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[Univ. of Atabama-University, Alabama-Mining and Metallurgical Society. William L. Mason, Faculty Sponsor; E. C. Wright, Dept. Head. Univ. of Alaska-College, Alaska-Mining Society of the Univ. of Alaska. Douglas W. Huber, Faculty Sponsor; E. H. Beistline, Mining & Metallurgy Dept. Head; Troy L. Pewe, Geology Dept. Head; James Crawford, Chapter Counselor. Univ. of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona-Miners Society. Wiltard C. Lacy, Faculty Sponsor; J. D. Forrester, Mining & Metallurgy Dept. Head; F. W. Galbraith, Geology Dept. Head. Univ. of Catifornia-Berkeley, California-Mineral Technology Association. H. E. Hawkes; Faculty Sponsor; Joseph A: Pask, Dept. Head.]

Jan 1, 1961

Univ of Alabama-University, Alabama-Mining and Metallurgical Society William L Mason, Faculty Sponsor, E C Wright, Dept Head Univ of Alaska-College, Alaska-Mining Society of the Univ of Alaska Douglas W Huber, Faculty Sponsor, E H Beistline, Mining & Metallurgy Dept Head, Troy L Pewe, Geology Dept Head, James Crawford, Chapter Counselor Univ of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona-Miners Society Willard C Lacy, Faculty Sponsor, J D Forrester, Mining & Metallurgy Dept Head, F W Galbraith, Geology Dept Head Univ of California-Berkeley, California-Mineral Technology Association H E Hawkes, Faculty Sponsor, Joseph A Pask, Dept Head

Jan 1, 1959

By Richard W. Smith

Kyanite, long known to occur in Georgia, did not excite coimmercial interest until about 1930. Investigation1 revealed two main types of deposits: (1) separate kyanite crystals embedded in mica schist; and (2) crystal aggregates of kyanite associated with quartz in small and very irregular veins. The second kind at first sight appeared to be the best source of supply. Large boulders or dornicks of kyanite with more or less quartz were found on the surface at many places throughout the Piedmont and Highland sections of the state, but prospecting failed to disclose a sizable vein. These dornicks seem to be a surface accumulation from small veins or lens-shaped masses not more than one or two feet thick, and with a horizontal extent of not more than a few feet. 'rile larger surface accumulation of kyanite dornicks, where not too badly stained by iron oxide, may prove to be marketable, but it is extremely doubtful whether a vein large enough to mine will ever be found. In 1932 deposits of the kyanite-mica schist were known to occur in two places northwest of Clarkesville, in Habersharn County. In 1934, at the request of and in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey made a thorough investigation2 of the deposits and found that the two known areas of kyanite-mica schist in Habershain County were but a part of an unsymmetrical, U-shaped belt (Fig. 1) with a western limb extending into Rabun County and somewhat longer than the eastern limb. The total length of the belt is about 30 miles. The width of outcrop ranges from 100 ft. to 1/4 mile or more. Deposits of kyanite-mica schist of very doubtful commercial importance were found in several other counties. Only the deposits of this kyanitc-mica schist belt in Habersham and Rabun counties will bc discussed in this paper. Geology The kyanite-mica schist of Habersham and Rabun counties occurs near the northern cdge of the Piedmont Upland in metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age3. These rocks probably were deposited as sedimentary

Jan 1, 1938

By Richard W. Smith

Kyanite, long known to occur in Georgia, did not excite coimmercial interest until about 1930. Investigation1 revealed two main types of deposits: (1) separate kyanite crystals embedded in mica schist; and (2) crystal aggregates of kyanite associated with quartz in small and very irregular veins. The second kind at first sight appeared to be the best source of supply. Large boulders or dornicks of kyanite with more or less quartz were found on the surface at many places throughout the Piedmont and Highland sections of the state, but prospecting failed to disclose a sizable vein. These dornicks seem to be a surface accumulation from small veins or lens-shaped masses not more than one or two feet thick, and with a horizontal extent of not more than a few feet. 'rile larger surface accumulation of kyanite dornicks, where not too badly stained by iron oxide, may prove to be marketable, but it is extremely doubtful whether a vein large enough to mine will ever be found. In 1932 deposits of the kyanite-mica schist were known to occur in two places northwest of Clarkesville, in Habersharn County. In 1934, at the request of and in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey made a thorough investigation2 of the deposits and found that the two known areas of kyanite-mica schist in Habershain County were but a part of an unsymmetrical, U-shaped belt (Fig. 1) with a western limb extending into Rabun County and somewhat longer than the eastern limb. The total length of the belt is about 30 miles. The width of outcrop ranges from 100 ft. to 1/4 mile or more. Deposits of kyanite-mica schist of very doubtful commercial importance were found in several other counties. Only the deposits of this kyanitc-mica schist belt in Habersham and Rabun counties will bc discussed in this paper. Geology The kyanite-mica schist of Habersham and Rabun counties occurs near the northern cdge of the Piedmont Upland in metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age3. These rocks probably were deposited as sedimentary

Jan 1, 1938

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia FRANK A. ROSS Chairman. RUSH J. WHITE, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. FREDERIC KEFFER, FRANCIS A.,THOMSON.

Jan 4, 1915

Jan 3, 1953

By A. N. Rogers

Jan 1, 1883

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Mar. 1 to 15, 1914: Members ADAMS, JOHN H., Cons. Engr First National Bank Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM H., Miner 80 Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. AUSTIN, EDGAR TAYLOR, Asst. Smelter Supt., Mond Nickel Co., Ltd., Coniston, Ont., Can. BAKER, DANIEL, JR., Asst. Treas., Standard Lime & Stone Co. 524 Equitable Bldg., Baltimore, Md. BALL, MAX WAITE, Geologist U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. BARREN, HARRY B., Supt. Blast Furnaces, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. BAUMANN, HENRY N., JR., Amalgamator 365 Lynn St., Seattle, Wash. BLACK,, THOMAS B., Min. Engr Care Vulture Mines Co., Wickenburg, Ariz. BRADT, HARLAN H 429 West 111th_ St, New York, N. Y.

Jan 4, 1914

By H. W. McQuaid, E. W. Ehn

It is usually assumed that chemical specifications are sufficient for steel to be used for case carburizing, and if the steel analyzes within the ordinary limits specified for steel for this purpose, no difficulty traceable to the steel used should be encountered in obtaining satisfactory results in the case carburizing and hardening. Much work has been done to determine the effect of various alloying elements on the rate of carbon penetration, etc. but, to our knowledge, little if anything has been published in regard to the effeet of the quality of the steel on the final results in the hardening of case-carburized steel parts. The writers believe that the structure of the case both before and after quenching is greatly affected by the actual condition of the steel itself as made, and that for good results in the case-carburizing and hardening departments, the steel should be of the best possible quality as regards non-metallic impurities. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the presence of excess dissolved oxides in the steel, as made in the melting furnace, affects permanently the results obtained in carburizing and hardening and that it is possible that the presence of dissolved oxide call result in total unfit-ness of low-carbon steel for case hardening purposes. When races and rolls for roller bearings are made from a low-carbon steel, case carburized and hardened, it is of primary importance that the results of this treatment be of the highest quality. It is necessary, therefore, that in the case-carburizing work each detail be rigorously checked to avoid any defects which would cause the loss of much time and material. The case carburizing with which this paper deals was done in under-fired oil furnaces. The temperature of each furnace is controlled by means of a platinum platinum-rhodium thermocouple, in connection with a potentiometer indicator and potentiometer recorder. The temperature of each furnace is registered every 15 min. by an operator, who is continually checked by the automatic recorders.

Jan 1, 1922

By H. W. McQuaid, E. W. Ehn

It is usually assumed that chemical specifications are sufficient for steel to be used for case carburizing, and if the steel analyzes within the ordinary limits specified for steel for this purpose, no difficulty traceable to the steel used should be encountered in obtaining satisfactory results in the case carburizing and hardening. Much work has been done to determine the effect of various alloying elements on the rate of carbon penetration, etc. but, to our knowledge, little if anything has been published in regard to the effeet of the quality of the steel on the final results in the hardening of case-carburized steel parts. The writers believe that the structure of the case both before and after quenching is greatly affected by the actual condition of the steel itself as made, and that for good results in the case-carburizing and hardening departments, the steel should be of the best possible quality as regards non-metallic impurities. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the presence of excess dissolved oxides in the steel, as made in the melting furnace, affects permanently the results obtained in carburizing and hardening and that it is possible that the presence of dissolved oxide call result in total unfit-ness of low-carbon steel for case hardening purposes. When races and rolls for roller bearings are made from a low-carbon steel, case carburized and hardened, it is of primary importance that the results of this treatment be of the highest quality. It is necessary, therefore, that in the case-carburizing work each detail be rigorously checked to avoid any defects which would cause the loss of much time and material. The case carburizing with which this paper deals was done in under-fired oil furnaces. The temperature of each furnace is controlled by means of a platinum platinum-rhodium thermocouple, in connection with a potentiometer indicator and potentiometer recorder. The temperature of each furnace is registered every 15 min. by an operator, who is continually checked by the automatic recorders.

Jan 1, 1922

By D. Coutsouradis, L. Habraken, P. Nicolaides

The TTT curves of 0.1 pct C, 13 pct Cr steels containing up to 12 pct Co have been determined in order to establish whether the effect of cobalt is similar to that observed m plain carbon steels. It is shown that cobalt increases the incubation time and decreases the transformation rate, though not in an uniform way. The bainitic transfornation is displaced to lower temperature and overlaps partially the martensitic zone. ThE effect of cobalt on the transformation of a plain carbon austenite has been studied by many investi-gators.'-3 It was shown that cobalt displaces the TTT curves to shorter times and diminishes the harden-ability. The interpretations given for this effect of cobalt are conflicting. According to E. Houdremont,4 cobalt increases the transformation rate of austenite because it increases the diffusion of carbon as shown in the experiments of E. Houdremont and H.Schrader,' R.Smoluchowski,5 and M. Blanter.6 On the other hand, M. Hawites and R. Mehl3 deny on the basis of their own experiments any effect of cobalt on the diffusion of carbon and they assume that an explanation should be found in an eventual effect of cobalt on the mechanism of nucleation and growth of pearlite. W. C. Hagel, G. M. Pound, and R. F. Mehl7 have shown by calorimetric measurements that cobalt increases the free energy of the austenite-pearlite transformation in an eutectoid steel and this result explains qualitatively the observed effect of cobalt on the rate of nucleation and growth of pearlite. The purpose of this research was to see by determination of TTT curves, if this same effect exists in 13 pct Cr steels. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The preparation of the alloys was carried out in an

Jan 1, 1960

By Persifor Frazer

I DESIRE to say that, owing to the number of papers which have been more or less crowded at this session of the Institute, and the fact that, as one of the Local Committee, I have the distinguished honor to feel somewhat like one of the hosts, I should not tax the patience of members at this late hour, but would have my paper read by title were it in any way possible to do this. But the task I have set myself this evening is to present to the eyes of the members of the Institute certain objects which have occupied more or less of my time during the last eighteen months or two years. The objects I allude to are some of the igneous rocks of this country, which, until quite recently, have been less understood than any others. It will be well known to some of the members that some of the cooled lavas of a previous age of our planet, when not directly coarsely crystalline and granular, were considered and spoken of as " natural glasses," or perfectly uncrystalline, vitreous, or hyaline masses of matter. Among the first results of the use of the microscope was the dispersion of this fallacy. Sir David Brewster, Mr. H. C. Sorby, and William Nichol (the discoverer of the celebrated calcite prism, which bears his name), had, with greater or less success, examined sections of various rocks and minerals, both by transmitted and reflected light, and also in the form of powder. But, until the genius of Vogelsang undertook the subject, these investigations had no permanent value, nor did they constitute an independent line of mineralogical and geological research. Since the close of his labors, by Vogelsang's premature and much-lamented death, the subject has been made one of renewed interest by his brother-in-law, Ferdinand Zirkel, as well as by Rosenbusch, Tschermak, and many others abroad, and at home by the commencement of a systematic study of the traps of Connecticut by Messrs. E. D. Dana and G. W. Hawes, of New Haven, and by the splendid set of described sections of the traps of the West which have been furnished by Zirkel to illustrate Clarence King's report. I had the honor of presenting a large number of thin sections of our traps at the Washington meeting, for the inspection of the members, with the aid of a table microscope belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. Here I propose to project these sections upon the

By M. Cohen, D. J. Blickwede

Quantitative observations concerning the carbide phases in high speed steel are of importance for two general reasons: (1) the carbides, being inevitable constituents of the final structure, exert a direct influence on the properties of the steel; and (2) a substantial proportion of the total alloy content is tied-up in the carbides, and hence the extent of their solution on austenitizing governs the composition of the steel matrix. The latter relationship has a vital bearing on the response of the steel to tempering as well as on its performance in subsequent service. Accordingly, in the course of a long-term study of the behavior of high speed steels, the authors were confronted with the problem of securing quantitative data on the carbide phases. The obvious method for acquiring such information is to isolate the car-bides from the steel and subject them to chemical, X ray diffraction and other measurements. There are well-known extraction techniques which involve the chemical or electrolytic solution of the less noble matrix (ferrite, marten-site or austenite), thus leaving a residue of the carbide phases. However, the results obtained must be scrutinized carefully1,2 since the carbides may be affected by the chemical or electrolytic action. It is the purpose of the present paper to describe the experiments leading to an electrolytic-extraction technique for quantitatively isolating the carbides from both I and hardened high speed steel. Particular attention is paid to the amount, as well as the composition, of the carbides so that the matrix analysis becomes ascertainable by subtraction from the overall steel composition. Illustrative results are given for the M-2 grade of tungsten-molybdenum steel. Review of the Literature The chemical method of dissolving the matrix selectively with respect to the carbides makes use of dilute non- oxidizing reagents such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. Although this simple procedure has led to the determination of the cementite composition,3,4 it achieved only limited success because of the interaction between the acid and the carbide residue. Some of the carbides may not only be destroyed in this way, but the hydrogen released is likely to remove part of their carbon as hydrocarbon gases. The electrolytic technique of isolating carbides has the advantage of rapidly dissolving the specimen (anode) in the presence of less reactive solutions than are practicable with the chemical method. This reduces the possibility of chemical attack on the carbides, and furthermore, the hydrogen evolved during the electrolysis is released at the cathode which is not in close proximity to the carbides. The common electrolytes adopted for this purpose are hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.5-l1 Aqueous solutions of ferrous salts have also been used.12,13 A considerable advance in experimental technique was introduced by Treje and Benedicks14 who developed a double-compartment cell for electrolytic extraction, the anode and cathode chambers being separated by a porous diaphragm. A solution of 15 pct sodium citrate, 2 pct potassium bromide and 1 pct potassium iodide was selected for the anolyte, while the catholyte consisted of a 10 pct solution of copper sulphate, with copper serving as the cathode. This type of cell has a number of desirable characteristics: 1. The anolyte has a pH value close to 7, at least at the beginning of the run. 2. The iron that dissolves from the anode-specimen forms a water-soluble complex ion with the citrate, thereby preventing the precipitation of iron hydroxide (which would contaminate the carbide residue) despite the neutrality of the solution. 3. Copper deposition instead of hydrogen evolution occurs at the cathode, and this avoids an increasing concentration of hy-droxyl ions which (in an otherwise neutral solution) might cause the precipitation of insoluble hydroxides. 4. Contamination of the anode chamber by copper sulphate is inhibited by the porous diaphragm. Houdremont and coworkers15 applied the above method (with the further refinement of excluding oxygen during the electrolysis, washing and drying) to the extraction of carbides from a series of plain carbon steels after various heat treatments. They had quantitative success only with specimens in the annealed condition, and concluded that the size and shape of the carbide particles play an important role in the isolation process, with large spheroids exhibiting the least tendency to decompose during the electrolysis. Up to the present time, the citrate double-cell has not been used to any extent for isolating the carbides of high alloy steels, apparently on the grounds that the complex carbides are more resistant than cementite to attack in the simpler acid electrolytes. In particular, Bain and Grossmann7 and Gulyaev10.10a have employed the hydrochloric acid cell for their investigations of the carbides in high speed steel.* It will be demonstrated here that this type of cell is capable of yielding quantitative results in the case of high speed steel, and actually has certain advantages over the more complicated double cell. However, in order to provide a rigorous test of the quanti-tativeness of electrolytic procedures for the problem at hand, both methods were studied in considerable detail.

Jan 1, 1950

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS, Montreal, Canada. 1933. KARL EIKERS New York, N. Y. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1941. DANIEL COWAN JACKLING San Francisco, Calif. 1939. HENRY KRUMB New York, N. Y. 1921. C. McDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1935. ROBERT PEELE New York, N. Y. 1938. A.M. PORTEVIN Paris France 1937. JOHN V.W. REYNDERS, New York, N. Y. 1937. GEORGE S. RICE Washington, D. C. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1934. T.A. RICKARD Victoria, B.C., Canada

Jan 1, 1941

By John Gillie

PRioR to the year 1902 electricity was used in the Butte district only for lighting, for the tramming of ores on the surface, and for the electrolytic refining of copper. In that year the Canyon Ferry hydro-electric plant on the Missouri river, with a transmission line to Butte and Anaconda, was completed, and enabled the mining operators to purchase electric current in large quantities at reasonable rates, and its application and use in the various mining operations and reduction works proceeded rapidly. The principal applications of electric current in metal mining may be listed as follows: Compressing air for hoisting. Compreeaing air for rock drills and pneumatic tools. Pumping. Ventilating. Lighting. Tramming. Compressing air for blast furnaces and converters Running shop and miscellaneous motors. Compressed Air for Hoisting. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. operates 22 mine shafts and plants at Butte. Of these, 15 are large plants and hoists, through which most of its ores are hoisted. In 1912 this company commenced using compressed air in place of steam, in operating a number of its large hoists, and at this date has 10 main hoisting engines and 10 auxiliary hoists driven by compressed air. The compressed air is furnished from a central plant containing six compressors, each having a capacity of 7,500 cu. ft. of free air per minute compressed to 90 lb. pressure in large receivers, and conducted by suitable pipe lines to the various hoists, the air being reheated before passing to the engines. Each of these compressors is driven by a 1,200-h.p. synchronous motor, directly attached to the drive shaft, and takes electric current at 2,200 volts. Two additional compressors are being installed,

Jan 1, 1914

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period April 1 to 15. William B. McKinley, New York, N. Y Collier Cobb, Chapel Hill, N. C. C. W. Goodale, Butte, Mont. E. P. Fleming, Guayacan, Chile. D. C. Brown, San Luis Potosi, Mex. Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. W. H. Rettie, Yonkers, N. Y. H. M. La Follette, La Follette, Tenn. Mark B. Kerr, San Francisco, Cal. E. Fleming L'Engle, New York, N. Y. H. W. Turner, San Francisco, Cal. H. Garlichs, St. Louis, Mo. Frank M. Leland, Mackay, Idaho. Henry Hay, London, England. Sir Robert Hadfield, London, Eng. Edward J. Way announces that his agreement as consulting engineer in South Africa for the Anglo-French Exploration Co., Ltd., having terminated, he will engage in professional consulting work with headquarters at 135 Cullinan Buildings, Simmonds St., Johannesburg, South Africa.

Jan 5, 1914

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Sept. 10 to Oct. 10, 1914: James D. Mooney, Akron, Ohio. J. Kojima, Ashio Copper Mine, Japan. Bernard A. Wilkinson, Guadalajara, H. Starkweather, Cripple Creek, Colo. Mexico. S. S. Langley, New York, N. Y. A. B. Parsons, Candor, N. C.. J. H. Warder, Chicago, Ill. Arthur Feust, Santo Domingo, Nicaragua. Lloyd T. Buell, Butte, Mont. G. B. Marshall, New York, N. Y. George R. Rogers, Gowganda, Canada. Henry Krumb, Salt Lake City, Utah. H. 0. Hammond, Douglas, Ariz. Herbert S. Kohlberg, El Paso, Texas. Percy E. Hohne, El Oro, Mexico. Wilbur L. Cross, Jr., Glen Carbon, Pa. Percy E. Barbour, Candor, N. C. Thomas H. Leggett, formerly-in charge of the mining interests of the American Smelting & Refining Co., has resumed practice as consulting engineer with offices in the Singer Building, New York, N. Y.

Jan 11, 1914

D EC. 20-The spirit of Christmas and good will toward men has managed a few brief appearances on the front pages, welcome relief from man's usual ill-will toward man. A couple politicos did their best to brighten the scene by well-publicized romances. There was a general exodus to Florida to patch up nervous systems, and even the UNO quieted down as Mr. Vyshinsky departed for home via Eastern Germany. Before going he opened up a preliminary bombardment for the worldwide "communist peace offensive," and it is now the duty of the 600 million (according to the Cominform) ideological converts to press home the attack. In Washington, Mr. Lilienthal resigned as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and demonstrated again the difficulty of government to retain the services of capable men. The President has yet to appoint another victim- possibly someone nicely noncontroversial and timid. So might the critics be appeased, but it would bode ill for the rapid exploitation of peaceful uses of atomic energy, the relaxation of excessive secrecy, wider sharing of developmental work with friendly nations and possible revision of the Acheson-Lilienthal proposals for inter- national control of the atomic bomb.

Jan 1, 1950

By Richard E. Chism

If internal commotion can be called life, the Mexicans have certainly lived more in the last seventy-five years than any other people. To the oppression of the Spanish viceroys succeeded the sanguinary tumults of the Revolution of Independence, after which the Supreme Congress bequeathed its heritage of uncertain power to the empire of Iturbide, the only one ever established by Americans upon American soil, with an American at its head. That shortlived reign mas followed by years of ceaseless, bloody, and, to the superficial observer, meaningless revolutions—the deeper political and ecclesiastical significance of which it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss. Then came foreign intervention, the ill-fated Austrian's brief supremacy, and the final triumph of the patriot cause under rugged old Benito Juarez, who crowned the victory of arms by a series of reforms breaking forever the temporal power of the Church and ushering in the calmer era which has lasted from the first accession of Diaz to the present day. During all those troublous times, the revolutionary ocean, that rolled so deeply over all other relics of Spanish dominion, had left almost unaltered the ancient laws of Spain, still lifting themselves above the tide, like landmarks of a flooded world. Many of these laws were obsolete ; some were absurdly inadequate to the demands

Jan 1, 1886

Discussion of the paper of GEORGE K. BURGESS and SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 455 to 468. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Cambridge, Mass.-There is a definiteness and finality in the investigations that have been conducted by the Bureau of Standards and in the method of presenting the results that is most satisfactory and refreshing.. A year ago Dr. Burgess and his co-workers investigated the question of critical points in carbonless iron, and they settled the question once for all. No one can now claim that the thermal point A2 in carbonless iron does not exist. At the past meeting of this Institute in Pittsburgh, Dr. Burgess showed the worthlessness of the shrinkage clause. To my mind after his demonstration no one can again claim that the shrinkage clause renders any service. He also showed us that it was a practicable proposition to use pyrometers in steel work in order to ascertain the finishing temperatures of rails. No one can again come before this body and make the claim that it is not a practical proposition. And now Dr. Burgess shows us that steel ingots can be made in a commercial way, practically free from pipe, from segregation, aid from blow holes. It places again before us in a very clear manner the question of piped ingots and of segregation, a question which has been debated for 20 years or more. I know very well the attitude of the standpatters in the matter. They claim that most of the pipe is removed in the discard, and that if a little is left it is so thoroughly welded that it does no harm. I for one am not convinced of the soundness of the argument. I do not believe there is any one present who would claim that, given an ingot free from pipe, free from segregation, and free from blow holes, better rails will not be made out of that ingot than out of the ordinary piped or segregated metal which is used by almost all of our steel mills. In my opinion, if we give our sanction to the casting of steel in the shape of piped or segregated steel ingots, we are guilty. If we give our sanction to the rolling of rails from such metal, we are guilty. It is our duty as experts, as steel makers, and as steel consumers to make and to use the best steel obtainable on a commercial basis, for the manufacture of rails. Now, we have been shown that sound ingots can be produced from which superior rails can be made. If we do not insist upon these sound ingots, then we fail in our duty. I think that the art of casting steel ingots has advanced to such a point that the casting of steel ingots piped and segregated ought no longer to be tolerated.

Jan 5, 1915