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By Bernard Moore

AT present the demands of the United States for strontium are met by imports from Germany, England and Canada, which vary considerably in proportions of ore and finished salts, in tonnage and in value. Statistics for the period 1926-1932 are given in Table 1. Domestic deposits are TABLE 1.-Strontium Imported into the United States, 1926-1932a Ore Chemicals Year Short Tons Value Pounds Value 1926 2,200 $58,159 5,433,044 $115,436 1927 1,356 58,711 4,233,816 149,383 1928 759 31,157 3,380,464 136,561 1929 973 45,505 4,578,327 196,233 1930 220 10,459 2,153,788 104.807 1931 (260 lbs.) 123 1,742,714 83,564 1932 5 276 469,481 20,910 a Mineral Industry (1934) 42, 61. known in many states, but the, larger and purer ones are in the West, particularly in the desert region of southeastern California and western Arizona. These deposits are large enough to command interest, par-ticularly in consideration of future cheap power at the Boulder Dam. The deposits described in this paper were examined during an investi-gation of the mineral resources of the Boulder Dam region by the United States Geological Survey for the United States Bureau of Reclamation in the spring of 1934. Mr. D. F. Hewett, who had general charge of the investigation, Mr. W. T. Schaller and Mr. M. I. Goldman contributed many helpful suggestions. Mr. N. H. Harshman assisted efficiently during the field work.

Jan 1, 1935

By Benjamin Moore

AT present the demands of the United States for strontium are met by imports from Germany, England and Canada, which vary considerably in proportions of ore and finished salts, in tonnage and in value. Statistics for the period 1926-1932 are given in Table 1. Domestic deposits are TABLE 1.-Strontium Imported into the United States, 1926-1932° Ore Chemicals Year Short Tons Value Pounds Value 1926 2,200 $58,159 5,433,044 $115,436 1927 1,356 58,711 4,233,816 149,383 1928 759 31,157 3,380,464 136,561 1929 973 45,505 4,578,327 196,233 1930 220 10,459 2,153,788 104,807 1931 (260 lbs.) 123 1,742,714 83,564 1932 5 276 469,481 20,910 a Mineral Industry (1934) 42, 61. known in many states, but the larger and purer ones are in the West, particularly in the desert region of southeastern California and western Arizona. These deposits are large enough to command interest, par-ticularly in consideration of future cheap power at the Boulder Dam. The deposits described in this paper were examined during an investi¬gation of the, mineral resources of the Boulder Dam region by the United States Geological Survey for the United States Bureau of Reclamation' in the spring of 1934. Mr. D. F. Hewett, who had general charge of the investigation, Mr. W. T. Schaller and Mr. M. I. Goldman contributed many helpful suggestions. Mr. N. H. Harshman assisted efficiently during the field work.

Jan 1, 1935

By Homer F. Staley, C. P. Karr

The casting alloy 88 copper, 10 tin, 2 zinc, commonly known in England as Admiralty metal and in this country as Government bronze, gun metal, or Naval Department composition G, has, at its best, many valuable properties. However, its physical properties are known to vary widely with slight changes in method of manufacture of the castings, such as slight variations in composition, variation in pouring temperature, kind of mold used, method of pouring and gating of molds, size and shape of castings, amount and kind of heat treatment, and so forth.' The microstructure of castings made from this alloy is influenced by slight variations of composition, rate of cooling, and kind and length of heat treatment. This is best understood by reference to the equilibrium diagram. The part of the diagram in which we are interested and the effect of the thermal equilibrium relations on the physical properties of the alloy 88 copper, 10 tin, 2 zinc, have been discussed by Hoyt, Campbell, Primrose, and Rawdon.2 In Fig. 1 is given the equilibrium diagram of the copper-tin alloys. Briefly stated, the relations of composition and temperature changes are as follows. Compositions between A and a consist of but one constit ent—the a bronze, which is a solid solution of copper and tin, rich in copper. On cooling from the molten state these compositions gradually crystallize, at temperatures above 790°, into a mass of interwoven treelike crystals or dendrites. The cores of the dendrites are rich in copper and the percentage of tin gradually increases as the surfaces are approached. AS cooling progresses, after a11 the metal has crystallized, no further changes occur in the crystals other than diffusion within the crystals, which tends to erase the dendritic pattern and to render the structure more homogeneous. * Metallurgical Ceramist, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Associate Physicist, U. 8. Bureau of Standards. A. D. Flinn: Iron. Age (1915) 96, 1292-3. C. P. Karr: U. S. Bureau of Standards Tech. Paper 59, Pt. 1. S. L. Hoyt: Enging. (1913) 96, 667-7, 704-5. William Campbell: Trans. Am. Inst. Met. (1912) 6, 158-172. H. S. Primrose: Metal Ind. (1916) 14, 202-4. H. S. Rawdon: U. S. Bureau of Standards Tech. Paper 59, Pt. 11.

Jan 1, 1921

By Alfred H. Brooks

Less than a decade ago the consumption of coal in Alaska was practically limited to the salmon canneries and the few ode-mines and settlements along the Pacific coast of the The-itory. The sparse population of the interior depended on the forests, that of the shores of Bering sea and the Arctic ocean on driftwood for fuel. All this has changed. The thousands, who have sought and mined gold on the Seward peninsula since 1898, have much impoverished the long-accumulated supply of driftwood, and at the same time the constantly increas-ng demand for fuel, on the part of the placer-camps and steamers, has resulted in heavy inroads being made on the accessible timber of the Yukon and its tributaries. While, on the one hand, the immediately available store of wood has decreased, on the other, the consumption of fuel because of the rapid expansion of the mining and fishery industries, and the attendant growth of population has much in-creased. Alaska, therefore, offers a constantly growing market or coal and other fuels. As the local coal-production has been nsignificant, the demand has been met by importations from Washington, British Columbia, and even from Pennsylvania and Australia. Fuel- Consumption. Mr. D. H. Jarvis, Collector for Alaska, has kept systematic records of the trade of the Territory since 1903. The statis-ics of the coal-importations of the past two years are shown n Table I. If data were available for a longer period of years, he increase of coal-importations would be much more striking.

Jan 1, 1906

Discussion of the paper of R. H. RICHARDS and BOYD DUDLEY, JR., presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January, 191.5, pp. 67 to 72. R. H. RICHARDS, Boston, Mass.-I believe that the manner of working for efficiency in almost all lines is to study the conditions of highest efficiency, and then to measure what is being clone. We can then see how near we have approached the highest efficiency. Spigots in practice often use many times the water theoretically needed. There are places where that is necessary for safety reasons. There are, however, places where it is unnecessary, and in these places it seems to me that this work of Mr. Dudley's will be a great help to the mill man to arrive at the greatest economy of water and highest efficiency. ALBERT R. LEDOUX, New York, N. Y.-A good many years ago I received a telegram from that distinguished engineer, Hamilton Smith, which simply said in substance: "I have discovered that liquids will flow faster from a square orifice than from a round orifice of the same area, under the same head." I wondered why he sent me the telegram, but some time afterward he told me that he had been making experiments along that line in Montana; that he thought the discovery was interesting

Jan 5, 1915

By Vsevolod Krivobok

THE re-crystallization of metals has been the subject of much scientific investigation, some of which has resulted in a better understanding of this extremely important and interesting phenomenon. Unfortunately, while many have propounded theories of re-crystallization, but a few have presented experimental evidence as to how it takes place. If this can be determined the question, why re-crystallization occurs, may be answered more definitely. Re-crystallization in single phase metals consists of a complete rearrangement and re-sizing of the grains, of which the structure is composed, while the type of structure remains the same. That is to say, if the structure before re-crystallization is composed of a number of polyhedral grains of different shape and size, a particular spot after re-crystallization will be seen to consist of grains in no way different from the original except in size and shape. The re-crystallized grains may be smaller or larger, depending on the treatment received; and, while the re-crystallization may be brought about by means of heat treatment only in passing through a critical range, yet it is common knowledge that single phase metals subjected to cold working are possessed of a tendency toward re-crystallization, even if the heating does not reach critical range. The study of re-crystallization would, of course, be much easier if we had single crystals of any metal as the original material with which to study the phenomenon of re-crystallization, since it would permit the observation of structural changes at what amounts to enormous magnification, by changing the scale of the specimen. In metals of more normal grain size the crystal boundaries introduce complications, but the process, it may be assumed, is essentially the same. Such an opportunity

Jan 2, 1926

By William G. Pariseau, H. Douglas Dahl

Recent subsidence legislation indicates that mining engineers would be welt advised to be able to predict and control surface damage caused by mine subsidence. To date, such an ability is practically nonexistent. Model analysis is suggested as one of the alternative paths available which might yield fruitful results. Similitude requirements developed for a self-loaded body in static or quasi-static equilibrium indicate that complete similitude without centrifuging is an impracticability. However, a pilot experimental study which used a simplifying assumption to correctly model mine subsidence has produced results in qualitative agreement with field observations. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion of the various approaches that can be taken in the study of mine subsidence phenomena. Particular attention is focused upon the rational selection and use of laboratory models. Broadly interpreted, mine subsidence is the deformation of the rock mass enclosing a mine. Depending upon a number of factors, the movement of the subsiding rock mass may disrupt gas and water lines or other buried utilities, damage surface structures such as buildings and bridges, dislocate streams, roads, and rail lines, aggravate acid mine drainage and fire problems, and generally mar the landscape. It is clearly a problem that no mine manager can safely ignore. It is also a problem that will grow with the general population increase. In the following discussion, a summary review of past and present approaches to subsidence studies is given. The possibilities of duplicating subsidence phenomena in laboratory models are examined, and an analysis of a particular type of model is presented. Some preliminary results obtained from a model of the particular type analyzed are then discussed. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK Historically, subsidence investigations have been empirical studies in the field and laboratory or theoretical analyses of mathematically idealized media. Empirical and theoretical work in the United States has generally lagged behind investigations abroad. In the United States, field studies are mostly pre-World War 11. These are summarized in the Mining Engineer's Handbook. ' Field studies in Europe are more recent and more extensive. Those made in Great Britain are summarized in the Subsidence Engineers Handbook2 and represent observations made at 157 different collieries. Such studies by themselves are of limited usefulness as are all empirical studies. One can never be certain that conditions at one mine will be similar enough to those at another to warrant the drawing of like conclusions. European subsidence formulas rely heavily upon the "angle of draw" and "critical area" concepts. The angle of draw is defined as the angle between a vertical line through the face, and another line extending from the face to the surface at the point where movement is zero. The critical area is defined in relation to the least extraction necessary to produce maximum subsidence. Fig. 1 illustrates the angle of draw and critical area concepts. First and second "limits of influence" are also shown. The angle of draw and associated critical area concept are obviously not well defined, being dependent upon the accuracy of the surface survey. In Great Britain, the angle of draw has increased through the years from about 26 to 35°. In the United States, zero and negative angles of draw have been reported. In the authors' opinion, these purely geometrical concepts represent an oversimplification of subsidence phenomena and their use, in the United States at least, should be discouraged. Empirical observations of laboratory models containing layers of earth, sand, clay, and plaster were made by Fayol (cited by Peele) as early as 1885. An outgrowth of his work was the "dome theory," a verbal description of what is assumed to occur in subsiding rock masses. The dome theory has since fallen into disrepute. Theoretical analyses worthy of the name treat a subsiding rock mass as a deformable body. In these analyses, the actual rock mass is replaced by an idealized material that deforms according to a simple stress-strain relationship. The stress equations of equilibrium expressing the Newtonian laws of mechanical action and the geometry of strain furnish additional equations that must be satisfied. A loading criterion-generally understood, and in some cases stated explicitly-completes the theory.

Jan 1, 1969

By O. W. Simmons, L. W. Eastwood, C. M. Craighead

Binary alloys of titanium with silver, lead, tin, nickel, copper, beryllium, boron, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, vanadium, iron, and cobalt were studied. One-half-pound ingots of the alloys were prepared in an arc furnace, employing a water-cooled copper crucible, an argon atmosphere, and a water-cooled tungsten electrode. The half-pound ingots were fabricated by forging at 1700°F in air to 1/4-in. slab, followed by hot rolling at 1450°F to 0.060-in. sheet. Tensile properties, minimum bend radii, hardnesses, response to heat treatment and aging treatment, and phase relationships were determined for these alloys. EARLY in 1947, as one phase of the evaluation of materials for Air Force Project RAND, Battelle successfully arc melted Bureau of Mines titanium and obtained a few basic properties of unalloyed titanium and several titanium-base alloys. The low density, excellent resistance to corrosion, and high tensile properties of these materials stimulated a great deal of interest among metallurgists and designers seeking better materials of construction. As a result of this early work, Battelle, under contract with the Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, has continued extensive studies of titanium alloys. The result of the first year's work is described in three papers. The present one deals with binary alloys, the second with ternary alloys, and the third paper with quaternary alloys. Melting Method The arc furnace for melting titanium and other refractory metals was developed at Battelle Institute under Air Force Project RAND. During the present work, considerable improvement has been made in the design and operation of this furnace for making small ingots of titanium and titanium alloys. The improved furnace design is illustrated by fig. 1, which shows a cross-sectional view with the dimensions of various parts and their relationship to one another. The essential features of the furnace are the inert argon atmosphere, the water-cooled copper crucible, and the water-cooled tungsten elec- trode. The melting crucible is formed by spinning 0.064-in. annealed copper sheet. A groove for an O-ring seal is spun into the flange of the crucible. A fiber gasket between the crucible flange and the water-cooled brass cover provides electrical insulation. The brass cover is fitted with a sight glass, an opening for the water-cooled electrode, and a tube through which the material is charged. Direct current is used for melting, with the positive electrical terminal connected to the water jacket and the negative terminal to the electrode. A typical heat is made in the new furnace as follows: Approximately, 0.20 lb of titanium under 2 mesh per in. and the alloy addition, if any is to be used, are placed in the bottom of the crucible. The cover is clamped on the crucible so that the O-rings make a tight seal. The remainder of the charge is placed in a glass bottle, and this is connected by a rubber hose to the charging tube of the furnace. The crucible and the charge are evacuated with a mechanical pump to a pressure below 50 mm of mercury, or less if desired, and held at this reduced pressure for 5 min. Hot water is circulated through the jacket during the evacuation period to assist in outgassing the crucible. Following the evacuation, tank argon of 99.92+ pct purity is flushed through the crucible for 5 min and then adjusted to give a positive pressure of 1 to 2 psi. During subsequent operation, an argon pressure regulator introduces only enough argon to compensate for the small leakage which occurs through a mercury trap. Re-evacuation and reflushing the melting chamber with argon produced a negligible reduction in contamination. Two 550-amp generators, connected in parallel, constitute the power source. Normally, about 800 amp are used for melting alloys which are not extremely refractory. The generators are set for 90 v open circuit and 200 amp. The arc is struck and the electrode is withdrawn to produce an arc of 23 to 26 v. This voltage is maintained while the electrode tip is moved slowly around a circle 1 in. smaller than the diameter of the ingot. The current

Jan 1, 1951

By K. R. Janowski, H. Conrad

As part of a program to establish the effect of crystal imperfections on laser output, a detailed study was made of the dislocation structure of ruby crystals obtained from varioius sources. Using KHSO4 as an etchant, a detailed mapping of the dislocation structure on the (0001) and the (1150) planes was carried out. A less extensive study was made of the rhombohedral planes. The average dislocation density on the basal plane was 1.5 to 3 x 106 cm&apos;2 and on the (1120) planes -5 x 10&apos; cm-2. Howe7!er, considerable variation existed between areas on a given plane. The subboundaries in the basal plane tended to lie along [1100] type directions while those on the (1120) plane tended to lie: a) parallel to the basal plane, b) along truces of the (1101) plane, and c) along normals to the traces of the (0001) planes. The orientations suggest that mang of the dislocations lie on the (0001), (1701), and (1150) planes A Laue back-rellection nnalysis Of c-axis wander in one crystal revealed a gradual increase in misorientation from me end of the crystal to the other, with a maximum variation of 1°35&apos;. Slight etching of a mechanically polished crystal revealed mumerous polishing scratches, suggesting the existence of a plastic flow layer. It is recognized that chromium concentration, lineage, and other crystalline imperfections play a role in the efficiency of ruby lasers.&apos; Consequently, it is desirable to establish in detail the imperfection structure of ruby crystals to be used as lasers. Some exploratory work along this line had already been done by Barnes&apos; and Dils and Martin.&apos;" How- referred to as the morphological system, as described by Kronberg.4 The Miller indices given in the present paper will be based on this morphological system. In this system, the three common growth planes are the (0001), the {1120}, and the {1101}.5 Since these planes are of high stability, it is expected that they are most suitable for study by the etch-pit technique. In the present investigation, a detailed mapping of the dislocation structure was carried out for the (0001) and the (1130) planes. A less extensive study was made of the etch-pit structure on rhombohedra1 planes. An analysis of dislocations in sapphire (the ruby host) was first made by kronberg,4 who postulated that slip on the (0001) plane occurred by motion of dislocations with Burgers vector 1/3 <1150> and that these dislocations might dissociate into quarter partials. An etch-pit technique using boiling phosphoric acid was developed by Scheuplein and Gibbs6, 7 for identifying dislocations intersecting the (0001) planes and the planes near (2021) in sapphire. Al-ford and Stephens8 were able to reveal dislocations on the (0001) and {1120} planes in sapphire and ruby by etching in fused potassium bisulfate (KHS04) at 675°C. The termini of basal dislocations [(000l), <1120>] were revealed by Palmour and Kriegel9 on {1120} and {1010} by thermally etching sapphire. Bond and Harvey10 were able to decorate dislocations in sapphire by adding 1 pet by weight of ZrO2 to the Al2O3 powder used in the growth of the crystals by the Verneuil technique and then heating the grown crystals for 4 hr at 1500°C. They found, using optical transmission microscopy, that many dislocations had straight segments which were parallel to one of the six [1120] directions in the basal plane. Single dislocation lines curved smoothly from one alignment to the other, turning through angles of 60 to 120 deg. Also observed were isolated hexagonal loops, approximately 10 µ in diameter, the sides of which lay along the same directions as did the longer dislocations. MATERIAL AND ETCHING PROCEDURE The ruby specimens used in this study (all containing approximately 0.04 pet Cr) had been obtained from four different sources: Linde Co., Meller Co., Valpey Crystal Corp., and those grown at Aerospace Corp.* For the initial phase of this study, several specimens were cut from the slab shown schematically in Fig. 1 which had previously been cut from a disk boule obtained from the Linde

Jan 1, 1964

By D. M. James, J. C. Martin

The results are presented of a study of the application of analytical methods to the solution of two-phase flow into single wells. Approximate analytical expressions for the pressure distribution in two-phase flow are found ;;; a number of conditions. The results obtained from the analytical solutions me found to be in good agreement with results obtained by finite difference techniques using a high speed digital computer. Mathematical solutions for four sets of boundary conditions are presented. All of these solutions are composed of a short-term transient plus a steady or quasi-steady state. The rates of decay of the short-lived transients are analyzed. It is found that the durations of the short-term transients may be characterized by a parameter defined as the time constant which can be determined from simple relations. It is shown also that if the outer radius is much greater than the radius of the well. the short term transients decay at rates which are proportional to the square of the exterior radius, and the rates of decay are only slightly dependent upon the radius ratio. Numerical solutions based on finite difference techniques are presented for a number of conditions. The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the predictions based on the theoretical analysis for small and moderate drawdowns. Examples involving large drawdowns indicate that the nonlinearities in the equations of flow do not appreciably alter the longevity of the short-term transients. In all cases the time required for the short-tern transients to disappear is predicted satisfactorily. INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which oil and gas flow into a single well is of vital interest to the petroleum industry. The fundamental equations of two-phase flow which describe this mechanism are nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical solutions of these equations describing pressure transients have been obtained with the aid of electronic computers. Although solutions obtained in this manner take into account a large number of effects, the reduction of this information to useful generalities is difficult. One method of obtaining generalities is the use of linearized approximations of the nonlinear equations. Since it is possible to obtain explicit solutions of the linearized equation, general properties of the role of pressure in the flow mechanism may be ascertained. Results obtained from this approach are limited to some extent by the linearizing assumptions. The severity of these limitations may be evaluated by comparing solutions of the linear equation with numerical solutions of the more exact nonlinear equations of two-phase flow. In the past considerable amount of work has been devoted to studying pressure build-up using the single-phase flow theory. Unfortunate1y, most prep sure build-up tests involve multiphase flow. A small amount of work has been done studying pressure build-up where the flow is two-phase. The encouraging results of these studies suggest that useful results may be found from additional studies of not only pressure build-up, but also the rapid transients associated with placing a well on production. This paper presents the basic theory of the pressure transients associated with placing a well on production and with closing it in. The paper is concerned chiefly with two-phase compressible flow; however, the results also apply to single-phase flow. The results are based on analytical solutions of the flow equations, and they are verified by numerical solutions using finite difference techniques. Much of the previous work on compressible flow into wells has been confined to single-phase flow. Some work has been done on compressible two-phase steady state flow, and solutions of the equations of flow have been found by finite difference techniques using high-speed computers. Muskat1 presents some rather general solutions to the equations of single-phase compressible flow into wells. Much work has been done on pressure build-up in wells (see, for example, Refs. 2-6). Almost all of the work on pressure build-up concerns single-phase flow with the exception of Ref. 5 and part of Ref. 2. Some work has been done on pressure fall-off in injection wells.718 Muskat9 presents the solution of the equations for radial steady state two-phase compressible flow. Handyl0 extends Muskat&apos;s solution to obtain

By J. R. Dawson, A. B. Kinzel

THE purpose of testing is to determine whether the material in question is identical in all essential respects with similar material which has given satisfactory service. The most common method of securing such information is to select samples as representative of the entire material and subject them to destructive tests. As the welding industry grew, service data were accumulated and tests of welds took on new significance. New tests were devised and old tests modified so as to be more pertinent to welding. Moreover, in some cases the generally accepted procedure of testing by sampling is not accorded the same degree of confidence when applied to welds as in the usual applications. Thus, in instances where great hazard would be involved should the material fail, means of non-destructive testing have been sought with favorable results. Accordingly, tests used today may be divided into two groups, destructive and non-destructive tests.

Jan 1, 1930

During the year terminating at the date for the third annual meeting of Engineering Foundation, the Board completed, its undertaking to sustain the National Research Council for one year. Assistance given in the organization of the National Research Council has been amply justified by the results. The Council is now well established in a 4¬story building at 1023 16th Street, N. W., Washington, and has recently secured another similar building near by in order to house its increasing force. The breadth, importance and volume of work done have steadily grown. Foreign offices have recently been established in London and Paris, Dr. H. A. Bumstead being in charge of the former and Dr. William F. Durand of the latter. The total expenditure by Engineering Foundation for the National Research Council was $9,036, derived partly from income of the endowment fund and partly from special gifts from Ambrose Swasey and Edward D. Adams. In May, Walter M. Gilbert was appointed Assistant Secretary of Engineering. Foundation, with headquarters in Washington, his services being contributed by the Carnegie Institution. He also became and has remained to date Assistant Secretary of the National Research Council. In September, resolutions were exchanged between the Engineering Foundation Board and the National Research Council, setting forth a policy of continuing reciprocal relationship, and a conference committee, Chairman M. I. Pupin, Dr. Charles Warren Hunt, and Gano Dunn, was appointed to inform the National Research Council of the readiness of Engineering Foundation to work upon definite problems sug-gested by the Council. No problems have yet been suggested.

Jan 5, 1918

By W. A. Mudge

This discussion will be limited to malleable, commercially pure nickel and some high-nickel alloys, containing more than 50 per cent of nickel, which are produced by The International Nickel Company, Inc. at its Huntington works, West Virginia, from electrolytic nickel or from a nickel-copper sulphide matte. The principal sources of nickel are sulphides of nickel, copper and iron, which are found in the large deposit of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite ores in the Sudbury area of Ontario, Canada. Pentlandite, a complex nickel-iron sulphide, is the nickel carrier. These ores are concentrated, roasted, and smelted to remove considerable iron and sulphur and to produce a nickel-copper sulphide matte. Separation of the component sulphides of this matte, followed by electrolytic refining, results in the production of electrolytic nickel and electrolytic copper; direct refining of a selected portion of the matte gives the nickel-copper alloy, Monel. FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS Melting of the metallic materials is done in natural gas-fired, acid furnaces of the open-hearth, or reverberatory, type, having capacities of 6 to 20 tons; in three-phase, basic, electric-arc furnaces, having capacities of 7 to 20 tons; and in basic, high-frequency induction furnaces having capacities of ½ to 3 tons. Malleable, commercially pure nickel is melted in the acid open-hearth furnace. The charge is sulphur-free, electrolytic nickel, containing 99.9 per cent nickel* and clean mill scrap. Monel, containing approximately two thirds nickel and one third copper, is produced by roasting the nickel-copper sulphide matte to an oxide, smelting the oxide with charcoal in a 20-ton, acid open-hearth furnace, adding clean mill scrap, duplexing to a 20-ton, basic, electric-arc furnace, and refining in this furnace with a lime-fluorspar, carbide slag. Inconel, containing nickel, 80 per cent; chromium, 14 and iron, 6, is melted in the 7-ton electric-arc furnace or the 3-ton induction furnace. The charge is electrolytic nickel, ferrochromium and clean mill scrap. These are the fundamental operations. High-nickel alloys are produced from one of these three materials by additions of suitable amounts of manganese, aluminum, silicon or copper. For example, the age-hardenable alloy, K Monel, is produced from Monel by the addition of approximately 3 per cent of aluminum, and D nickel is produced from nickel by the addition of approximately 4.5 per cent of metallic manganese. For conversion to rods, bars, sheet, strip, tubing and wire forms, by hot-working and cold-working operations, the molten materials are teemed into ingots ranging in size from 14 by 14 by 60 in., 3300 lb., to 36 by 36 by 48 in., 18,000 lb. All ingots are overhauled mechanically before hot working.

Jan 1, 1946

By T. Fraser, R. L. Sutherland

Under a cooperative agreement between United States Bureau of Mines and the Truax-Traer Coal Company, some operating-scale experiments have been made with the cyclone thickener in the preparation plant of the Shamrock No. 1 mine at Kayford, West Virginia. These tests were made with a 14-in. cyclone of the type developed by the Dutch State Mines in Limburg. It was applied experimentally to the thickening of solids in washery water to obtain performance data to show the range of sizes that may be recovered and other operating characteristics that would indicate the field of usefulness of this device in coal preparation practice. This is a progress report only. It covers results obtained in a series of 17 tests of the operation of what has been considered a unit of commercial size operating on suspensions of fine coal mixed with a relatively small amount of freeimpurities. The underflow material, after further dewatering in centrifuges, is a marketable grade of coal.

Jan 1, 1949

By N. H. Emmons

(Canal Zone Meeting, November, 1910.) AN interesting development of copper blast-furnace construction has been brought about in adapting the blast-furnace to be a "burner" for sulphuric acid making. When the Tennessee Copper Co. first decided to construct an acid-plant, the standard type of brick-top furnace, supported by structural steel, was the only one in use at this plant. All the tests for temperature and strength of gas had been made on these furnaces, and had been satisfactory. When, however, the acid-plant was put on the flue, and the flue had to have a damper put in it to force the gas into that plant, troubles began. The furnaces were fairly tight, and for a few months the work was quite satisfactory., Fig. 1 shows the old type of furnace-top used at the start. It was soon found that this top would not stand the temperatures, particularly when dampered back, as was necessary to force the gas into the Glover towers. The structural steel, of which the furnace skeleton was constructed, warped and twisted so badly that it was not safe to use the furnaces. This effect is shown by Fig. 2, which is a photograph of old No. 4 furnace, after the brick-work had been removed. It became apparent that a new type of top was necessary and the engineering force was started oil the design of a new furnace-top, with the result that a low top, with brick-lined flues at each end below the feed-floor, leading to the main concrete dust-chamber, was constructed. This furnace, No. 7, is shown in Fig. 3. The charging-doors are made of cast-iron sections, three sections to a door, and three doors to a side. A door to the furnace was made of cast copper, but the heat was so great that the copper bent readily, due to the jarring of its * General Manager, Tennessee Copper Co.

Feb 1, 1911

By Walter Snelling

IN the course of some experiments more than five years ago, made for a totally different purpose than the investigation of the oil used, I placed a small quantity of a transparent yellow lubricating oil in a bomb-like vessel and heated it to a relatively high temperature. At the end of the experiment I removed the oil from the vessel and was amazed to find that instead of bearing any resemblance to the oil which I had put in, it now had the appearance of ordinary crude oil. The green color by reflected light and the rich red-brown by transmitted light were so unmistakable as to at once lead to further investigation. I subjected the material to fractional distillation, and the surprise which I &apos;experienced at the appearance of the oil, changed to amazement when I found that it yielded, on distillation, 15 per cent. of gasoline and 30 per cent. of burning oil, and that its constitution resembled crude oil quite as much as did its appearance. Furthermore, the gasoline and kerosene distillates which it yielded were of a clear water-white color, entirely without treatment with acid or alkali, and were entirely free from the odor familiar in "cracked" petroleum distillates. The result of this experiment was quite too remarkable to be credited without further confirmation, and I at once filled the vessel with some of the same oil that I had used before, and again heated to about the same temperature that I had previously used, and for the same period of time. Upon opening the vessel and removing the contents I found, not the material resembling crude oil that I had obtained before, but apparently only the same oil that I had put in, somewhat darkened in color, but nevertheless far different in appearance from the material obtained in the previous experiment.

Jan 4, 1915

By J. R. FINLA

THE three great war periods of recent times involving the-chief industrial, commercial, and military nations of the world have been the following: 1. Wars centering around the French Republic and Napoleon Bonaparte, .1791-1815;. involving every nation in Europe, parts of Asia Minor and *North Africa., and the United States of America. 2. Wars in Europe, Asia, and North -America beginning with the Crimean War, 1854-56, the British Empire, France, Sardinia, and Turkey against Russia; the Sepoy rebellion in India, -1857; -war of France . and Sardinia against ..Austria in Italy, .185.9; :the Taiping rebellion in China, 1861; Civil War in , America, 1861-65; French. occupation .of .M Mexico, .1863; Prussian war against :Denmark, :1864; (Prussia and Italy against Austria sand various -south German : states, 1866; :the Franco-German War, 1870.7,1.

Jan 1, 1931

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period June 10 to July 10, 1915: Members AGTHE, FRED. THOMAS, Quarry Supt., Atlas Portland Cement Co., Hannibal, Mo. ARTHUR, WILLIAM SEYMOUR, Project Mgr., U. S. Reclamation Service, Williston, S. D. ASH, SIMON HARRY, Deputy State Mine Inspector 503 Alaska Bldg., Seattle, Wash. BALDWIN, C. KEMBLE, Second Vice-Pres. and Chicago Mgr., Robins Conveying Belt Co., 1315 Old Colony Bldg., Chicago, 111. BOGGs, WILLIAM BRENTON, Met Douglaston, L. I., N. Y. BROWN, RALPH DARE, Min.Engr., Asst. Genl. Supt., O&apos;Gara Coal Co., Harrisburg, 111. COLE, A. NEWTON Genl. Supt., Pennsy Coal l O., Clarion Pa. DAVIS, JOSEPH D., Chem Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. DEAN, DUDLEY STUART, Treas., Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., Newport Land CO., 87 Milk St., Boston, Mass.

Jan 8, 1915

By CHARLES F. DEISS

The total pipe-line runs of petroleum in Indiana during 1945 were 4,114,000 bbl., a decline of nearly 17 per cent below the estimated 4,950,000 bbl. produced in 1944. Drilling activity during the year was centered in Posey and Gibson Counties, where seven new pools were discovered in the state. Four of the pools are in Posey County-Crunk, Farmersville, Jeffries and St. Wendells East-and the other three are in Gibson County-Johnson West, Lysle and Mt. Carmel East.

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

CORROSION of tanks, pipes and other equipment in the oil fields is becoming worse as the production of high- sulfur crudes in the Texas panhandle and west Texas areas increases. It has been estimated that .in certain fields of that State one tank out of every five has to be replaced every year because of the high sulfur content of the crude. One suggested method for combating tank corrosion is the use of .materials which have a high resistance to the corrosive action of hydrogen sulfide and high-sulfur crudes; aluminum is one of these materials. As a result, the United

Jan 1, 1929