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By Paul C. Lingo

Two recent antitrust cases, coming from widely separated areas, different industries and involving wholly different facts were decided by the Supreme Court on June 7, 1965. The decisions in these two cases may well prove to be the most important and far-reaching decisions in the field of labor law that have been handed down in the last 24 years. These cases, although quite dissimilar factually, had one common element. In both, the gravamen of the antitrust violation was bottomed on the terms of labor agreements negotiated by a multiemployer group. These cases are usually referred to as Pennington1 and Jewel Teat. Since a number.-of references will be made to the antitrust laws, it may be well to state briefly the applicable portions. Section I of the Sherman Antitrust Act makes "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal...". Section 2 imposes criminal sanctions against "Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several states...". Under Section 4 of the Clayton Act a person who sustains damages as a result of a violation of the antitrust laws is entitled to recover treble damages plus costs.

Jan 1, 1965

In this paper, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the experimental conditions for the wet grinding of synthetic rutile. The effects of parameters such as rotation speed, solids concentration and duration of grinding on grinding efficiency were systematically investigated and the process conditions were optimized, using a nonlinear regression model based on central composite design. The statistical analysis of the results showed that in the range studied, the grinding efficiency of synthetic rutile was significantly affected by the rotation speed of the conical ball mill. According to results from analysis of variance, the value of the determination coefficient (R2=0.9989) indicates that the predicted values are found to be in good agreement with experimental values. The optimized experimental conditions were as follows: a rotation speed of 350 rpm, a solids concentration of 27.31% and a grinding time of 50.31 min, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the predicted grinding efficiency of 94.79% is obtained. The experimental values from the validation experiments were well within the predicted value of the model.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. D. Miller

The effects of operating variables on water transport to the over- flow, classification of hydrophilic particles and the recovery of copper and molybdenum from a low-grade porphyry ore are presented. Recoveries of copper and molybdenum exceeding 90 percent at a grade of 8 percent Cu and 0.2 percent Mo were realized for minus 100 mesh (1 49 µm) material at retention times of less than 500 milliseconds. The rapid rate of flotation and the effective separation of fine particles for an air sparged hydrocyclone appear to be due to directed interaction of particles in a high force field with numerous freshly formed small bubbles. This interaction occurs in the swirl flow developed by the system and is analyzed in terms of collision and induction time phenomena.

Jan 1, 1982

By Byron R. Berger

Disseminated Au-As-Hg mineralization is localized along the Getchell Fault system at the Getchell Mine in north-central Nevada. Replacement ore bodies occur in Cambrian carbonaceous limestone and limy shale beds. Cretaceous granodiorite, dacite porphyry, and andesite porphyry dikes parallel the fault zone and are spatially associated with the mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization occur continuously along 4-5 km of the fault system, and extend more than 1 km down-dip. Alteration consists primarily of removal of carbonate and deposition of quartz, pyrite, and carbonaceous material. Marcasite, sericite, kaolinite, calcite, barite, and fluorite are common. Gold content reaches more than 43 ppm in parts of the altered zones and averaged 9.3 ppm in the mined ore bodies. For the mineralized zones as a whole arsenic averages 0.28%, and occurs primarily as realgar, orpiment, and arsenopyrite. Mercury (22 ppm) is finely disseminated and mercury-bearing minerals are seldom recognizeable. Accessory mineralization includes antimony (100 ppm), copper (47 ppm) , lead (18 ppm) , molybdenum (10 ppm) , tungsten (16 ppm) , and zinc (50 ppm) . Geologic field studies and K-Ar dating suggest that the mineralization is related to a hydrothermal system produced by the granodiorite and related dikes.

Jan 1, 1975

By C. A. Born

AMAX Inc. climax's mine-mill complex at Climax, Colorado is best known for its molybdenite production: 50,000 TPY of molybdenite flotation concentrate (95% MoS2) from mill heads containing 0.35% molybdenite. Less recognized are the byproducts that are concentrated from the tails generated in the rougher flotation circuit (see Figure 1). Climax recovers a heavy mineral concentrate by passing the rougher tailings from molybdenite flotation over Humphrey spirals (Figure 2a). This concentrate is floated using xanthate at pH 4 to remove sulfides, principally pyrite. The tails from the pyrite float are then cleaned of quartz, feldspar and light minerals by tabling (Figure 2b). Amine flotation follows at pH 1.5 and 75°C to float monazite (Figure 2c). The present circuit at Climax dries the monazite flotation tailings and utilizes high intensity cross-belt magnetic separation Figure 2d) to generate a high grade wolframite concentrate and a low-grade cassiterite product, both of which are contaminated with the mineral brannerite, (UO, TiO, UO2)TiO3. The uranium specifications have recently become difficult to meet due to the increasing percentage of brannerite reporting in the mill feed. A plant is being built utilizing hot sulfuric acid and sodium chlorate to leach this uranium from the monazite flotation tailings prior to their being fed to the wolframite- cassiterite magnetic separators. This modification is the subject of our paper.

Jan 1, 1975

By Paul M. Jr. Musgrove, Thomas D. Henderson, Mark B. Nesbitt

Introduction History. Vat leaching operations began in October 1953. Since that time, about 4.2 million tpy of oxide ore averaging 0.72% copper have been treated. Economic conditions, improved operating methods, and increased production facilities have allowed the ore grade to be reduced over the years. The average ore grade was 0.84% Cu during the 1950s, 0.68% in the 1960s, and was 0.50%, or below, during the 1970s. By 1961 some 35 million tons of oxide ore had been removed from the mine, exposing the underlying sulfide ore body. A 5,000¬ tpd concentrator was constructed and put into operation to treat the sulfide ore in November 1961.1 The original crushing plants were used for both oxide and sulfide ores, but by adding a third crushing shift, six days per week, the total ore treated was raised from 12,000¬17,000 tpd. Dwindling oxide ore reserves prompted expansion of the concen¬trator to 13,500 tpd in 19672 so that exhaustion of known reserves of both ores would occur at nearly the same time. Again, no additional crushing facilities were added during the expansion. It was anticipated that the treatment rate of oxide ore would be reduced from 12,000 to about 9,000 tpd. Instead, the addition of two crushing shifts per week and improved operating procedures have increased the treatment rate to 26,500 tpd-13,000 tpd to the leaching plant and 13,500 tpd of sulfide ore treated in the concentrator. Geology. The Yerington ore body is a disseminated porphyry copper deposit where a quartz monzonite porphyry intrusive contains the major part of the ore values, with some copper mineralization found in the adjacent granodiorite and other rocks. The geology of the Yerington Mine was aptly described by J. R. Wilson (Mining Congress Journal, June 1963). The ore body is one of few porphyries where geologic conditions were optimum for the formation of an important concentration of oxidized ore with minimum economic effect of secondary enrichment. The principal mineral in the oxidized zone is chrysocolla, which irreg¬ularly occurs dispersed throughout the rock and as narrow seams along fissures. The grade of the ore in the oxidized zone is generally the same as in the primary sulfide below, although some massive concentrations do occur as vein-like fissures and as filling of breccia zones. Cuprite, tenorite, melaconite, malachite, and azurite occur but are not abundant. Lying between the chrysocolla horizon and the primary sulfide is a transition zone whose limits are irregular but seldom with vertical range exceeding 50 ft. Chalcocite, cuprite, melaconite, native copper, and chrysocolla occur superimposed on the primary sulfides. Chalcocite replacement of chalcopyrite, as well as secondary chalcocite, do occur. The primary sulfide minerals are chalcopyrite and pyrite, with minor amounts of bornite and covellite. There are no appreciable gold or silver values, and molybdenite has rarely been noted.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. G. Pippenger

Rio Tinto Coal Australia (RTCA) developed Meandu Mine in Queensland, Australia in 1983 to supply thermal coal to the adjacent newly constructed Tarong Power Station (TPS). In designing the mine, RTCA selected Meandu?s best economic reserves for a 25-year life based on station owner Tarong Energy Corporation?s (TEC?s) estimated life for TPS. That 25-year plan changed dramatically in the early 2000s when TEC approved life extensions to TPS?s four existing units plus construction of a fifth unit. After reviewing Meandu?s remaining reserves, RTCA decided the nearby Kunioon reserve offered the more economic option for maintaining deliveries beyond 2010. Those plans changed yet again in 2007 when TEC chose to purchase the Meandu Mine and nearby reserves rather than extend RTCA?s contract. TEC then selected Thiess Pty Ltd (Thiess) to continue operating Meandu until the new mine at Kunioon could be developed.

Jan 1, 2011

By P. W. Conrad, C. Todd, N. A. Degerstrom, N. West, R. Kramer

"Surface subsidence caused by underground room-and-pillar mining operations and by solution mining operations have been studied separately but never in combination. In 2008, FMC Minerals began using solution mining at its Westvaco Mine as a secondary extraction method in an area that had been previously mined using the room-and-pillar mining method. Mining regulations require that subsidence associated with underground mining activities be monitored and measured annually. Using Salt_Subsid, a subsidence software package from the Solution Mining Research Institute, and ArcGIS, Esri's mapping platform, researchers at Montana Tech were able to develop a relationship between measured surface mine subsidence and solution mining that can be used at the Westvaco Mine to estimate the production of trona from solution mining operations. Project backgroundFMC Minerals has increased the production of trona from its Westvaco Mine near Green River, WY, using solution mining as a secondary extraction method in an area previously mined using the room-and-pillar method. The area of interest was mined until 2001 with the use of a borer miner at a depth of approximately 488 m (1,600 ft). Currently, FMC determines the amount of trona produced using its solution mining operations by measuring the dissolved solids pumped from the mine. This approach, however, does not account for the location from which the trona was removed.The location from which the trona is removed and the size of the cavern created by the solution mining operations are important to FMC’s mine planning. FMC believed that with proper investigation of the subsidence at the Westvaco test site, a correlation might be found between surface subsidence measurements and the amount and location of trona production from the solution mining activities. The primary goal of this project, conducted by Montana Tech, was to find relationships between the measured subsidence and the solution mining activities. The project attempted to develop an equation that could be used to predict solution trona production based on measured subsidence. The project attempted to model the relationship between the measured surface subsidence and solution mining production using Salt_Subsid, an existing subsidence software package from the Solution Mining Research Institute (SMRI, Clarks Summit, PA) to estimate the location, size and shape of the solution mining cavern. This study would determine the program’s usefulness for locating and developing the cavern created by secondary solution mining activities. The subsidence and production data sets used in this study were collected over a seven-year period from 2008 through 2014."

Jan 4, 2018

By Roger Storry, Arnaud Hochart, David Harris, Olivier Martin

"INTRODUCTIONThe Port of Miami Tunnel (POMT), designed and constructed by Bouygues Civil Works Florida between 2009 and 2014, was a Public Private Partnership between the Miami Access Tunnel Concessionaire, Florida Department of Transport, Miami-Dade County and the City of Miami. The project comprises dual 11.3m internal diameter, 1.27km long, twin lane road tunnels running between Watson and Dodge islands under the main shipping channel in Biscayne Bay. Five cross passages (CPs), spaced at 200m centre to centre, provide emergency access between the two tunnels, as shown in Figure 1.The CPs were constructed by open-face excavation methods but the particular geological conditions at the project site (loose and variable carbonate sedimentary strata with very high permeability) required specific ground treatment solutions to provide safe excavation conditions and to ensure the long term serviceability of the permanent works construction. Where access allowed, ground treatment was performed from the ground surface using deep-mixing techniques; however, at two locations (CP2 and CP3) surface access was restricted and ground treatment by freezing, performed from the tunnels, was required. The CPs are 12.3m long with an excavation diameter of 5.8m and are located up to 30m below the water table partly or wholly within the Key Largo limestone (termed Layer S7 in the ground model). Layer S7 is a coralline limestone having a metastable honeycomb structure and high variable porosity. At CP2 the upper portion of the excavation was within the overlying Anastasia Formation limestone (Layer S6), comprising a highly permeable coquina. The geological profile along the project is shown in Figure 2.This paper presents aspects of the freeze design and the risk mitigation necessary to successfully achieve the construction of the CPs in the unique geological conditions."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Board, C. Alexander, M. Ramström, W. Johnson

"Hecla - Lucky Friday is an underground mine that has been in operation for 75 years and produces from depths over 2.3 kilometers (7,500 ft) below the surface. Technical issues at this depth include high rock temperature and seismicity. The use of new innovative mechanization is being examined for ore production. Principal advantages of mechanization are the reduced exposure of personnel, reduced seismic triggers, and increased efficiency. Lucky Friday has partnered with Atlas Copco to design, build, test, and deploy a mechanical miner for primary ore production. We will discuss the background, concept, development and deployment strategy for a mechanical miner. BACKGROUND The Coeur d’Alene mining district in northern Idaho was first discovered over 130 years ago and has been the most prolific silver producer in the US. The Lucky Friday mine of Hecla Mining Company (Figure 1) is the oldest (76 years) and deepest mine in the district, producing approximately 725 tonne per day (800 tons per day) from narrow, vertical lead-zinc-silver veins. Cut and fill stoping is currently employed at depths to about 2.3 km (7,500 ft) below ground surface, making it one of the three deepest mines in the western hemisphere. The #4 Shaft, a winze collared at approximately 1.8 km (5,900 ft) below surface and extending to a depth of nearly 2.9 km (9,600 ft), was recently completed to exploit the high-grade 30 Vein, whose resource has been identified to at least 3 km (9,700 ft) in depth.As with other deep mines worldwide, a number of challenging engineering issues occur, including: high in situ rock stress, squeezing ground, seismicity, high in situ rock temperature that requires refrigeration, diesel equipment that generates diesel particulate matter (DPM) requiring high ventilation airflow rates, and long travel times for worker transport to mining areas."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. R. Taylor

A review of the advantages and disadvantages of plasma technology for metal and mineral wastes is presented. Examples of the use of plasma systems are given and possible future uses are outlined. Among the potential uses are treatment of electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts, the vitrification of nuclear wastes and the removal of toxic metals. Over the past few decades, plasma technology has been studied for potential applications over a wide range of metals/materials processing areas. One promising area of plasma technology applications is the treatment of industrial hazardous waste. The potential generation of hazardous and toxic waste by various industries has become a matter of public and political awareness. Environmental regulations have put stringent toxicity emission limits on disposable waste streams. An intensive research effort is currently underway in the area of hazardous waste treatment.

Jan 1, 1994

By AMIT SHARMA, BIBHUTI BHUSAN MANDAL

Operators of mining vehicles are exposed to high levels of whole-body vibration (WBV) and are therefore at risk of developing vibration-related health disorders. For implementing an effective control strategy, it is imperative to locate the source(s) of vibration, and the specific changes that might occur to the vibration signals during its transmission through the seats to the recipient human body. With this objective, Seat Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (SEAT) values of seat modules used in dumpers (n = 10) and other heavy earth-moving machines (n = 11) were evaluated in an iron ore mine. Vibration was measured simultaneously on the seat and on the cabin floor beneath the seat using tri-axial and uni-axial accelerometers. The study aims at determining the quality of seat modules of the transport and non-transport vehicles from the perspective of their natural resonance frequencies and capability of any such seat in reducing harmful vibration. The highest acceleration values were observed in the z-axis for all the dumpers. SEATrms values ranged from 78 to 133% and SEATvdv values ranged from 72 to 130% for the dumpers. For other HEMMs, SEATrms values ranged from 55 to 125% and SEATvdv values ranged from 56 to 123%. Mechanical vibration contains multiple frequency components. To understand the changes taking place to the different signals at these frequencies, 1/3 octave band analysis was carried out for the signals recorded both on the seat and the floor. There was significant attenuation (38 to 57%) at 4 Hz for three Dumper seats, whereas they resonated in the range of 1.6–2.5 Hz. The transmissibility(%) in the resonating frequencies ranged from 108 to 156%. Resonance frequencies for the remaining seven dumpers ranged from 3 to 8 Hz. The spine has been reported to resonate at 4 Hz, whereas resonance at 1.6 Hz has little significance to human beings in regard to WBV of a seated person. Hence, the characteristic resonant frequency of 4 Hz of seats as observed in the present study has the potential of causing adverse impacts on spinal health. Evaluation of SEAT factors and resonance characteristics of seats are therefore recommended to be examined while selecting a mining vehicle for regular deployment in mines.

Mar 12, 2021

By Thibaut Pannetier, Damien Rogat, Catherine Larive, André Regnard, David Chamoley

"INTRODUCTION For several decades, the use of fibre-reinforced sprayed concrete (FRSC) has been becoming increasingly widespread, either as a replacement for or in addition to traditional reinforcements. Macro-synthetic fibres appeared on the market at the same time as metal fibres (in the 1980s), but their use has developed more recently in France, starting in the early 2000s. While their properties are attractive for underground operations, their long-term performance remains the subject of some controversy, particularly with regard to the phenomenon of creep [1-5]. Unfortunately, the many differences of protocol among the studies carried out (materials, metering, spraying equipment and test methods, etc.) mean that, in general, the results cannot be compared. Although several methods have been developed to assess the bending creep behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete, the majority of them test notched beams resting on isostatic supports. There are currently no standardised test methods adapted to FRSC on hyperstatic supports (as is the case for FRSC used for underground support). The Asquapro association has thus developed a new test specially designed for this type of concrete. Slabs of thickness 10cm, measuring 60 x 60 cm in plan have been sprayed and tested under bending stress according to a test procedure inspired by the standardised test of energy absorption capacity (NF EN 14488-5). An experimental campaign was launched in October 2014 to study the behaviour of seven types of sprayed concrete, manufactured using the same concrete matrix: six of them were reinforced with different metal or macrosynthetic fibres and the seventh with a welded wire mesh. Fourteen slabs were sprayed for each type of concrete and also for the non-reinforced concrete with the same matrix. The types of mechanical performances measured were the compressive strength and energy absorption capacity (at seven and twenty-eight days), in addition to the creep behaviour of these seven types of concrete, placed under stress on the seventh day. This article follows on from that published in the WTC 2015 congress proceedings [6]: the programme and the test methods are briefly described here and the results available at the time of writing are presented and discussed."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. A. Augenstein

Operators of coal preparation plants use equipment such as large-capacity dump trucks and bulldozers to haul, spread and compact refuse material to conform to federal and state regulations governing the disposal of solid waste. For example, federal regulations require that refuse be spread and compacted in layers not more than two feet thick. If the refuse layers or piles have poor load-bearing characteristics, movement of equipment over them becomes extremely difficult. The increasing cost and limited space for the construction of settling ponds extensively used for fine refuse disposal are leading to the growing practice of dewatering the fine refuse by means of vacuum disc filters and combining the resulting filter cake with coarse refuse for waste bank disposal. However, this filter cake usually contains more than 25% moisture. Therefore, when it is combined with coarse refuse, the moisture level of the total refuse may become high enough to impair the load-bearing strength of the refuse. Precisely this problem and the attendant difficulties of moving heavy equipment arose when vacuum disc filters were installed at a preparation plant in West Virginia. Combining the moist filter cake with the coarse refuse generally results in a 12% moisture level for the total refuse at this plant. At this moisture level, the refuse can still be handled with some difficulty by the equipment. However, the problem has frequently been compouned after rains.

Jan 1, 1977

By John W. Brauns

18.1-RAILROAD JOHN W. BRAUNS Conventional railroad haulage can be employed at both open-pit or strip and underground mines-in the latter case, largely for transfer of ore from distant openings to processing plants, or processed material to loading points or docks, using standard hopper cars for bottom unloading or gondolas for rotary dumping. The major application, however, is in surface mining for moving ore and/or waste out of the pit to a crushing plant or dump. Consequently, the following will deal largely with this phase of railroad operation, though the conclusions apply equally, for the most part, to other rail-type surface haulage. In surface mining, trains consisting of a locomotive and gondola or side-dump cars suitable for loading by power shovels are used. Gondolas are restricted to hauling ore as a rotary dumper is required. Side-dump cars are more versatile, carrying both ore and waste, but because of their additional dumping mechanism they are likely to be more expensive to maintain.' Also they weigh up to twice a flat-bottom car of the same capacity and. therefore, fewer" cars can be hauled per train. Standard-gage track is most commonly used. Track systems incorporate low-quality temporary track where moves are frequent and permanent high-quality track on main lines. Rail haulage can be used alone, or in combination with other surface haulage methods, thus permitting a selection best adapted to the peculiar requirements of each mining project. 18.1.1---GENERAL APPLICABILITY, CONTROLLING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS For handling rough rock, the shovel-train system is unexcelled.' The ideal applica¬tion is in a large, but not excessively deep, open pit mine from which the coarsely blasted ore and waste must be transported over 3 mi. If. in addition, a high production rate is to he maintained, railroad haulage probably will afford a lower cost per ton transported. Grade must he relatively gentle-usually 3% uphill and 4% downhill. The greater the differences in elevation involved, the greater are the track grade space requirements; for example, a 3 c ramp out of a pit only 300 ft deep is almost 2 mi long. Main-line track locations should he selected carefully so that the number of moves during the life of the mining operation can he kept to a minimum. This applies both to the ore haulageway and that for waste. Such moves are not only expensive, but are difficult to execute without adversely affecting production rates. The large mine affords greater opportunities for judicious location of semipermanent trackage. Figs. 18-1 and 18-2 illustrate typical track layouts. The effect of terrain in considering railroad haulage is confined chiefly to the initial cost of the installation. Grade construction in mountainous territory is ap¬preciably more expensive. However, if that expense can be borne, the subsequent maintenance cost of trackage will not he much higher than in areas of low relief.

Jan 1, 1973

By Denys B. Smith

Electric logs and cuttings records from Zechstein 3 and 4 strata in boreholes in the British Sector of have been interpreted in the light of numerous cored boreholes through this sequence in north-east England. This interpretation shows that potash salts in the two cycles are thickest and most consistent in a belt 20 to 40 km wide parallel with and a few kilometres from the present basin margin, and are here generally similar in grade to those known onshore. The potash ores in both cycles are mainly of sylvinite in onshore areas, the layered Upper the Southern North Sea Potash of the fourth cycle being rather less variable but generally of appreciably lower average grade than the Boulby Potash of the third cycle. Potash salts in both cycles are highly variable in thickness and grade in basin centre areas where they have been grossly affected by diapirism of the thick second cycle salts.

Jan 1, 1978

By E. B. Fitch, D. A. Dahlstrom

Liquid-solids separation is common to practically all mineral and coal processing as the bulk of beneficiation plants employ water as the major processing vehicle. The growing usage of hydrometallurgy has increased the importance of liquid-solid separation as acidic and basic solutions result in greater amounts of colloidal solids, with their consequent greater difficulty of separation, the economic need for chemical recovery to minimize this operating cost, and the usual necessity of employing more costly construction materials. The three processing steps covered in this section have significant capital costs. Drying, particularly, has an important operating cost because of the obvious need for energy to evaporate the water or solvent. Several common factors influence all three liquid-solid separation steps. Particle Size and Size Distribution. In general, finer particles have slower settling and filtration rates. The specific surface area is increased, which means a lower solids concentration in the thickener underflow and discharged filter cake as well as a grater moisture content to be evaporated in the drying step. Therefore, overgrinding or excessive attrition should be avoided. Consideration should be given to optimum particle size consistent with entire plant operation performance and recovery. Solids Concentration. Increased feed solids concentration will generally minimize required equipment size and costs in all three liquid-solid separation steps. Most thickeners are designed on the basis of unit area required, expressed as square feet per short ton of dry solids per day (square meters per metric ton per day) which will usually decrease with increased feed solids concentration. Filtration rates also increase as the required flow through the capillaries of the filter cake decreases. Dryer capacity increases and less energy per ton of final product is required to evaporate the associated moisture. Particle Shape and Surface Characteristics. Generally, optimum shape is a spherical particle of zero porosity. As either of these factors degrade away from the desired state, difficulty increases. This is particularly true in drying, where porosity can decrease drying rate significantly if the moisture must first reach the particle surface by diffusion

Jan 1, 1985

By Peter L. Hofmann

Significant quantities of nuclear wastes were first generated in 1944 as a byproduct of the national defense program. To establish the current inventories and future projections of nuclear waste products is not a simple task. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory recently issued a report which now constitutes the official basis for nuclear waste inventories and projections. Radioactive wastes originate from five major sources (U .S. Department of Energy, 1980b) : (1) From the commercial nuclear fuel cycle related to the production of electricity , (2) From defense related activities, (3) From institutions such as hospitals, universities, and research foundations, (4) From industrial uses of radioisotopes, and (5) From mining and milling of uranium ores.

Jan 1, 1981

By S. K. Mishra

The history of the Australian coal industry is almost as old as the history of Australia after new settlement. The first cargo of coal was exported from Newcastle to India in 1799. Although coal has been mined in Australia for almost two centuries, there are indications that the first coal was processed in 1877 in the New-castle area, nearly a half-century after the first coal processing in Europe. Processing on any significant scale began only in 1944 at the Newcastle Steel Works. In Queensland, however, coal processing did not begin until the second quarter of this century. The well-known dramatic growth of mining and processing of Australian coal since the mid-sixties has primarily been due to the expansion of the export market in Japan and other Asian and European countries. Black coal occurs in most of the major sedimentary basins in Australia. The better known deposits of commercial importance are in Sydney, Bowen, Oakland and Gailiee Basins (Figure 1). Apart from Collie Basin in Western Australia, other coal deposits of the Arckinga Basin in South Australia, the Bonaparte Basin in Northern Territory and Tasmania Basin, Tasmania, are basically unexploited. Sydney Basin of New South Wales and Bowen Basin of Queensland remain the major producers of black coal in Australia.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. Nieto

Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial to green technology such as hybrid-electric vehicles, wind turbines and fluorescent light bulbs. As of 2011, China dominates the global production of REEs and is reducing its export quotas. To predict the supply of rare earths in the United States based on future supply scenarios, a web-based database and geographic visualization tool was built. Five case scenarios with varying levels of REE demand were created by varying several economic conditions including (1) international trade policy, (2) greenhouse gas regulations, (3) environmental mining regulations and (4) tech applicability ratio of REEs. The most likely scenario, which is based on current international demand levels, indicates the importance of expediting the development of extractive operations of current REE resources within the United States. The results of the different case scenarios are supported by using dynamic geographic maps indicating the location of rare earth ore (REO) resources.

Jan 1, 2012