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By V. J. Southey

"This paper reviews the history of Wabana Mines from 1892 to 1966, inclusive, in order to clarify the essential factors involved in the achievement of maximum mining efficiency and in the search for an acceptable product to satisfy changing market requirements. It outlines the progressive steps taken to mechanize both surface and underground operations, and forecasts anticipated performance, assuming certain major plans could have been implemented. Results of extensive research in the treatment of the complex ore are discussed. Selected processing alternatives are compared as to feasibility in a summary incorporating estimated capital and operating costs."

Jan 1, 1969

By N. Samman, S. N. Lau

"A series of new, grease-based, solvent free open gear lubricants were developed to meet the demanding service requirements of mining equipment. The use of these products has resulted in better performance under conditions of temperature extremes and in terms of longer component lives. They have gained widespread acceptance within the mining communities for such applications as the lubrication of mining shovels, draglines and ball mills.These products are WHMIS non-controlled and are environmentally acceptable. The benefits and advantages of using this type of product to lubricate mining equipment as well as the field evaluation and experience will be discussed."

Jan 1, 2002

By D. R. Tesarik

Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)1 and engineers from Placer Dome, Inc.2, conducted an underground rockfill span test at the Turquoise Ridge Mine near Golconda, Nevada, USA with the purpose of improving safety and increasing productivity by using a bulk mining method instead of drift and fill. A rockfill sill was constructed by mining and backfilling six adjacent, parallel drifts and then undercutting the sill with a 13.7 m (45 ft) wide and 30.5 m (100 ft) long room. Displacement measurements from vertical borehole extensometers installed in the mine roof and rockfill indicated that the sill remained stable with a maximum vertical deformation of less than 5 mm (0.2 in). These results were confirmed by visual observations and calculations from a validated three-dimensional numeric model of the sill. The numeric model was also used to simulate load on the sill produced by dislodged roof material in the shape of a 11.0 m- (36 ft-) high triangular prism with base measurements equal to those of the sill. Failure in the bottom third of the sill occurred with this additional load.

May 1, 2007

By Nick D. Rose

The Dy deposit is a 21 Mt Pb-Zn-Ag-Au SEDEX-type massive sulphide resource located in the Anvil District, Faro, Yukon. This relatively unexplored orebody lies at a depth of 480 to 920m below surface, dips 20 to 35o and comprises vertical ore thicknesses of 3 to 28m at a 9% Pb + Zn cut-off grade. The deposit has been tested at depth with 63 surface diamond drillholes, but has not yet been explored or developed by underground means. Over the past decade, pre-feasibility investigations were conducted for two separate owners of the property to determine the economic viability of developing an underground mine at Dy. Following these previous studies an assessment was undertaken between 1998 and 2000 to further investigate geotechnical considerations for underground mining. The results and conclusions drawn from this study provide direction for possible future exploration at Dy.

May 1, 2002

By Jessica Egan, Daniel Hodouin, Mohammed Reza Khalezi, Steve Bellec, Claude Bazin, Carl Duchesne

"A model for gold leaching was developed and implemented into a simulator. The simulator uses a description of the ore that is based on the mineral composition and precious metal content. The model accounts for the distribution of minerals and precious metals through the size intervals. An ore texture model based on precious metals and minerals grain sizes within the ore is used to predict the exposed surface of the species in the various size intervals. A model is proposed to predict the rate of dissolution of any species dissolution using the exposed surface, particle size, cyanide and oxygen concentrations, temperature, pH and agitation. The flow of slurry through a leaching tank is modelled using a parallel arrangement of perfect mixers to simulate a bypass and a Cholette-Cloutier mixer model. The simulator can be used for circuit optimization but was developed to provide an environment for learning the basic concepts of process analysis methods. Examples are given to illustrate the application of the simulator for planning tracer tests and sampling campaigns.INTRODUCTIONThe constant pressure to improve the operation of processes that are already close to optimum imposes to plant engineers to be aware of the available process analysis tools and to be able to use them to assess process operation and make a diagnosis to possible problems. Some of these tools are:•,Sampling the streams of a process;•,Data reconciliation;•,Analysis of mixing in reactors;•,Estimation of rate parameters;•,Optimal tuning and flow sheet modification;•,Automatic control and real time optimization.Although some of these tools are part of the curriculum of many university engineering programs, the students are not exposed to actual process analysis problems. In addition the complexity of the ore dressing processes compounded with unavoidable measurement errors and plant disturbances can discourage many motivated engineers. These factors often lead to an incomplete valorization of the collected data and a poor return on the investment associated with the sampling, testing and analysis of the samples.Simulators are readily available for process optimization (Yalcin and Shang, 2006) by allowing:•,The simulation of various flow sheet configurations;•,The simulation of a change of operating conditions;•,The simulation of various control strategies;•,The training of plant operators.However few simulators have been developed with the objective of providing an environment for training plant engineers and technicians to the use of tools for process analysis and optimisation."

Jan 1, 2008

By Louis J. Cabri, Donald Hoy

"Samples with contrasting gold mineralization were studied quantitatively prior to metallurgical tests. The AD samples are coarser-grained and characterized by abundant Sb minerals (jamesonite, berthierite, stibnite). The finer-grained MW sample has abundant pyrite and pyrrhotite, with arsenopyrite and galena next in abundance. A large number of gold mineral particles were determined by SEM investigation of hydroseparation concentrates, ranging from 150 to 597 per sample. The grain-size distribution of the gold minerals shows evidence of bimodal grain-size distributions (volume %), with the coarse fraction being most significant in sample MW-1 (maximum ECD=308µm). The coarsest gold minerals in the AD samples range from 139µm to 281µm ECD.The deportment of gold minerals is as electrum, aurostibite, native gold, and a possible new mineral (AuNiSb4). Gold also occurs in nisbite. The gold minerals are dominated by electrum in three samples and aurostibite is next in abundance. The major gold minerals are probably representative of three stages of gold mineralization. The first stage is represented by electrum, which is partly to completely replaced by Sb-rich mineralization forming aurostibite, and the last stage is native gold, often occurring as rims on one or the other earlier gold mineral. The gold minerals are strongly associated with sulphides in the AD samples (55 to 60 vol.%). At the grind used for the hydroseparation the liberated gold mineral quantity (volume %) is also significant, ranging from 65% for sample MW-1 to 30 to 37% for the AD samples.INTRODUCTIONThe Clarence Stream deposit is located 70 km south-southwest of Fredericton and 25 km northnorthwest of St. George, south-western New Brunswick, near the international boundary with Maine (Fig. 1)."

Jan 1, 2007

By Zhiyang Long, Ruiling Xiao

"A mine shaft is one main development method of establishing access in an underground mine. The construction technology of the mine shaft sinking is complicated and large equipment setup on surface and in the mine shaft. The paper briefly reviews a single-line operation method, parallel operation method and mixed operation method as well as the features of the one operation method with the excavation, lining and installation. The special construction technology mainly would include ground freezing methods, full diameter shaft drilling methods, caisson methods, grouting technology and concrete curtain methods as well as other methods. The paper summarizes the shaft sinking numbers and effects by the special construction methods during different periods. The paper states the shaft sinking conditions and the each created record conditions in the coal, metallurgy, non-ferrous metal, hydropower, highway, railway, nonmetallic and other industries. The paper has a prediction on the shaft sinking requirements and development tendency in the future for China.INTRODUCTIONA mine shaft is one main development method of access in an underground mine. In recent years in China the new shaft mines represent 45% of the total number of new mines. With the development of new mining area under construction and the development of deeper mines, the ratio of the mine shaft as access for underground mines will increase. The construction technology of the mine shaft engineering will be complicated, the operation site footprint will be small and the working environment will be more difficult. The mine shaft sinking operation will often be varied by the geological conditions and affected by underground water inflows, seam gas outbursts, geothermal and other natural conditions. The safe construction of the mine shaft sinking will be challenged by all these conditions. Although the mine shaft engineering will only be about 5% of the total mine roadway engineering, the mine shaft construction period often will take over 40% of the total mine construction period. With the progress of modernized mine production technology and the construction of a high production and high efficient mine, the mine transportation roadways mostly would be set in the seam and the engineered amount of the mine rock roadways reduced year by year could cause more prominent long extensions of the mine shaft construction period. Therefore, in order to speed up the construction, to shorten the mine construction period and to realize the investment benefits as early as possible, the technical level of the mine shaft sinking should firstly be improved and the construction speed of the mine shaft engineering and sinking should be speeded up, which would have important significant benefits."

Jan 1, 2019

By Peter Rubie, Toni Kojovic, Fengnian Shi

"Mining companies have recognized that characterization of ore breakage plays an essential role in the design and optimization of comminution circuits.Recently the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) has developed a new breakage model incorporating the effect of particle size, and a new breakage characterization testing device, called the JK Rotary Breakage Tester (JKRBT), which allows rapid testing of particle breakage under high energy single impact and low energy repetitive impact conditions.Positive feedback received from mining company sponsors to the new technology has prompted the JKMRC to further validate the device and the model through a formalized validation program using machines designed and manufactured by Russell Mineral Equipment (RME). The first unit was installed and commissioned at the Anglo Platinum laboratory in Johannesburg in March 2007 and four more major mining companies will participate in the validation program in 2008, including Barrick, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Teck Cominco. The results from validation tests at the JKMRC and Anglo Research have shown that the JKRBT generates statistically similar breakage parameters to the traditional Drop Weight Test, but with significant advantages over its predecessor. Application of the JKRBT in geometallurgical testing with the AMIRA P843 GeM project has confirmed the JKRBT device offers a rapid and consistent method for determining the hardness of drill core samples. The JKRBT has the potential to revolutionize ore testing, with applications in laboratory impact breakage characterization of rock samples, drill cores, coal and other materials. It also stands poised to significantly advance the process control and management of comminution circuits since the concept is readily adaptable to on-line ore hardness measurement.INTRODUCTIONMining companies have long recognized that the performance of a comminution machine such as a crusher or an autogenous / semi-autogenous grinding (AG/SAG) mill depends not only on the machine operating conditions, but also on the “hardness” of the feed material to be broken. This recognition has driven significant interest in laboratory particle breakage characterisation and testing. The laboratory breakage characterization tests can be roughly classified in two broad groups based on their primary breakage modes: tumbling and impact/compression. The famous Bond ball/rod mill tests (Bond, 1952 and 1961) represent the typical tumbling test and have become the industry standard for estimating the specific energy (kWh/t) of rod and ball mills. However, as the energy application in the single particle impact tests can be well defined and controlled, the latter have received significant attention in the last 30 years. It was estimated that mining companies worldwide spent over three million US dollars on single particle impact breakage characterization testing in 2006."

Jan 1, 2009

By A. Wright, P. Lacombe, R. del Villar, D. Hodouin, C. Sepulveda

"The data acquisition from industrial plants is a fundamental step for process modelling in process optimization, process analysis and automatic control.The introduction, some years ago, of modern distributed control and data acquisition systems in concentrators imposes a new approach in designing experimental schemes for data acquisition campaigns and new criteria for the treatment of the obtained discrete information.This paper presents the methodology applied to sample a zinc flotation circuit at Les Mines Selbaie, Joutel, PQ. Values of 85 process variables were obtained form the Distributed Control and Data Acquisition System (Bailey Network 90) and transferred to the DOS environment. Another 11 variables (flowrates and valve positions) were directly sampled using an IBM-PC compatible computer equipped with a data acquisition card and a signal processing circuit.All variables, under the vector form, were processed in the PC-MATLAB environment to either filter or eliminate the non-linear disturbances and noises, producing useful data for model development. The filtering algorithms are also presented.INTRODUCTIONProcess control does not need to be justified. Whether manual or automatic, any processing plant requires some form of control to accomplish its main objectives: a good quality product and a target throughput. Process control of mineral processing plants has steadily evolved from manual control, where the operator skills and/or experience play an important role, to some level of automatic control, usually considered better, as less human subjectivity is involved, at least when actions have to be taken.The design of these control systems requires the knowledge of the dynamics of the process it is deemed to control. Process modelling is therefore an essential step in the assessment and the design of a control strategy. The choice of model will depend on the available resources and manpower."

Jan 1, 1991

By Ken Dyck Sr.

"Construction of the Cigar Lake uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan is well under way. Production is anticipated to begin in the first half of 2007. When in full production, the mine is projected to produce a net 18,000,000 pounds of U3O8 per annum from a high grade ore averaging approximately 20% U3O8.Water management was a major issue that required substantial effort in the Cigar Lake design. Not only is effluent quality controlled, a tight water balance to minimize effluent volume is also designed into processes in order to minimize environmental impact. This paper focuses on the water treatment process and water handling equipment, as well as the operating philosophies that will reduce fresh water consumption to a minimum. An overview of the mining and ore handling systems, as well as aspects of controlling water production from the ore formation and the mine development areas will also be discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe Cigar Lake ore body has proven and probable reserves that total 232 million pounds U3O8. Cigar Lake is the world’s largest undeveloped high-grade deposit. It is the second largest highgrade deposit surpassed only by the McArthur River deposit another Cameco - operated mine in the Saskatchewan Athabasca Basin. Cigar Lake is owned 50% by Cameco Corporation, 37% by AREVA (COGEMA Resources Inc.), 8% by Idemitsu Uranium Exploration Canada Ltd. and 5% by TEPCO Resources Inc. When production starts in 2007, ground ore slurry from Cigar Lake will be shipped to the McClean Lake mill (owned by AREVA) some 80 km away. All of the Cigar Lake uranium will be leached from the ore at McClean Lake. During initial production ramp up, all uranium will be processed at McClean Lake to yellow cake (uranium oxide). After the average production has exceeded a 10 million pound per year rate, Cigar Lake uranium will begin to flow from the McClean Lake Mill to the Rabbit Lake Mill. At this point, subject to regulatory approval, 57% of the Cigar Lake uranium, in a uranium rich solution, will be transported to Rabbit Lake mill (owned by Cameco) for purification to yellow cake. A complete summary of the flow of uranium from the Cigar Lake ore body through to product at both McClean Lake and Rabbit Lake can be found in a recent paper titled “The Cigar Lake Project – Mining, Ore Handling and Milling” in the March 2004 issue of the CIM Bulletin. The paper was written by C.R. Edwards."

Jan 1, 2006

By D. Fleury

"This paper describes the challenges of mining a sill pillar under various types of paste backfill quality. From 1994 to 2002, Louvicourt mine produced approximately 12,600,000 t grading 3.5% Cu, 1.5% Zn, 27 g/mt Ag, and 0.85 g/mt Au. The mining method is transverse blasthole stoping, mining primary and secondary stopes. The production of this 4,300 t/d operation was accomplished using two mining horizons; from the 655 m level to the 415 m level and from the 860 m level to the 680 m level. The main sill pillar is between the 680 m level and the 655 m level. The second sill pillar is between the 885 m level and the 860 m level representing a quarter of the main sill pillar in size. Since 2002, production has gradually decreased and mining activities are expected to end in mid-2005. The sill pillar production will represent almost 25% of the total mine production. The overall recovery of the sill pillars stopes will be discussed in this paper. To recover the sill pillars, more than 1,500 m of development was planned in or under paste backfill. The first sill pillar stopes under paste backfill were mined out in 2002 with excellent results."

Jan 1, 2005

By Véronique Falmagne

The mining sequence at Noranda?s Bell-Allard mine calls for two mining fronts retreating toward a central pillar known as the Retreat Zone between pyramids A and C. It is clear from numerical modeling and rock mass characterization that the induced stress level in the pillar will exceed the rock mass capacity. A mining plan was developed including the re-dimensioniong of stopes in the Retreat Zone, additional ground support and instrumentation in order to ensure the safety of the workforce and to maximize ore recovery while minimizing production delays. The mining strategy consists in allowing the rock mass to fracture and fail progressively while maintaining control of the existing openings with the appropriate support. A systematic analysis of rockbursting and caving hazards was conducted for all accesses and stopes in order to plan ground support and instrumentation needs.

May 1, 2003

By F. Dai

Granitic rocks usually exhibit strongly anisotropy due to pre-existing microcracks induced by geologic loadings. The understanding of the rock anisotropy in mechanical properties such as tensile strength is critical to quarrying and stabilization of underground structures. In this paper, Brazilian tests are conducted in combination with MTS material testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to measure both static and dynamic tensile strength of anisotropic Barre granite. Samples are cored and labeled using the three principle anisotropic directions of Barre granite (BG). These directions are also chosen as the loading directions for the Brazilian discs. For dynamic tests, pulse shaping technique is used to achieve dynamic equilibrium in the samples during the test. Finite Element Method is implemented to formulate equations that relate the failure load to the material tensile strength employing a orthotropic model for Barre granite. For samples in the same orientation group, the tensile strength shows clear loading rate sensitivity. The tensile strengths exhibit clear anisotropy under static loading; while less anisotropy under dynamic loading. The tensile strength anisotropy of Barre granite is interpreted as interactions of the pre-existing microcracks.

May 1, 2009

By D. Ouellet, G. Gagnon, B. Simser, V. Falmagne

The mining sequence at Noranda’s Bell- Allard mine calls for two mining fronts retreating toward a central pillar known as the Retreat Zone between pyramids A and C. It is clear from numerical modelling and rock mass characterization that the induced stress level in the pillar will exceed the rock mass capacity. A mining plan was developed including the redimensioning of stopes in the Retreat Zone, additional ground support and instrumentation in order to ensure the safety of the workforce and to maximize ore recovery while minimizing production delays. The mining strategy consists in allowing the rock mass to fracture and fail progressively while maintaining control of the existing openings with the appropriate support. A systematic analysis of rockbursting and caving hazards was conducted for all accesses and stopes in order to plan ground support and instrumentation needs.

Jan 1, 2004

"INTRODUCTIONGold tailings retreatment plants have been operated for many years throughout the world. Several large tailings retreatment facilities have been operated profitably in South Africa since 1976 and there are tailings retreatment operations in Canada currently in production with more in the feasibility stages.The Timmins Gold Tailings Project of ERG Resources Inc. was designed to treat 8,000,000 tonnes per annum of gold tailings for an eight month operating season, and commissioning of the operation began in July 1988. The payback period for this project is about 3 years which corresponds to an IRR of 30%.This report summarizes the metallurgical characteristics of the reclaim tailings, describes the process flowsheet which was developed to enable ERG to economically recover gold from the Timmins area tailings, and reviews commissioning activities."

Jan 1, 1989

By Christopher F. Gleeson, Roger D. Thomas

"Abstract - Wawa has long been a center of mineral exploration activity and diamonds have been reported in the area since the 1930s. However, diamond exploration did not begin in the area in earnest until 1991. In 1993, Sandor Surmacz and Marcelle Hauseux of Saminex began a prospecting program in the area which culminated in their discovery of the "Sandor" diamond occurrence in an outcrop on the east side of the Trans-Canada Highway. They subsequently optioned the property to Spider Resources Inc. who obtained the necessary exploration permits from Algoma Central Corporation and undertook an exploration program. The diamonds at the "Sandor" diamond occurrence are hosted in the matrix of a spessartite dike composed of actinolite, biotite, and albite. Of the 64 similar dikes that have been sampled and analyzed to date, eight have been found to contain a total of 231 diamonds. Most of the diamonds are of high quality, although they are small.The dikes are non-magnetic and do not have any other geophysical characteristic that can be used to differentiate them from the adjacent country rock. All of the dikes discovered to date have been found by prospecting or by geological mapping by the Ontario Geological Survey. The dikes do not contain pyrope garnet or chrome diopside, two of the commonly used kimberlite indicator minerals. Instead, low Mg, high Cr, Zn-rich chromite, and ilmenites of variable composition, some of which lie within the field of kimberlitic Mg-ilmenite compositions, characterize the diamondiferous dikes. A regional-scale till sampling program for heavy minerals, and geochemical analysis of the <0.177 mm fraction, was used to further define the areas of occurrence of the spessartite dikes and to indicate additional areas for diamond prospecting. Heavy minerals in till that were most useful include: actinolite, chromite, and ilmenite. Geochemical analyses of the dikes show them to contain elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr and to be enriched in Ba, Co, V, Ca, Fe, and Mg relative to the surrounding rocks. Elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr in till occur overlying and down-ice of known lamprophyre dikes."

Jan 1, 2000

By Hans D. Gougar

To meet an increasing demand for minerals, mining operations are moving to ever more remote regions. The lack of a local energy supply and infrastructure, coupled with social and regulatory demands for lowered environmental impact of mining operations, presents an opportunity for a seemingly unlikely competitor ? a nuclear power plant. The Modular Pebble Bed Reactor concept, currently in various stages of research and development around the world, offers a high degree of reliability and safety with minimal consequences for the local or global environment. The passive safety features of this design eliminate the need for the extensive active safety systems that add significantly to the cost of current water-cooled reactors. With the MPBR, as with all nuclear plants, there are no appreciable quantities of waste products released to the environment during normal operations. In contrast with conventional reactor designs, the MPBR would also remain radiologically safe even under the most severe abnormal circumstances. The key to the design is the fuel element. Enriched uranium microspheres are coated with various layers of pyrolytic carbons and silicon carbide to form a highly-temperature resistant particle that effectively retains all fission products. These particles are mixed with graphite and formed into 6 cm pebbles. A randomly packed vessel of such pebbles forms the reactor core through which helium is circulated as a coolant. Computer models and tests performed on actual pebble bed reactors confirm that fuel failure temperatures are not reached even during the most severe conceivable loss of coolant accident. The reactor drives a gas turbine cycle with resulting efficiencies as high as 48%, comparable to natural gas-fired units. The low price of uranium fuel and low maintenance requirements translates into competitive operating costs. However, high capital costs prevent the MPBR from competing with natural gas in most markets. In remote applications where no fossil supplies are readily available, the playing field is more level. This paper summarizes the features of two of the more promising candidates for remote applications and discusses the strengths of the MPBR from the perspectives of fuel supply and environmental impact.

May 1, 2002

By Charles Camsell

At the last annual meeting of this Institute the programme very properly was drawn up and carried out with the special object of calling attention to the Dominion&apos;s position and problems with regard to fuel supplies. That subject, always one of serious concern, was a source of considerable anxiety twelve months ago. It is still so, but in a decidedly less degree than at that time. So far as the immediate fuel situation is concerned our anxieties have been relieved. And I think we can safely say that such a consciousness of our difficulties and determination to overcome them, has been developed in the minds of our people that there will be no slackening of the offensive until a final solution is reached. In selecting a subject of major importance for the present occasion I have felt free to digress from the pressing problems of last year and to go back, for a starting point, to the presidential address of two years ago .. I do not, however, wish to enter the controversy that has developed as a result of that address, though in spite of my own failure to amass a fortune from participation in certain mining ventures, I am decidedly inclined to the optimistic view that Dr. Corless presented of the future of our mining industry. You will perhaps have observed that in its general wording the title of my paper bears a marked resemblance to that of that address. This simila1ity of titles is not accidental. It is intentional on my part.

Jan 1, 1924

By W. W. Cummings

The Mineral King Mine, owned and operated by Sheep Creek Mines is located in the Purcell mountain range of southeastern British Columbia. Production of lead and zinc concentrates commenced in 1954 some 60 years after the initial discovery. Low cost mining methods have been employed to extract 16,0C'O tons of ore monthly from large ore bodies formed by replacement in limestone. Extensive areas in the limestone are yet to be explored and success in the search for new ore bodies is anticipated.

Jan 1, 1960

By F. Vasilikou

Commercial deployment of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) requires field testing of a scale that can stress the geologic reservoirs. One such reservoir of interest consists of unminable coal seams that exhibit favorable characteristics and depositional environments and lower pressure and temperature than other, deeper, reservoirs. Such conditions can reduce compression costs while utilizing the action of adsorption that offers a more effective carbon dioxide (CO2) bonding than free storage or solution. To ensure the success of such tests, a number of parameters should be accurately determined, such as the seam geometry and stratigraphy, coal porosity and permeability parameters as well as optimum injection conditions. In essence the CO2 injection model should be calibrated for the reservoir characteristics using all available data. History matching calibrations are based on gas and water production from existing wells prior to injection. This paper will present reservoir models that were developed for a pilot--scale 907 tonnes (1000 tons) CO2 injection test that was performed in 2009 through one legacy coalbed methane production well in Russell County, Virginia, USA. The model incorporates a number of individual coal seams about 0.3 m (1ft) in thickness located at depths ranging from 300 to 700 m (1,000 to 2,200 feet). Model calibration was performed through history matching to prior production data, and subsequently the model was utilized to develop different injection scenarios. The developed model was used after injection to calculate CO2 plume distribution patterns that were monitored at the injection test. The paper will present model data and assumptions with a special emphasis on the effect of hydraulic fractures and the skin factor to the coalbed methane (CBM) production model.

Aug 1, 2013