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By Herbert H. Kellogg, Nathaniel Arbiter, Arthur F. Taggart

The experimental work herein described is presented in support of the following broad hypothesis: Conditioning of metals and metallic sulphides by amine collectors involves metathetic reaction at the solid surface between the collector and an oxidized metallic compound, to produce a coating comprising an amine-bearing compound of low solubility in the system. The type of reaction is different in acid and in basic solutions; both types may occur simultaneously in near-neutral pulps. Experimental The experiments comprise contact-angle tests with a variety of metals and metallic sulphides and extraction teats on ground chalcocite. Contact-angle tests were made principally on metals. Covellite paralleled metallic copper in amine solution at pH 8.8 (Table 3) and in alkaline water, but maintained an angle of about 70° in Io-3 HCl solution, where metallic copper lost its angle. The tests with anionic collectors (Table I) indicate that the behavior of metals in general is parallel to that of their minerals in anionic solutions. It is believed that this is generally true with cationic collectors also, but the covellite test is a warning against a broad assumption to this effect. All test specimens were mounted in Transoptic.* All tests in conditioning solution were preceded by a test in distilled water; cleaning and polishing were continued in every case until the angle in water was zero. Subsequent transfers into and out of solutions and test cells were made in such a way as to prevent exposure of the surface to air.1 The amine used was primary laurylamine, Armour and Co., AM-1120. It was used in the form of the hydrochloride, obtained by precipitation with gaseous hydrochloric acid from an ether solution of the amine, and purified by two recrystallizations from ether-alcoho1.2 Inorganic and other test reagents were standard laboratory grades. Temperatures were not controlled; the probable range of test-solution temperatures is 650 to 80°F.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. E. Beecher

The application of gas or air under pressure to obtain more oil from a sand which has been practically exhausted by ordinary production methods has been practiced to a limited extent for many years. Until recently such methods were confined to the Eastern fields, principally those of Ohio and West Virginia, where in many cases the production obtained after applying pressure for a few years was nearly equal to the total production prior to that time which had been obtained by the usual production methods. As early as 1917, J. 0. LewisL called attention to this method of increasing the recovery of oil and cited the phenomenal results obtained by H. E. Smith, I. L. Dunn and 0. C. Dunn, who pioneered the application of air or gas pressure recovery methods. With this information available it would appear that other oil-producing sections of the country have been extremely slow to realize the advantages of repressuring. However, after a few successful projects in the Mid-Continent area, the oil producers appreciated t' e value of this method for obtaining further and profitable production from their practically exhausted leases and are now making extensive use of it. In general, it has been the practice to apply pressure to the sands when production has declined to a small yield per well. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the advantages which may be expected from returning gas under pressure to the oil sands during the early stages of development, before the rock pressure has been dissipated and the gas exhausted, and to stimulate discussion of this subject on which comparatively little actual field data are available. The Function of Gas Gas associated with or dissolved in the oil is the source of energy causing movement of the oil to the well. When this energy is dissipated production ceases. The exception to this general statement is found in fields where hydrostatic water pressure may supply energy after the gas

Jan 1, 1929

By John Wulff, J. H. Hollomon

SERVICE failures in brass condenser tubes are often due to corrosion. One of the commonest types of corrosion reveals a surface structure of redeposited copper.1 The study of the effect of alloy addition agents in preventing this kind of corrosion has received impetus from the extensive publication of Bengough and May.2 The mechanism of such inhibition gauged from immersion corrosion,' cell corrosion,' and electrolytic potential' measurements is controversial. This controversy may be attributed in part to a lack of definite knowledge5 of the actual nature of the initial films formed in corrosion experiments. In our own corrosion work on copper and 70-30 brass this lack became apparent and necessitated an examination of surface films by X-ray and electron diffraction methods. The present paper is but an introduction to the subject of inhibition and reports the structure of films formed in active corrodents. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The arsenical coppers and brasses used in this investigation were made by one of the writers* in the plant of the Revere Copper and Brass Co. at Rome, N. Y. Standard commercial melting practice was followed. O.F.H.C. copper and electrolytic zinc were used and all arsenic additions were made by additions of a master copper alloy. The final analyses are given in Table I. Likewise, the extrusion, cold-rolling, and intermediate anneals employed followed standard usage. Final heat-treatments were given to all materials to produce a similar grain size (0.035 to 0.045 mm. for brass and 0.015 to 0.025 for [ ] copper) for the alloys containing various percentages of arsenic. Samples ¼ by ½ by ¼ in. were cut from sheet material resurfaced and finished with 0000 metallographic papers. The surfaces were all degreased in alcohol and benzine before immersion. After immersion in the corrodent, they were washed gently in tap water, dipped first in alcohol and then in pure benzine and allowed to dry in the diffraction apparatus. The reflection electron diffraction apparatus used has been described by Burwell

Jan 1, 1941

By Leo D. Jones

The use of the centrifuge for dewaxing lubricating oils grew out of the effort to secure better results than had been attained by the common "cold settling" process. This process was the only known method for dewaxing steam refined cylinder stock (600" F. fire test), the product known as "bright stock" being commonlyused for building up "pressed," i.e., dewaxed neutrals of, say, 200-sec. viscosity [to a higher value. The process consisted of mixing the cylinder stock with approximately one and one-half times its volume of naphtha, heating, to dissolve completely all the oil and wax and then slowly chilling to about 15" F. in large insulated tanks. This caused the wax to precipitate. It was allowed to settle out by gravity. The supernatant liquid was then drawn off and the naphtha distilled off, leaving a still residue of bright stock. The sediment from the settling, of a slushy nature, was withdrawn. After removing the naphtha by distillation the residue was petrolatum. At some point in the process, preferably after the dilution but before chilling, the mixture was decolored by percolation through fuller's earth. The finished bright stock produced by this process had a cold test of about 50" F. Efforts to improve this by chilling to a lower temperature resulted in a considerable reduction in yield, and increased uncertainty of settling. Even when chilling to 15" F. it was not uncommon to find that after a week's waiting a tank had not settled. It was then necessary to heat and rechill. This uncertainty was a serious problem; in one case a refinery superintendent had men riveters hold pneumatic hammers against the tank for hours, hoping thus to cause agglomeration and settling of the wax. Yields of bright stock above 70 per cent, were uncommon. History of Centrifugal Application It is not surprising, therefore, that many attempts were made to improve upon the results obtained by cold settling. George H. Taber, vice-president of the Gulf Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., made a number

Jan 1, 1924

CONTENTS PAGE Ross, J. M. and WAYLAND, R. G.-Mining Methods at the Homestake. Discussed by Benjamin F. Tillson, R. M. Raymond, I, H. Barkdoll, Arthur Notman 1 EMMEL, RUDOLPH.-Mining Methods in Zaruma District, Ecuador. Discussed by Rudolph Emmel, George A. Packard, Fred Hellmann, R. M. Raymond, Arthur Notman 2 MISHLER, R. T. and BUDROW, L. R.-Methods of Mining and Ore Estimation at Lucky Tiger Mine. Discussed by Fred Hellmann, Benjamin F. Tillson...4 PARK, JOHN FURNESS.-Mining Methods of Jarbidge District. . Discussed by R. S. Lewis : 5 Mining Methods at the Homestake Discussion of the paper of A. J. M. Ross and R. G. WAYLAND, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper No. 1408-A, with MINING AND METALLURGY, February, 1925. BENJAMIN F. TILLSON, * Franklin, N. J.--It requires a good deal of timber to operate, especially the caving systems. An important function in mine operations now seems to be forestry and to operate a timber tract in order to insure a supply of timber. By depleting the timber resources of your section, you only increase your costs later when timber must be brought in from the Pacific Coast or the East. Our experience has been that any square-set method of timbering is the most expensive. Timbering for stoping systems, top slicing if you will, although it uses a large volume of time does not require as expensive timbering as the square-set method; also it does not require as long a life for-the timber, so that such wood as birch and maple, which have strength but not long life under the fungus conditions in the mine, may be used. All the drifts in the orebody are thoroughly timbered, and it has required a lot of timber. If we had it to do over, we would spend a lot more money in the development of rock drifts; as a matter of fact, we must ultimately come to that any way.

Jan 6, 1925

By T. KIRKE ROSE

A Discussion of the paper by H. O. Hofman and M. G. Magnuson, read at the Lake Superior meeting, September, 1904. (British Columbia Meeting, July, 1905.) T. KIRKE ROSE, London, Eng. (communication to the Secretary*`) :-The authors have shown that, under certain conditions, the rate of dissolution of gold by chlorine and bromine is re¬duced by the addition of 10 per cent. of silver to the gold, and that the action is almost stopped when the silver amounts to 30 or 40 per cent. of the alloy. Even if full recognition is given to the practical way in which the work was done, how¬ever, it is to be regretted that Prof. Hofman and Mr. Magnuson did not determine the temperature at which the experiments were carried out. From the details given it may be inferred that the temperature was raised by chemical action by about 20° C. when 21 g. of sulphuric acid were added, and that the mixture was then slowly cooled down during the experiment. When bromine or very weak chlorine solutions were used, there could not have been any perceptible heating action. As the action of both chlorine and bromine is aided by heat, it follows that the stronger solutions of chlorine were given an unfair advantage over the weaker solutions and over bromine. If the temperature had been the same in each case, I do not think that the conclusions given oil p. 432 of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin, March, 1905, 1 would have been found to be justified. (This is speaking generally. In barrel-treatment the conditions are similar to those in the experiments.) The superior speed of bromine as compared with chlorine at equivalent strengths is not yet disproved, and the differences noted between strong and weak solutions of chlorine may have been largely a function of the temperature. Moreover, the authors used somewhat coarse particles of gold

Sep 1, 1905

By R. V. Norris

The removal of mine-water by hoisting in tanks instead of pumping, while somewhat a reversion to the methods of the ancients, has come very rapidly into favor in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania during the past few years. In fact, so much so, that at the present time there are at least eight large collieries at which all the water is hoisted, and six more plants are in preparation. The particulars of the plants in operation and under construction, as far as decided on, are given in the tables on pages 107 and 108. Besides these, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R.R. Co. is constructing a hoist of large capacity for a depth approximating 500 feet, to be located in the Keyser Valley, near Scranton. The hoists will be driven by electric motors, geared directly to the sheaves. The Lehigh Valley Coal Company is planning a large hoist for the Packer collieries in the Shenandoah district, but no work has been done on this as yet. The earliest regular hoisting, I believe, mas done by means of semi-cylindrical tanks (Fig. 1) at the Nanticoke collieries of the Susquehanna Coal Company. These tanks were attached under the regular shaft-carriages, taking in water through six large clack-valves in the bottom, and discharging through an endgate opened by a lever which was operated by a guide-piece on the shaft head-frame. These tanks were designed July, 1880, by the late J. H. Bowden, one of the very early members of the Institute. Similar tanks are still used in emergencies at the Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6 shafts of the company. The objections to. their use were: that water could only be hoisted during the night-shift, or when the shafts were not in use for hoisting coal, thus requiring a very large sump, and greatly limiting the water capacity of the plants; that the alternate wetting and drying

Jan 1, 1904

By David Kellogg

THE electrodeposition of iron has been practiced for many years. The earlier work along this line was directed toward the preparation of pure metal, but later applications were the production of thin adherent coatings as used in the electrotyping of Russian banknotes in 1860. A historical discussion of this subject, however, would require too much space and would be inconclusive. Much has been written on the subject but no two experimenters use the same methods or materials. During the war, the British army repair, shops developed a method for building up worn parts of automotive machinery, aero engines, etc., using the cold surfate . bath and low-current density method.1 The method has been used successfully in commercial work for the production of about 6000 repaired parts, therefore experiments along the same lines have since been made at the Westinghouse research laboratory. The apparatus used was essentially that described in the article mentioned except that the current -used for cleaning was obtained from a 3/4-kw. 60-volt, house-lighting generator, direct connected to a 2-h.p., 870-r.p.m., 440-volt, three-phase, type CS induction motor; while the plating current was taken from the storage batteries at any desired voltage. The anodes were made from 0.036 in. (0.9 mm.) Armco iron made into cylinders 5 in. (127 mm.) long by 8 in. (203 mm.) in diameter with a disk of 1/8 -in. (3.17 mm.) micarta, having a 2 in. hole in the center fitted at each end of the cylinder for stirring. The anodes were hung on a wooden rocker frame driven by a wooden connecting I rod directly connected to a small reducing gear, such as is sold by most of the apparatus supply firms; 3 gal. stoneware crocks were used as containers. The solution used by Thomas, 75 gm. of the crystallized ferrous ammonium sulfate per liter, was tried, using the current density recommended by him; namely, 0.33 amp. per sq. dm. Under these conditions the deposit on a ½ -in.

Jan 2, 1922

By R. H. SWEETSERS

A Discussion of Mr. Hall's paper, read at the Washington Meeting, February, 1905. R. H. SWEETSER, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. (communication to the Secretary*) :-The recent work of furnace No. 1 of The Algoma Steel Co., at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, using for fuel, first all charcoal, then a mixture of charcoal and coke, and finally all coke, upsets the estimates given by Mr. Hall in the last two paragraphs of his interesting paper. Furnace No. 1 was built for a charcoal-furnace, and it was run on charcoal fuel from March 6 until July 9, 1905; then, for a week, a mix¬ture of charcoal and coke was used, and, since then, coke alone has been the only fuel. It is to be regretted that at no time, during the run on charcoal, was there enough charcoal on hand and " in sight'" to warrant blowing the furnace as hard as it should have been blown. During April and May the supply of charcoal limited the amount of blast to about 8,000 cu. ft. of air per min.; in June, to about 8,900 cubic feet. For a few days in July about 10,000 cu. ft. were blown, and then the maximum daily output, 173 tons (2,240 1b.), was reached. At all times the quality of the charcoal was poor, having been made from wood cut from three to four years before. Doubtless this furnace could have produced .200 tons of iron per day, even with this quality of charcoal, provided the supply had been sufficient; and with good charcoal I see no reason why it could not make as much iron per day as it has made with coke. During the one week of using a mixture of charcoal and coke, the changes in quantity of blast and composition of the slag followed each other so closely that no single condition could last long on the furnace. The results were good, and the pig-iron was about the same in quality as that made during the

Jan 1, 1906

Elected Died 1895 *ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 * ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 * ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1905 * ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 * ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 *ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 * AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 * AKERS, WILLIAMS 1906 1905 * ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 * ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1894 *ALLEN R B 1896 1905 * ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1874 * AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 *AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ** ANFERSON, JOHN w. 1905 1895 *ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 * ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 * ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 *ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1882 *ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 *ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 *ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 *ATKINS, C M , JR 1885 1905 * AUSTEN, PETER T 1907

Jan 1, 1917

By B. Amadei

INTRODUCTION Laboratory studies on the deformability and strength of intact rocks generally involve the uniaxial compression test, the standard triaxial compression test and direct or indirect tension tests. If [al ,a2 ,a3] are principal stresses [(al>a2>a3)] with compression taken as positive and tension taken as negative, the applied stress field for each one of these tests can be represented as shown in Fig. 1. However, for most in-situ conditions, such as those that exist at any point around an underground excavation, the stress field is truly three-dimensional or multiaxial [(al+ a2+a3)] and none of the tests shown in Fig. 1 can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of the rock. There are special cases for which one of the three principal stresses vanishes. Biaxial loading of rocks in-situ takes place, for instance, when rocks deform and fail in plane stress conditions. This can occur in a free unloaded surface of a rock structure such as in the wall of an underground excavation or a rock slope. Parallel to the free surface, the stress field components can be both compressive [(al>a2>0)], both tensile [(O>a2>a3)], or mixed, one component being compressive and the other one tensile [(U~>O>U~)]. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of 25 true biaxial tests that have been conducted on cubical specimens of Indiana Limestone using the multiaxial cell available at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The tests include uniaxial compression and tension, biaxial compression and combined biaxil compression- tension. Flexible fluid cushions and brush bearing platens were used for compressive and tensile loading respectively in order to minimize loading end effects on the test specimens. The paper begins with a review of previous investigations on the multiaxial behavior of rock. Then, test results are presented in terms of

Jan 1, 1984

By Robert Lepsoe

It is generally realized that in cyaniding the precipitation efficiency of zinc dust is due to the fine division or extended surface of its metallic particles; but frequently it is thought that the presence of other metals, say 2 to 3 percent. lead, is advantageous, causing more complete precipitation. The results of testing about fifty brands of commercial zinc dust have led to the conclusion that there is a distinct relation of precipitation efficiency to fineness and that the effect generally can be estimated by examining the size of metallic particles. The presence of lead was not found to be of any importance. Specifications Generally the term "97 per cent. to pass a 350-mesh screen, 95 to 97 per cent. uncombined metallic zinc" is used by the leading European exporters. Among the many methods of determination of metallic zinc, I have found the iodine test (iodine in potassium iodide) very satisfactory and rapid. It has been controlled by the other methods, samples of the same product having been sent to three different analysts: Iodine method................... 98.11 per cent. metallic zinc, Volumetric method.............. 07.63 per cent. metallic zinc, Ledoux Co., New York Bichromate method.............. 08.16 per cent. metallic zinc, Watson Gray, Liverpool. England Bichromate method.............. 98.20 per cent. metallic zinc, Norway Inst. of Tech., Trondhjem Determination of Precipitation Efficiency The method devised by W. J. Sharwoodl was used. The method proved to be satisfactory, the tests being merely for the comparison of different samples, hence the personal factor in manipulation was eliminated. As nearly all tests showed more zinc in solution than was accounted for by the silver precipitated, the term "dissolved zinc" was introduced—it means zinc dissolved by the action of cyanide and oxygen: Zn + 4KCN + H2O + O = K2Zn(CN)4 + 2KOH; or more probably, resolution of its equivalent precipitated silver, as tests stirred two hours showed more "dissolved zinc" than those stirred

Jan 1, 1925

By L. D. Wooddy, W D. Moore

Water drives may be natural or artificial. For the case of a natural water-drive reservoir, the volume of water influx corresponding to reservoir pressuve-production history may be calculated by means of the material bal-ance-unsteady state equation. For the artificial water drive or pattern injection water flood, the material balance equation is sufficient to determine the reservoir pressure-production, injection history. However, for both cases to reliably predict reservoir performance, it is necessary to calculate the saturation distribution of the reservoir fluids at different stages of depletion. This paper consolidates the various equations used to determine the performance of water-drive reservoirs into one approach that is applicable to any reservoir that has a natural water drive or is to be produced by water injection. The numerical procedure has been simplified considerably, and the solution is adaptable to either hand calculations or digital computer operation. INTRODUCTION A water-drive reservoir is one in which the predominant source of energy for production of oil results from the encroachment of water into the oil zone. The water drive may be either natural or artificial. Water invasion takes place by expansion of water in the aquifer as a result of the pressure decline transmitted from the oil reservoir. Because water is practically incompressible, a natural water drive requires an extensive aquifer containing a volume of water many times the volume of oil in the reservoir. Provided the permeability of the formation is reasonably high, a moderate decline of reservoir pressure usually causes adequate water influx. If the reservoir pressure decline becomes excessive because of low permeability or a high rate of production, part of the oil production may result from the liberation of dissolved gas which may cause excessive quantities of free gas to be produced along with the oil. In extreme cases, reservoir pressure may decline so rapidly as to cause the oil to be produced predominantly by dissolved gas drive, leading to abandonment of the reservoir before the advancing water has had a chance to flush the entire reservoir. In reservoirs that are not connected to extensive aquifers, an artificial water drive may be created by injecting water into or around the lower edges of a reservoir. Sometimes water is injected within the reservoir through wells interspersed among the producing wells. When injection is carried out in such fashion, the reservoir is in effect subdivided into a number of separate producing segments, in each of which the displacement of oil is simultaneously taking place, and the shapes of which are fixed by the well patterns employed. Because of the natural tendency of oil and water to segregate according to their relative densities, water will tend to migrate downdip regardless of where injected. Accordingly, the injected fluids can be retained within the intended reservoir segments only when conditions are unfavorable to their migration under the force of gravity. Pattern injections are usually confined, therefore, to reservoirs having low structural relief, or low permeability, or when production and injection rates are such that fluid movements in the reservoir are dominated by the pressure gradients rather than by the force of gravity. In the case of natural water-drive reservoirs and artificial water-drive reservoirs in which the water is in-

Jan 1, 1958

By E. R. Morgan

A series of manganese-rich ferromagnetic alloys has been studied. The alloys are based upon an interstitial solution of carbon in manganese. In each of the systems investigated, the ferromagnetic phase was found to be face-centered-cubic in structure. This magnetic phase is based upon the composition (Mn, X)4C; where X is a metallic element which has both a positive size factor with respect to manganese and a high positive valence. Typical elements of this type are aluminum, indium, and tin. Preliminary magnetic measurements indicate that the effective magnetic moment of manganese in the alloys is at least 1.0 Bohr magneton per atom. It is emphasized that the critical atomic separation beyond which ferromagnetism can occur will be governed by the electronic configuration of the manganese atoms. Lattice parameter measurements show that the ferromagnetic condition in the present alloys is associated with an increased atomic separation of only 3 to 6 pct compared with a hypothetical face-centered-cubic lattice of pure manganese. MANGANESE which is paramagnetic and not ferromagnetic in the pure state can become ferromagnetic if suitably alloyed. Under favorable conditions manganese can have an effective ferromagnetic moment of the order of 3.41,2 or even 4.0 compared with a moment of 2.2 Bohr magnetons for iron. The incidence of ferromagnetism is believed to be controlled by the degree of atomic separation.4,5 This is consistent with the fact that the atomic separation, when considered in terms of the ratio of the atomic diameter R to the diameter r of the 3d-shell, is larger in the ferromagnetic metals. The values of R/r calculated by Slater,' for metals of the iron group are given in Table I, and Slater has suggested that the critical ratio of R/r is 1.5. Consideration of the criterion of atomic separation alone would suggest that there are three classes of possible ferromagnetic manganese alloys: 1— Ordered structures, of either solution or compound types, such that manganese atoms are not near neighbors; 2—Structures in which the separation of near-neighbor manganese atoms is sufficiently increased by the presence of suitable solute atoms; and 3—Dilute solutions of manganese. Typical ferro- magnetic alloys of types 1 and 2 are the Heusler alloys and Mn4N, respectively. There are no recognized ferromagnetic alloys of type 3. In view of the proximity of the ratio R/r for manganese to the critical ratio of 1.5, the present work was concentrated on manganese-rich alloys rather than on ferromagnetic alloys of low manganese content, several examples of which are already known. Calculation of the distance of closest approach of manganese atoms in each of its allotropic forms, Table 11, indicates that the high temperature ? phase provides the most suitable basis for ferromagnetic alloys of high manganese content. However the high temperature forms of pure manganese cannot be retained on quenching, although a face-centered-tetragonal form apparently can be produced by electrodeposition. Since the critical separation which must be exceeded in order to obtain ferromagnetism is dependent upon the number of electrons in the d-shell, no exact critical value of R/r can be assumed. Not only will this separation vary from one pure metal to another, but it will also vary with the valency of the given type of atom when it is in an alloy. Raynor8 has shown that metals of the iron group probably

Jan 1, 1955

By C. R. Criss, R. J. McCormick

ThiS paper .summarizes the development and perform. ance of the Coldwater Oil field, Isabella County, Mich. Production is obtained at a depth of 3750 ft from a dolomite reservoir, which is probably both Rogers City and Dundee. There appears to be no persistent barrier to vertical fluid movement between the Rogers City and Dundee, and both formations are believed to have a common original oil-water contact. No we1ls are open to production at the level of the Dundee. The discovery of the field in 1944 was followed by the drilling of 81 producing wells and nine dry holes. By the end of 1952, the field had produced 12,763,000 bbl of oil, at which time 69 active wells were producing 3600 B/D oil and 21,000 B/D water. The reservoir has an effective natural water drive, and bottom-hole pressure has declined 75 psi from an original pressure of 1453 psi. Oil is undersaturated at reservoir conditions with a solution GOR of 512 cu ft/bbl and a saturation pressure of 1190 psi. INTRODUCTION Although the Coldwater Field is now in its ninth year of production, it ranks seventh in cumulative recovery, and second in current daily oil production in the State. Following complete development of the field in 1946, it has consistently contributed approximately 11 per cent of Michigan's daily production. Coldwater appears to have a greater pay thickness than most fields producing from the Rogers City forma- tion in the west central part of the Michigan basin. Except as influenced by the extent of closure and the thickness of the oil column, reservoir performance is believed to be representative of Rogers City fields in this part of the basin. For this reason, it is felt that the following presentation of factual data for the field will be of general interest. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Discovery of the Coldwater field during Aug., 1944, followed favorable subsurface geological correlations and core tests drilled to a shallow stratigraphic marker horizon. The field is located in the west central part of the Michigan Basin in Coldwater Township (T16N-R6W), Isabella County. It is 60 miles west-northwest of Bay City, and near the geographic center of the southern peninsula of Michigan. The discovery well flowed 200 bbl of oil the first 24 hours from the Rogers City dolomite at a depth of approximately 3750 ft. Field production is principally from the Rogers City with a minor amount assumed to come from the underlying Dundee dolomite, although none of the wells are open to production at the level of the Dundee. Both the Rogers City and Dundee formations belong to the Devonian system (See Geologic Column-Fig. I.) In addition to Rogers City-Dundee oil production, sweet gas is produced from the Michigan Stray sand of the Mississippian system at a depth of 1400 ft. The gas reservoir has approximately the same areal extent as the underlying oil reservoir. Although gas production is an important feature of the Coldwater field, this report is concerned only with the oil reservoir. The productive area is approximately 3200 acres. The pool is developed on a 40 acre spacing pattern with wells drilled in the center of the north half of 40 acre tracts, except for a few off-pattern wells drilled along

Jan 1, 1955

Discussion WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, FEBRUARY 21, 1951 Ralph E. Grim presiding R. E. GRIM, CHAIRMAN-Has anyone a particularly fruitful point to make or question to ask on any of the papers that have been presented at the two sessions held on Monday and one held this morning? GENESIS OF ENDELLITE T. S. LOVERING-I think we are all a little bit embarrassed when we are asked if we have any particularly fruitful point for discussion; I just have a point. I believe that yesterday Bates said that he had found endellite in only hydrothermally altered rocks-he did not find it in sedimentary rocks-but this morning I heard Victor Allen say something about it as the normal product of weathering, and I am confused. My question concerns the genesis of endellite. I want to know whether endellite is found as a normal product of weathering. I understood from the paper by Bates that it was not a product of weathering and in the paper by Victor Allen* endellite was said to be a product of normal weathering. Did I misinterpret these two papers? T. F. BATES-I did not intend to state or imply that endellite is formed only under hydrothermal conditions. We have been studying the North Carolina deposits extensively and I feel that they illustrate very well the result of normal weathering processes acting on pegmatitic material. The resulting clay seems to be largely endellite or halloysite, almost to the exclusion of kaolinite. I may have misled you in the statement I made toward the end of my talk, to the effect that of all the kaolinic clays we have investigated with the electron microscope, we have not yet found halloysite or endellite in samples from clay deposits that are definitely sedimentary in origin. R. E. GRIM, CHAIRMAN-Professor Allen, have you anything to say on the matter of bauxite?

Jan 1, 1952

[A Editor's Note: Annual Reviews of various subjects and areas are found in February issues of Mining and Metallurgy and Mining Engineering. These Annual Reviews are not listed per se in the Index. Abating Stream Pollution in Anthracite Coal Fields. ME Mar 50 Abbadia San Salvatore mine, Italy. T178, 297 Abbott, C.E.: Limestone Mine in the Birmingham District. With Discussion. T129, 62 ABC Typifies Trend to Mechanized Mining and Coal Preparation. ME Dec 50 Abel, J.F.: Statistical Analysis of Tunnel Supporting Loads. T235, 288 Sulzbach, J. F., and Walker, D.K.: Ice Tunneling in Greenland. ME Jun 59 Aberfoyle tin mines, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, as intergrowths. T214, 1147 Abnormal Behavior of Some Ore Constituents and Their Effect on Blast Furnace Operation, The. T241, 1 Abrams, C.J.: Industry's Responsibility in Postwar Economy. M&M Mar 45 and Haley, D.F.: History of Crushing and Milling at Climax. M&M Jun 46]

Jan 1, 1972

• In 1949 the United States imported 7,400,000 tons of iron ore; Chile, Sweden and Canada, in that order of importance, supplied over 80 pct of this amount. U. S. imports have increased from 3 pct of the total supply in 1940 to 8 pct in 1949. • Mica has been successfully synthesized by scientists of the National Bureau of Standards. quartz, magnesite and bauxite, plus a fluorosilicate compound to act as a crystallizing agent, are heated to 2500°F in a platinum-lined crucible and as the furnace cools mica crystals grow. The key to parallel growth to make sheets is in precision control of temperature. • Inland Steel Co. of Chicago has taken an option to lease from Steep Rock Iron Mines, Ltd., of Canada -- a large undeveloped acreage in the vicinity of Steed Rock Lake, Ontario -- for the purpose of exploring and developing a new iron ore mine. The exploration program is expected to begin at an early date. •A 20-yr test conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines with the cooperation of Cleveland-Cliffs indicated that chemically treated timbers last from 2 to 3-1/2 times as long as untreated ones set in the same passageway. Of the three reagents used, zinc chloride gave the best result -- 13.3 yr as compared to 3.8 yr for untreated timber. •Senator Pat McCarran charged that President Truman used a "shotgun approach" to the taxation problem when he accused the mining industry of enjoying excessive depletion exemptions when actually mining taxes should be lowered. He introduced to the Senate a report of the National Advisory Council -recommending a decrease * The country's first graduate program of research and instruction in conservation of natural resources will begin at Yale in September. The Conservation Foundation is supplying $20,000 a year to finance the program. •Felix E. Wormser urged that adequate tariff protection should be provided to offset effects of devaluation on the domestic mining industry in an address before the Colorado Mining Association. He advocates tariffs rather than subsidy legislation, such as S. 2105, for the protection of the lead-zinc miners because the latter would promote inefficiency and "impair our priceless free market." •"It may be startling to realize that for the world's white population the per capita requirements for minerals have multiplied 30 times in 30 yr, or that more minerals have been mined in the last 40 yr than in all prior history." -- Evan Just, in "Mineral Depletion and Metal Supply." •The National City Bank in its monthly letter states that both management and the unions concede that there are too many miners trying to make a living out of the industry for its present market. •On Feb. 3 it was reported that 6000 Anaconda employes in Chile quit jobs in sympathy with striking telephone and electric workers. The government has ordered them back to work on penalty of discharge. It appears that the walkout will not be prolonged in view of the government stand.

Jan 3, 1950

By S. F. Emmons

IN a report upon the geology of Leadville and vicinity, which is still in the hands of the Public Printer, I have given, at some length, my conclusions as to the genesis of the remarkable silver-lead deposits of that region, and the data, gathered during a long and careful consideration, upon which my views were founded. In the brief abstract of this report, published in 1881, the bare conclusions are given, with but few of the facts upon which they were founded. Since that time, these conclusions have been variously criticised, and it has even been assumed that the views I expressed with regard to these deposits were intended as a theory of ore-deposits in general. Had my final report been printed, no such misconception could have occurred; for, in that I explicitly disclaim any intention of general application of the theories there presented. Even in the abstract I am unable to find any statements which would. justify such a conclusion. Since my Leadville work, however, I have had further opportunities of examining ore-deposits, and have given the general subject much thought and study, and, as a result, I have made in my own mind certain generalizations, which, I am conscious, need the test of a far greater number of practical applications than I have yet been able to make, but which, I think, it may be well to present to the members of the Institute as suggestive, that their own observations may further prove or disprove them. I shall use my Leadville observations and the criticisms which have been made upon them as a sort of text for my remarks. The salient facts, which I thought to have determined with regard to the Leadville deposits, which, as is well known, are silver-lead deposits in a dolomitic limestone, overlain and in

Jan 1, 1913

Research and Development, once considered a luxury item only for well-heeled companies, has in the last two decades come into its own as a vital contributor to the fortunes of electronic, automotive, chemical and aerospace firms. In terms of money and talent poured into research, the mining industry is still far behind those industries. Although the U.S. Bureau of Mines, plus various mining and manufacturing firms and universities have made notable contributions to mining technology, the historical pattern of mining R&D shows a heavy reliance on the results of research in other industries. It is difficult to tell whether this pattern will change significantly in the future, but there is evidence of a growing awareness by mining officials that greater R&D efforts are going to be required not only to meet the nebulous demands of tomorrow's world but to meet the ever-present, mounting pressures being generated by "intra-metals" and "inter-materials" competition.

Jan 1, 1968