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By AIME AIME

PRACTICALLY all the Section delegates as well as a sprinkling of Institute officers and mere members were on hand for the annual business meeting of the Institute on Monday afternoon of the Annual Meeting. President McAuliffe presided, with C. H. Mathewson as associate chairman. Americo Albala was first called on to discuss the work of the Pan American Institute of Mining Engineering and Geology. C. Will Wright said that the need for such an organization was evident, and a resolution was passed asking the incoming President to appoint a committee to investigate cooperation with that body, of which Mr. Albala is executive secretary.

Jan 1, 1943

For the -year ending February, 1920 PRESIDENT HORACE V. WINCHELL MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PAST PRESIDENTS PHILIP N. MOORE ST. Louis, Mo. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT A. R. LEDOUX NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE D. BARRON NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 5, 1919

By Halbert Powers Gillette

In every chemical reaction heat is either developed or absorbed, and this plus or minus heat of formation is as definite in quantity as the weights of the reacting elements. In this paper I shall show that each chemical element and each chemical radical has its own definite heat-valency,—a fact which, so far as I know, has hitherto escaped the attention of investigators, but, I feel sure, will be admitted after the demonstration here given, and may lead to some practical conclusions of value. When Berthelotys " law of maximum work " was found to have so many inexplicable exceptions, the pendulum of a scientific theory swung away from a recognition of the truth underlying that proposition; and this reaction went so far that not only has thermal chemistry been relatively neglected by recent investigators, but it is not uncommon now to find textbooks on physical chemistry which practically ignore all that Thomsen, Berthelot and others have done. To this temporary tendency of thought I attribute the failure to recognize the principles herein announced and explained. Not long ago, while studying tables of the formation-heat of various salts, I noticed that in this respect all potassium salts in solution differ from the corresponding sodium salts by 9.3 cal.1 I found also that similar differences exist between other salts, not only when the basic radical is varied, while the acid radical remains constant, but also when the acid radical is the variable. Thus chlorine salts in solution differ from bromine salts in this respect by 10.9 cal. Upon further study, I found that Thomsen had noted similar constant differences, but, so far as I can ascertain, he appears to have attached no great significance thereto.

Jan 1, 1904

By Byron W. Cheever

In working up the process which I described at the Chicago Meeting, May, 1884 (p. 163 of the present volume), for the estimation of phosphorus in iron and steel, I employed samples of steel obtained from one works only, and of a given brand. Since then I have had frequent occasion to test the process on other steels, and find that it works equally well. But some steels present certain colors which may mislead the operator; and I therefore propose a slight change in the directions formerly given. On the second page of my paper, in the second paragraph, I would substitute the following modified directions: Place the flask under the hydrant, till the solution is perfectly cold ; then add, gradually, strong ammonia, with constant stirring, till the solution is changed into a pasty mass and the ammonia is in slight excess; then add cautiously HNO3 (1.40 specific gravity)

Jan 1, 1885

By Cyril Wells, Robert F. Mehl

THE two earlier papers in this series1,2 presented data on the rate of diffusion of carbon and of manganese in gamma iron. Apart from their scientific interest, these [] data are needed chiefly in order to treat data on carburization, on the rate of formation of pearlite, and on the rate of austenizing in a quantitative way. 1,2,9,10 In the present investigation rates of diffusion of nickel in -?-Fe over wide temperature and concentration ranges have been determined, and the effects of carbon, of impurities, and of grain size on these rates have been studied. Claussen,3 using the data of Fry,4 has calculated the diffusion coefficient of nickel [ ] in -?-Fe as 9.2 X 10-11 sq. cm. per sec. at 1200T., but had no data from which to calculate the variation of D with concentration, temperature, and percentage of carbon. METHOD AND MATERIALS Method.-Nickel was diffused along the axis of a cylindrical specimen across a concentration gradient, concentration-penetration curves were determined and D values calculated from Grube or Matano solutions.5 Details of the method are given

Jan 1, 1941

For the year ending February, 1920 PRESIDENT HORACE V. WINCHELL MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PAST PRESIDENTS PHILIP N. MOORE ST. Louis, Mo. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT A. R. LEDOUX, NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE D. BARRON NEW YORK, N. Y SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y

Jan 7, 1919

By Clyde E. Williams

IN planning a postwar program for manufactured products, it is essential that the bases for the plans be wisely chosen. First we must make certain assumptions as to the war's ending. Let us assume: (1) complete victory by the United Nations, (2) peace terms that will ensure the direction of the economy of all nations of the world toward peaceful pursuits, and (3) an early ending of the war, that is, before the nations of the world, excluding the enemy, are near the point of physical and spiritual exhaustion. Thus, our manufacturing plants and transportation facilities will still be in good shape. The plants and transportation facilities, as well as the cities of a large part of Europe, however, will be badly crippled. The rich mineral and other raw material resources of the world, little of which was under control. of the Axis powers before the war or will be after the war, will not be used up. Control of these raw materials, or at least an important part of them, will remain in the hands of the strong peaceful nations.

Jan 1, 1943

By Cyril Wells, Robert F. Mehl

The two earlier papers in this series1,2 presented data on the rate of diffusion of carbon and of manganese in gamma iron. Apart from their scientific interest, these data are needed chiefly in order to treat data on carburization, on rate of formation of pearlite, and on rate of austenit-izing in a quantitative way.1'2'9'10 In the present investigation rates of diffusion of nickel in ?-Fe over wide temperature and concentration ranges have been determined, and the effects of carbon, of im- purities, and of grain size on these rates have been studied. Claussen,3 using the data of Fry,4 has calculated the diffusion coefficient of nickel in y-Fe as 9.2 X 10-11 sq. cm. per sec. at 1200ºC., but had no data from which to calculate the variation of D with concentration, temperature, and percentage of carbon. Method and Materials Method.—Nickel was diffused along the axis of a cylindrical specimen across a concentration gradient, concentration-penetration curves were determined and D values calculated from Grube or Matano solutions.5 Details of the method are given

Jan 1, 1941

By Cyril Wells, Robert F. Mehl

The two earlier papers in this series1,2 presented data on the rate of diffusion of carbon and of manganese in gamma iron. Apart from their scientific interest, these data are needed chiefly in order to treat data on carburization, on rate of formation of pearlite, and on rate of austenit-izing in a quantitative way.1'2'9'10 In the present investigation rates of diffusion of nickel in ?-Fe over wide temperature and concentration ranges have been determined, and the effects of carbon, of im- purities, and of grain size on these rates have been studied. Claussen,3 using the data of Fry,4 has calculated the diffusion coefficient of nickel in y-Fe as 9.2 X 10-11 sq. cm. per sec. at 1200ºC., but had no data from which to calculate the variation of D with concentration, temperature, and percentage of carbon. Method and Materials Method.—Nickel was diffused along the axis of a cylindrical specimen across a concentration gradient, concentration-penetration curves were determined and D values calculated from Grube or Matano solutions.5 Details of the method are given

Jan 1, 1941

The regular activities of the Institute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the amount of these endowments totals more than $684,000. An active effort is being made to increase the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which Henry Krumb is Chairman, and of which the other members are: George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, John V. N. Dorr, Howard N. Eavenson, D. %. Jack- ling, Harvey S. Mudd, Wallace E. Pratt, Milnor Roberts, and Wilfred Sykes. This committee believes that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of evergrowing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light.

Jan 1, 1946

By N. LILIENBERGS

DURING the past few years, the requirements for steel have been raised so high that soundness is more important than ever before. The old practice was to mike steel ingots of sufficiently large sections to permit a considerable reduction of area in rolling and hammering to a given size, relying on the fact that by such rolling and hammering all cavities will be squeezed together and practically eliminated. The finished sizes, if found by inspection of the surface to be faultless, were therefore pronounced to be sound. But when such steel is ?worked up,? the manufacturer is surprised and disappointed to find that it splits, or that streaks and seams make the product unmarketable. Large sections, such as rails, beams or heavy forgings, may, within certain limits, be sufficiently strong, even if the sides of the cavities are only squeezed, and not welded together. But it is well known that, in the interior of heavy articles, under certain conditions, forging may develop small streaks into large cavities. Small sections, steel for ordnance and tubes, and numberless articles in the tool-trade, always show up the defects. It may be doubted whether cavities in steel ingots can ever be completely welded. The old theory, is, that the silver-clear blow-holes, without the blue oxide, can be welded by sufficient working. They are, however, not empty, but are filled with carbonic oxide. It is admitted that the "blue" cavities, resulting from air mechanically drawn down into the mold during the casting, can never be welded, because the oxide does not melt, and there would be no escape for it if it did. The only way in which steel can be made satisfactory for the above-named particular purposes is by having it ?dead molten." But then the trouble of piping is encountered. As is well known, a pipe is the result of the contraction of

May 1, 1906

For the year ending February, 1920 PRESIDENT HORACE V. WINCHELL MINNEAPOLIS, MINN PAST PRESIDENTS PHILIP N. MOORE ST. Louis, Mo. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT A. R. LEDOUX NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE D. BARRON NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 4, 1919

By L. E. Young

GERMANY'S recent collapse and the occupation by the Allies of the coal fields of the Ruhr, the Saar, Silesia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia have focused attention on the postwar coal problems of Europe. American coal operators are interested deeply in what is happening in Britain, particularly in the discussion of plans to rehabilitate and reorganize the entire British coal mining industry, as such reorganization will probably determine the place Britain will occupy in the European coal markets for the next few decades. The continuing decline of British out-ut per man-shift, particularly during wartime, has resulted in a most serious effort to determine whether this unfortunate trend is due to the physical condition of the coal seams, poor management, poor engineering and planning, inadequate use of power and machinery, or failure of labor to co-operate with management.

Jan 1, 1945

The regular activities of the Institute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the amount of these endowments totals more than $637,000. An active effort is being made to increase the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which Henry Krumb is Chairman, and of which the other members are: George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, John V. N. Dorr, Howard N. Eavenson, D. C. tackling, Harvey S. Mudd, Wallace E. Pratt, Milnor Roberts, and Wilfred Sykes. This committee believes that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of evergrowing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the 'profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light.

Jan 1, 1946

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical Society ROBERT H WHELFSS, President JOHN WINEFORDNER, Vice-President DORACE DODD, Secretary KARL STARK, Treasurer GEORGE T BATOR, Faculty Sponsor PERCY G COWIN, Counselor

Jan 1, 1952

Wyoming State Geological Survey, Capitol bldg , Cheyenne, Wyoming. John G Marzel, State Geologist. Unfortunately, most of the publications of the Wyoming State Geological Survey are now out of print In particular should be mentioned Bulletins describing the various oil fields of Wyoming, and Bulletin 17, Bibliography and index (1918), all of which are out of print State geologic and topographic maps are also not available. A list of publications will be sent upon request Still available are: Bulletin 18, Mining laws, state and federal (1921), 19, Mineral hot springs of Wyoming (1926), 20, Atlantic City-South Pass gold mining district (1926), Circular 5, Operating regulations to govern the production of oil and gas on state and patented lands (1929). The last two Biennial Reports, issued 1928 and 1930, are still available. The bulletins and reports listed are distributed free.

Jan 1, 1933

H. M. BOYLSTON E. B. YOUNG SECRETARY-TREASURER OF SECRETARY-TREASURER OF BOSTON SECTION MONTANA SECTION R. M. KEENEY F. G. MOSES SECRETARY-TREASURER OF SECRETARY-TREASURER OF COLORADO SECTION UTAH SECTION

Jan 7, 1919

By N. W. Perry

Some months ago a gentleman gave me a handful of minerals which he had collected in an arroyo, or dry stream-bed, that ran through the town of Ramos, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, as a sample of the class of ore that might be expected in the mines of that section. I was, however, familiar with those mines and their ores, and cast the pebbles aside as of no interest. I afterwards returned to Mexico and took charge of two groups of mines, one in the State of Zacatecas, and the other in the town of Ramos, State of San Luis Potosi. While I was thus engaged, it was a very frequent occurrence for parties to bring me specimens of rock, ores, etc., for my opinion on them; and one day a man brought me a half-dozen or more small pieces of a very black shiny mineral, desiring to know what it was. I did not recognize it, and desired him to give me the specimens for analysis, which he promised to do in a day or two. He never did give them to me, for he lost them ; but he said there were plenty more where these came from—at Ramos—and he could get them at any time for me. I thought no more of the matter until after my return to this country, when, one day, in looking over some of my old " trash," I came across the specimens at first referred to as having been cast aside so carelessly. I noticed two distinct minerals among the pebbles : one being erubescite or tetrahedrite, the predominating mineral of the mines of Ramos, and the other a hard black shining mineral, the same that I had wished to analyze in Mexico. On testing for hardness I was surprised that it scratched topaz with some degree of ease, thus placing it above 8 in the scale of hardness. Trying it with a corundum, I sometimes succeeded in scratching it, but at other times it would scratch the corundum, and at still other times neither would produce the slightest effect on the other. Crystallized topaz would be ground to a powder in attempting to scratch the black mineral, without abrading it in the slightest. It must, therefore, be placed at 9 in the scale of hardness. It is of the deepest opaque black, not unlike pitch-blende in ap-

Jan 1, 1884

By Karl V. Lindell

THE Jeffrey mine of the Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Asbestos, Que. has operated for a number of years, supplying the parent company, Johns-Manville, raw material for asbestos products. The mine is situated in the 70-mile-long serpentine belt running from Asbestos, Que. on the west to East Broughton on the east. This district is the most important producing area in the world of quality spinning-fiber asbestos, with 11 operating mines supplying 70 pct of the world's needs. The Jeffrey mine, located 90 miles from Montreal and approximately 35 miles southwest of Thetford, accounts for 50 pct of the Canadian asbestos output. Production from the Canadian serpentine belt is the chrysotile asbestos, which is considered the best available for spinning. Consumers in the United States prefer the clean, fine fibers of the Canadian chrysotile of the type produced by the Jeffrey mine. Mining In 1881, when the mine was first opened, all work, including drilling, was done by hand. The deposit, located on a hillside, was first worked as a sidehill cut by hand drilling 15-ft holes and blasting with black powder. The fiber was chiselled from the broken rock. Hand derricks, later powered by horses, were used to raise the rock as the pit deepened. Eventually, the pit became so deep that derricks were, by necessity, replaced by aerial tramways. In the late 1930's, further deepening of the open pit, with the resulting constriction of the pit bottom brought about the need for altering the mining system then in use. The high ratio of overburden to be handled to mill ore mined and the value of surface structures, not company property, that would be destroyed in expanding the area of the pit, definitely indicated vertical rather than horizontal expansion would have to be used. One exception to this was that a small area on company property to north and east of the pit could be opened up. The mining problem then resolved itself into two phases; make the small lateral expansion and as rapidly as possible choose a mining method that would expand the mine vertically. Several methods for vertical expansion were studied and rejected. Methods considered included shrinkage stoping, block caving, glory holing, and various modifications of open workings. Block caving was finally accepted as the most suitable method of underground development. Cost factors and production were important factors in the decision, also, the asbestos mines in the Thetford area were already having success with this method. Original plans provided for the lateral expansion of the open mine where possible and beginning the underground operation. This program was based on the open pit being worked out in 1954, with the underground development and production gradually increasing until the open mine was depleted. In 1949, the plan was changed to allow underground development to progress at maximum so that underground output would be 550 tons per hr by 1951. Any deficit in ore would be mined from the open pit. This change permitted extending the life of the open pit through 1964 and in this time would make available a large quantity of readily attained ore. Block Caving at The Jeffrey Mine Plans for the underground operation were formulated on a 12,000-ton-per-day basis, and the adaptability of block caving methods to high production presented a desirable situation. As shown in the main-haulage plan, a continuous loop was laid out for smooth operation of the underground railroad from the loading points to the underground crusher. A feature encountered at the Jeffrey mine, as well as other asbestos mines using caving methods, is the large size of caved material, requiring that ore be crushed before hoisting.

Jan 1, 1952

For the year ending February, 1920 PRESIDENT HORACE V. WINCHELL, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PAST PRESIDENTS PHILIP N. MOORE ST. Louis, Mo. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT A. R. LEDOUX NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE D. BARRON NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON, NEW, YORK, N. Y.

Jan 8, 1919