only venture the opinion that Americans can review with great profit the ideas and actions of Europeans, with regard not only to the production of metals but to many expressions of life. I believe that America has made and is making new contributions to the art of living, as well as to the arts of mining and metallurgy, but in so far as Europe is and has been a laboratory of economic, social and political experiments, the results she has attained deserve the thoughtful attention of America. I have come to believe that many of the problems that harass Europe lie in our path not far ahead. I have therefore hoped that a review of metal production in Europe in the light of its geologic, economic and political background may serve to clear our vision with regard to our own metal production. One can not examine the literature of national metal production without being impressed that the countries of continental Europe, especially Germany and Austria, have shown greater interest and devoted more time to research into the record of metal production than Great

Jan 1, 1929

By Clinton H. Crane

DR. TILNEY, the great expert on the study of the development of the brain of human beings and animals, tells us that the greatest difference between the human brain and the brain of animals is that man alone has shown evidence of being able to predict the future. Just why he throws overboard the busy bee who lays up honey for the winter, the squirrel who gathers nuts, and the humble ant, I do not know. At any rate, it is nice to be assured by an authority that we have this power of prophecy. My own experience with attempting to prophesy the future has convinced me that our only possibility of being good prophets is to be good students of history.

Jan 1, 1940

C. P. Sandberg, London, Eng. 1 think we should all be grateful to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and to their chemist, Dr. Dudley, for spending so much time and money in order to solve an important question; nor are me less indebted to the public spirit which leads them to impart tlie experience thus gained. In Europe nothing similar has hitherto been done, either by a company or by any private individual. In England the great railway companies employ their engineers in other ways, and do not keep a chemist or specialist to study rails; bat even if they did they would probably not publish the results. The chief professional engineers are so occupied with their private practice of railroad construction generally, that they cannot be expected to devote their time and energies to so special a question. The German Railway Union has, in my opinion, missed the real object of its elaborate researches by falling into the error of specifying costly, impracticable tests for rails—tests at the same time which do not infallibly expose the impurities that may be in the rails under examination. There has, therefore, been nothing done on this side of the Atlantic in the way of exhaustive study to determine the best composition for steel rails. America should consequently have full credit for the enlightened example which she has set. I wish, however, to make a few remarks on Dr. Dudley's second paper,—& paper which follows very much upan the same lines of argument as the first red three years ago, upon which I have previously touched in my pabr on the same subject read at the meeting in August last. If Dr. Dudley had discovered a new metal he could hardly, I think, have taken wore pains to prove that he was correct in his first formula for the best chemical colnposition of steel rails. But I hare seen so much done in the way of proof by experiment that I am inclined to think that almost anything can be proved by experiments and by satnples. If Dr. Dudley would only give up his formula, which would not suit any country—not even America—

Jan 1, 1881

By W. A. Backofen, N. E. Paton

DEFORMATION twinning contributes to the plasticity of titanium and has been reported on {10i2}, {1121},{11221}, {1123}, and {1124} planes.' Twinning on {1011} has also been reported in commercially pure titanium as a result of quenching from 1000', but no reports of such twins occurring as a result of deformation alone are known to the authors. In this study single crystals grown from iodide titanium were compressed parallel to the c axis over the temperature range 25 to 800°C. From it has come evidence that (10il) deformation twins are the most common type between 400" and 800°C. Crystals about 6 mm high with a rectangular cross section measuring about 3 by 4 mm were used in the tests. Chemical analyses showed them to contain 220 to 250 ppm 0 arid 10 to 15 ppm N. The long axes of the crystals were made parallel to the c axis while the sides were parallel to (i100) and (1120), as shown in Fig. 1. The crystals were compressed between polished alumina platens with no lubrication, in a vacuum of 2 x lom5 torr. Between 25' and 300°C the predominant twinning mode was (11221, which is to be expected for this stress state. There was an abrupt change at 400°C, however, and from that temperature up to 800°C twinning took place almost entirely on (10i1 ). Twin planes were determined by the two-surface rnethd. Measurement of the crystal orientation within several (10i1) twins by means of polarized-light4 and transmission electron microscopy showed that the lattice reorientations were the same as those previously reported for the (10i l ) twinning in magnesium.' This reorientation is consistent with The calculated (10il ) twinning shear for titanium is 0.10, while that measured from surface offsets on a (1150) face, which is parallel to the shear direction, was about 0.15. Slip within the twins, or in the matrix adjacent to the twins, probably accounts for the larger measurement. Slip in both locations was judged to have occurred from observations on foils in the electron microscope.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. W. Highriter

THE method developed and used in this laboratory for the production of metallic uranium of such purity that it is ductile and can be cold-worked to fine wire or thin sheet by rolling has already been described1. It consists, briefly, in the electrolysis of potassium uranous fluoride (KUF5) in a molten bath composed of equal parts of sodium and calcium chlorides. The bath is contained in a graphite crucible, electrically heated to about 775° C., the crucible serving as the anode for electrolysis. The uranium deposits in finely divided form mixed with salts upon a molybdenum cathode suspended axially in the crucible. Upon com-pletion of the electrolysis the cathode is removed and cooled, the deposit broken and leached to remove salts. The metal powder is washed with water and dilute acetic acid and dried in vacuo to reduce oxidation. Suitable amounts are then pressed into pellets and heated in vacuo by high-frequency induction, using a thoria crucible. The uranium melts and flows away from the pellet, leaving a shell, which is largely oxide. In general, this method produced a satisfactory metal, although at times the uranium was not ductile. The investigations recorded here were made to find the cause of this embrittlement. It was known that the metal generally contained carbon, derived from disintegration of the graphite crucible in which electrolysis is conducted, in amounts dependent upon the thoroughness of washing the metal powder. Accordingly, analyses of several samples, both ductile and brittle, were made by combustion and absorption of C02 in Ascarite, using air instead of oxygen to reduce the temperature and rate of oxida-tion. Several of these metals were made with special precautions to reduce carbon content. The results show no relationship between ductility and carbon content in the range investigated (Table 1).

Jan 1, 1935

By C. P. Sandberg

C. P. Sandberg, London, Eng. 1 think we should all be grateful to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and to their chemist, Dr. Dudley, for spending so much time and money in order to solve an important question; nor are me less indebted to the public spirit which leads them to impart tlie experience thus gained. In Europe nothing similar has hitherto been done, either by a company or by any private individual. In England the great railway companies employ their engineers in other ways, and do not keep a chemist or specialist to study rails; bat even if they did they would probably not publish the results. The chief professional engineers are so occupied with their private practice of railroad construction generally, that they cannot be expected to devote their time and energies to so special a question. The German Railway Union has, in my opinion, missed the real object of its elaborate researches by falling into the error of specifying costly, impracticable tests for rails—tests at the same time which do not infallibly expose the impurities that may be in the rails under examination. There has, therefore, been nothing done on this side of the Atlantic in the way of exhaustive study to determine the best composition for steel rails. America should consequently have full credit for the enlightened example which she has set. I wish, however, to make a few remarks on Dr. Dudley's second paper,—& paper which follows very much upan the same lines of argument as the first red three years ago, upon which I have previously touched in my pabr on the same subject read at the meeting in August last. If Dr. Dudley had discovered a new metal he could hardly, I think, have taken wore pains to prove that he was correct in his first formula for the best chemical colnposition of steel rails. But I hare seen so much done in the way of proof by experiment that I am inclined to think that almost anything can be proved by experiments and by satnples. If Dr. Dudley would only give up his formula, which would not suit any country—not even America—

Jan 1, 1881

By W. C. Leslie

W. C. Leslie (Edgar C. Bain Laboratory for Funda mental Research)—This investigation, with its com bination of high-purity metal, calorimetry, and metallography, will serve as a model for annealing studies for a long time to come. The evidence for a competition between recovery and recrystalliza-tion is particularly convincing. The demonstration of edge-nucleated recrystallization was so clear that it may obscure the necessity for other types of "nucleation" sites; otherwise, single crystals of aluminum could not be recrystallized after cold work. At least three types of sites have been found to operate in iron: 1) high-angle boundaries, probably in the same manner as in aluminum, 2) matrix sites, 3) inclusions or second-phase particles. In each instance, the cells developed during cold work and perfected during recovery are the "nucle for recrystallization. Observations by ourselves and others of the dislocation structure of cold-worked metals and of the structural changes that occur during annealing have led us to doubt the validity of the basic assumption of the Lucke-Detert theory, and of the modification developed by Gordon and Vandermeer, that during recrystallization of a metal containing foreign elements in solid solution a high-angle boundary is ad vancing into a cold-worked matrix having a random distribution of solute atoms. We contend that an es sential part of the cold-working and annealing of solid solution alloys is the trapping of solute atoms by the low-energy "wells" afforded by individual dislocations and by dislocation arrays. If cells are formed during cold work, the cell walls are stabilized by this concentration of solute atoms. Thus, solutes inhibit recrystallization not only by decreas-ing the rate of high-angle boundary migration, but also by preventing the formation of high-angle boundaries by subgrain growth or coalescence, i.e., solutes can inhibit both "nucleation" and growth. In addition to stabilizing the dislocation Structure, the solute-dislocation interactions may produce clusters of solute atoms which are not as readily assimilated into the recrystallized grains as are individual solute atoms. There is an additional complication. The dislocation structure formed upon cold working a dilute solid solution may not be the same as that formed during cold working of the pure solvent metal. The solute can either enhance or minimize the formation of cells during cold working. Both effects have been observed in binary alloys of iron. The annealing process is inextricably connected with the mechanisms of strain hardening and solid solution hardening. Although the correlation between experimental boundary migration rates and the predictions made from the theoretical equations are impressive, it should be mentioned that in at least four other instances (Pb-Ag and pb-Au,15, Fe-Mn,16, Fe-Mo)17 the agreement was rather poor. In brief, while it is probable that the migration of high-angle boundaries is held back by solutes in the manner described, this is only a partial explanation of the total effect of solutes upon recrystallization of cold-worked alloys. Paul Gordon and R. A. Vandermeer (author's reply)— The authors first wish to thank Dr. Leslie for his compliments of this work. It is perhaps worth pointing out that some of Dr. Leslie's remarks are directed toward subject matter covered in two earlier papers in our work.18,19 We agree with Dr. Leslie's main contention that the exact nature of the metal structure in the vicinity of a boundary should have an effect on the boundary migration. The theory of Lucke and Detert does not take such detail into account, nor does it account for orientation effects on the migration rates. We assume that since our data checks the theory so well, the effects of detailed structure are statistically averaged out by the polycrystalline techniques used just as are the effects of orientation factors.

Jan 1, 1963

By E. E. White

I DISAGREE with Mr. Brinsmade on several points, and I will discuss his remarks under the same six topics which he has used. 1. Rate of Interest Earned by Sinking-Fund.-I believe Mr. Brinsmade is confused in his ideas as to the effect of new gold on the interest earned on money. The flood of gold which he mentions certainly should not operate, to increase interest rates, but since it replaces and adds to liquid capital should reduce interest rates and counteract the destruction of liquid capital which he mentions. Furthermore, it is doubtful if the destruction of capital since 1897 by wars and catastrophes has been any greater in proportion than in similar periods before 1897. With regard to savings banks, I would say that only 3 per cent. is allowed on deposits through a large part of the West. As to bonds, they can be bought to yield any rate. of interest desired up to 6 per cent., but, a 5 per. cent. bond is not as safe as a 4 per cent. bond, nor a 4 per cent. bond as safe as a 3 per cent. government security. I do not understand why Mr. Brinsmade says that Mr. Denny's quoted opinion of a 3 per cent. rate is evidently based on English conditions before the Boer War. Certainly there is no reference to the Boer war or to English conditions in Mr. Denny's article. M. Howard Burnham, in his admirable work on mine valuation, says': ". For instance, redemption is taken at 3 per cent., because even 4 per cent. represents a greater risk, as is indicated by the purchase of Government paper to bear only 3 per cent., the great desideratum of the .latter being security." . Again, Mr. Burnham says:2 "The tables are calculated on the assumption that the dividends shall accumulate at 3 per cent. only, as in accordance with the general idea set out elsewhere, a rate greater than 3 per cent. involves appreciable risk with which it were inaccurate to saddle the sinking-fund if risks are to be segregated, this being the basis of all the writer's calculations."

Jan 6, 1914

By AIME AIME

THE week, of April 5 will long be remembered by those that attended the Birmingham meetings of the Open-Hearth and Blast Furnace committees of the A.I.M.E. Iron and Steel Division. Birmingham iron and steel own received the 450 delegates with open arms; described and discussed their southern metallurgical practices and problems and compared experiences with their northern brother metallurgists in two days of technical sessions on Wednes-

Jan 1, 1937

By R. B. BRINSJIADE

THE following is an attempt to form a formula by which a mine call be quickly evaluated, after all pertinent physical data have been collected from observations on the ground by a competent mining engineer. ASSUMPTIONS. Let G = price to be paid for the mining property. M = cost of developing the mining property to yield y tons of ore daily. P = cost of suitable plant to treat y tons of ore daily. p = value of said plant when the mine has.been exhausted. C = total fixed capital investment. W = working capital investment

Jan 1, 1908