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By W. E. Brigham, P. W. Reed, J. N. Dew

By O. Chanute

all of' level atid grade curve excepting Nos. 897, 898, 899, and 900, because of the impossibility of grouping them in the same nlonner, no two Iraving the chemical composition and physical prnprtiw as tho only v:iriubles. Phosphorus ~tnits have been taken to show the relatia h:wdnes. Of these 16 groups, 10 decidedly indicate slower wear firr tile harder rail. Of the remaining 6 groups, three (groups 2, 9, and 15) come well within the limits of error (.25 pound per yard) inherent in the palculation of the data as pointed out by Dr. Dndley; they catrnot, therefore, be considered tls exceptions. Group 2 and 15 arc but little outside of the limita of error. Rail 923 of group 9 is obviously abnornlal. This is probahly due to its being overheated, which the chemical analysis shows might easily be the case, and which the physical tc~ts and its low specific gravity tend to c-nfirm. We inry say, then, thnt 13 of these 16 groups fairly indicate, if they do not definitely point out, th:kt, under the same condition% tbe harder rail gives the slower wear. Of course, these comparisons are too few to enable us to arrive at positive ~?o-nclusions; but indications thus obtained are, I believe, fir more vsluitblc and tresttvc~rthy than those fhzt averages rvottld give us, mnde up from any ~lumhr of rails under intloy difi~rcal, conditions. Finally, it, seems to me, that the conclusions arrived at earlier in my remarks, together with, and confirmed by the last, show strong evidence that, under the same conditions, the harder rail will givc the slower wear. 0. C~~anute, New York CITY: We are very much shlipl, 1 ant sure, to Mr. Sandberg for his paper upn " Rail Ryaifications and Rail Inspertion in Europe." We have in thp United States bithhrto Been inspecting mils sonlewl~at haphazard, and we ore glad to gtbt tfie results of Mr. Sandberg's long experience. We recognize that he was an)ong the first, if not the very firwt, to iipply mare rittional and scientific rules to the designing of irou rails., niora recently, to adapt tlitve rules to the clesigtting of steel I':I~]R, to conform to the oapaljilities and rqniretnento of this new n1:ttcrial. Although we have generally adopted, in this country, sectinns for hteel rails which marly of our railway men think even bottar than those of Mr. Snlldlmrg, he is neverthelees the Ieat3er in foot.iito11~ we have followed ever since it has been est~blished

Jan 1, 1881

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman., JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman.1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND 3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS 4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 6, 1913

By AIME AIME

TEXAS not only produces millions of barrels of petroleum daily, but supplies the oil industry with an asset infinitely more valuable than liquld gold. That asset is leadership. The oil industry was built from its humble beginning a few decades ago into a potent force in world economy by human hands and human brains. One of these great leaders in the busy world of oil is Wallace Pratt, of the Humble company, who has been called to a position as director and member of the executive committee of the Standard Oil of New Jersey. So reads the Houston Post of June 3, 1937.

Jan 1, 1944

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. BAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL FILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAM ES, F. KEMP, Chairman. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 8, 1913

By Richard W. Smith

Why are we losing our liberties? (1) . . . because our local chambers of commerce come to the National Chamber's annual meeting, vote for a policy on federal economy, and then go to Capitol Hill and ask for a federal project for their area. (2) ... because our mining men ask for a subsidy to mine submarginal deposits that can't be economically mined in a free economy. (3) . . . because 18,000 men and organizations all over the country recently wired or wrote a Congressional committee asking that the Army Engineers be exempt from the President's power to reorganize the Executive Branch of the government under the recommendations of the Hoover Commission.

Jan 1, 1949

Executive. CHARLES F. BAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman 1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3; E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 5, 1913

By Alan U. Seybolt

In examination of some cold-rolled copper and cupronickel that contained a little columbium, it was discovered that these alloys were unusually resistant to annealing. This effect was suficiently pronounced to warrant some investigation of the annealing characteristics of such compositions. Experimental Procedure The alloys were made from cathode copper, electrolytic nickel, and a special copper-columbium hardener alloy furnished by the Electro Metallurgical Corporation. This hardener alloy contained 10 per cent columbium, with tantalum, aluminum and iron as major impurities. The melting was carried out in a clay-graphite crucible in a high-frequency induction furnace! under a charcoal or electrode carbon cover. No deoxidizing additions were made. The 7-lb. copper heats were poured into a steel mold, hot-rolled to 1/4-in. thickness, and annealed for 56 hr. at 760°C.; the cupronickels were annealed I hr. at 815°C. The material was then cold-rolled to a 50 per cent reduction in thickness and annealing tests were carried out on this 1/8-in. hard-rolled strip. A little silver was added to copper-columbium alloys 402 and 403 to find out

Jan 1, 1942

By Alan U. Seybolt

In examination of some cold-rolled copper and cupronickel that contained a little columbium, it was discovered that these alloys were unusually resistant to annealing. This effect was suficiently pronounced to warrant some investigation of the annealing characteristics of such compositions. Experimental Procedure The alloys were made from cathode copper, electrolytic nickel, and a special copper-columbium hardener alloy furnished by the Electro Metallurgical Corporation. This hardener alloy contained 10 per cent columbium, with tantalum, aluminum and iron as major impurities. The melting was carried out in a clay-graphite crucible in a high-frequency induction furnace! under a charcoal or electrode carbon cover. No deoxidizing additions were made. The 7-lb. copper heats were poured into a steel mold, hot-rolled to 1/4-in. thickness, and annealed for 56 hr. at 760°C.; the cupronickels were annealed I hr. at 815°C. The material was then cold-rolled to a 50 per cent reduction in thickness and annealing tests were carried out on this 1/8-in. hard-rolled strip. A little silver was added to copper-columbium alloys 402 and 403 to find out

Jan 1, 1942

By Alan U. Seybolt

IN examination of some cold-rolled copper and cupronickel that contained a little columbium, it was discovered that these alloys were unusually resistant to annealing. This effect was sufficiently pronounced to warrant some investigation [ ] of the annealing characteristics of such compositions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The alloys were made from cathode copper, electrolytic nickel, and a special copper-columbium hardener alloy furnished by the Electro Metallurgical Corporation. This hardener alloy contained 10 per cent columbium, with tantalum, aluminum and iron as major impurities. The melting was carried out in a clay-graphite crucible in a high-frequency induction furnace, under a charcoal or [ ] electrode carbon cover. No deoxidizing additions were made. The 7-lb. copper heats were poured into a steel mold, hot-rolled to ¼ -in. thickness, and annealed for ½ hr. at 760°C.; the cupronickels were annealed I hr. at 815°C. The material was then cold-rolled to a go per cent reduction in thickness and annealing tests were carried out on this 1/8-in. hard-rolled strip. A little silver was added to copper-columbium alloys 402 and 403 to find out

Jan 1, 1941

By F. G. Miller, E. B. Wilson

In 1972, coal mine productivity was in steady decline and labor and maintenance costs were spiralling upward. Yet, despite this sad state of affairs, nowhere in the US at that time was there a comprehensive and coordinated coal research and development plan in the offing. The Bureau of Mines had not yet been charged with such a responsibility, and industry was content to rely on machinery manufacturers for innovations. It was during this period that Bethlehem Steel Corp. determined that a new approach to coal mining research was needed for the industry as well as for the company itself. After studying Bethlehem's own mining practices, the state-of-the-art of mining research elsewhere, and development work by manufacturers, a comprehensive research package was presented to company management in late 1972. The ideas and experience of many operating and management personnel in the company contributed to the formulation of the final plan as approved.

Jan 10, 1976

By Oscar A. Glaeser

MINE VENTILATION is an important factor in mine maintenance as well as having direct bearing on labor efficiency. Effective ventilation systems are costly, especially those for the deeper mines, but with intelligent direction the worth of a system is usually greater than its cost. In most mines using mechanical ventilation, and practically all deep mines, it has been found beneficial to equipment, timber, and the ground, to run the fan or fans continuously even though production has been curtailed or entirely suspended. Therefore, economies in ventilation may be overlooked when general cost reductions are necessary. The operating costs of a well-designed ventilation system should be capable of reduction during periods of curtailed or suspended operations. A mine that is ventilated by splits, or that can be sectionized, can reduce its fan-power costs considerably, and provisional divisions can sometimes be made in other mines, in which the air is ordinarily coursed through all the workings, without harmful effects.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. V. Vogel

Jan 1, 1969

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who. called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1917 to Jan. 10, , 1918: A. A. Arluck, Camp Merritt, N. J. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. C. L. Bruns, Santiago de Cuba. William F. Jahn, New York, N. Y. Henry C. Carr, New York, N. Y. C. H. James, Tucson, Ariz. L. J. Charles, Santa Fe, N. M. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. W. A. Deane, Waxhaw, N. C. Joseph T. Kupferstein, Shreveport, Pa. P. St. John Dixon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Richard Lamb, New York, N. Y. M. C. Drake, Marquette, Mich. Walter R. Malm, San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Draper, Petrograd, Russia. W. H. Nash, Buffalo, N. Y. Paul W. Gaebelein, Boise, Idaho. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Guy C. Riddell, Port Pirie, South Australia. C. A. Grabill, El Paso, Tex. Williams A. Simkins, San Francisco, Cal. William H. Hampton, New York, N. Y. Henry B. Smith, Northampton, Mass. R. M. Henderson, Brackenridge, Colo. H. E. Smith, Chicago, Ill. Geo. B. Holderer, Northpines, Ont., H: C. Spaulding, Washington, D. C. Canada. Y. Wakabayashi, Tokyo, Japan. H. H. Howry, Camp Upton. N. Y. A. P. Watt, Mine La Motte, Mo. L. Douglas Anderson", superintendent of the Midvale, Utah, smeltery of the United States Smelting Co., has been appointed manager of smelteries for the company at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

Safety Factor Characteristic Curves. Their Application to Mine Hoisting Ropes. (Paper by W. A. Boyer, Transactions AIME, 199, 989; Mining Engineering, October 1954. Discussion by B. E. Grant.) ............................................................................................................................. 1101 The Use of Wooden Rock Bolts in the Day Mines. (Paper by Rollin Farmin and Carville E. Sparks, Transactions AIME, 196, 922; Mining Engineering, September 1953. Discussion by Edward Thomas.) ................................................................................................................................. 1101 An Analysis of Mine Opening Failure by Means of Models. (Paper by Bernard York and John J. Reed, Transactions AIME, 196, 705; Mining Engineering, July 1953. Discussion by J. P. Zannaras.) ... 1102 B — Minerals Beneficiation Flotation and the Gibbs Adsorption Equation. (Paper by P. L. de Bruyn, J. Th. Overbeek, and R. Schuhmann, Jr., Transactions AIME, 199, 519; Mining Engineering, May 1954. Discussions by W. E. Ewers and Masayoshi Wada.)........................................................................................... 1103 Manganese Upgrading at Three Kids Mine, Nevada. (Paper by S. J. McCarroll, Transactions AIME, 199, 289; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussion by J. Bruce Clemmer, J. B. Rosenbaum, and C. H. Schack.)............................................................................................................. 1105 A Physical Explanation of the Empirical Laws of Comminution. (Paper by D. R. Walker and M. C. Shaw, Transactions AIME, 199, 313; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussions by Dimitri Kececioglu, George B. Clark, and Fred C. Bond.) ......................................................... 1106 F — Coal Underground Electrocarbonization of Coal and Related Hydrocarbons. (Paper by T. C. Cheasley, J. D. Forrester, and Erich Sarapuu, Transactions AIME, 199, 908; Mining Engineering, September 1954. Discussions by John G. Tripp and James L. Elder.)....................................................... 1108 Longwall Mining and Mechanization, with Special Reference to Nova Scotia. (Paper by Frank Doxey, Transactions AIME, 199, 701; Mining Engineering, July 1954. Discussion by Louis A. Turnbull.) ........................................................................................................................................ 1109 Cleaning Various Coals in a Drum-Type Dense-Medium Pilot Plant. (Paper by M. R. Geer, W. A. Olds, and H. F. Yancey, Transactions AIME, 196, 696; Mining Engineering, July 1953. Discussion by John Griff en.)................................................................................................................................. 1110 Frontiers in Heat Extraction from the Combustion Gases of Coal. (Paper by Elmer R. Kaiser, Transactions AIME, 199, 304; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussion by G. A. Vissac.) ............ 1112 Exploration of the Oaxaca Coal Fields in Southern Mexico. (Paper by Luis Toron and Salvador Cortes-Obregon, Transactions AIME, 199, 505; Mining Engineering, May 1954. Discussion by John D. Price.).................................................................................................................. 1113 H — Industrial Minerals Alkali Reactivity of Natural Aggregates in Western United States. (Paper by William Y. Holland and Roger H. Cook, Transactions AIME, 196, 991; Mining Engineering, October 1953. Discussions by Dexter H. Reynolds and W. L. Merritt.) ......................................................... 1114 Characteristics of Titaniferous Concentrates. (Paper by L. E. Lynd, H. Sigurdson, C. H. North, and W. W. Anderson, Transactions AIME, 199, 818; Mining Engineering, August 1954. Discussion by D. R. Grantham.)........................................................................................................................ 1116

Jan 1, 1955

By D. C. Jackling

I BESPEAK your indulgence for a brief expression of the views of a patriarch in the field of mineral industry technology relative to young men's problems in that sphere of education and endeavor. Wherever hereafter I employ the terms "technical education," "engineer," "technologist," or similar expressions, these are intended to be understood as relating to the broad field of the sciences and arts applicable to the mineral industries. First, the usefulness of technical education to either the possessor of it or those to whom its services may be made available industrially depends primarily upon the quality of the education and the capabilities of the educated to put his talents to effective and constructive employment in his chosen field of applied science.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME

AS with Phil Kraft, referred to on this page last month, travel has always held a great fascination for Raymond Frank Baker and for that reason he determined to become a geologist. He had heard that geologists travel and that was what he wanted to do. Now as chief geologist for The Texas Co. his early wish has been fulfilled-he spends almost one third of his time journeying' from one oil field to another. Mr. Baker was born in New Haven, Conn., on Jan. 11, 1892, and went through the public schools in New Britain. A stalwart New Englander, he attended Yale and in 1912 received a degree in civil engineering. For a year following this he worked as a civil engineer for the New York Central Railroad, but his early urge to travel widely could not be satisfied here. So in 1913 he re-entered Yale and until 1916 studied mining and economic geology. He had a little taste of field work, which later became so enjoyable to him, in the summer of 1915 when he worked with the U. S. Geological Survey as a geologic aid. In 1916 he made his first contact with The Texas Co. when he entered their Tulsa office as a geologist. This early career was interrupted by service in the

Jan 1, 1947

By F. Julius Fohs

CENTRALLY located with relation to the largest iron- and steel-producing districts of the United States, the fluorspar-deposits of Kentucky possess increasing interest and importance. As typical of the numerous fluorspar-mines of Kentucky and Illinois, I have selected for description the Memphis., because it and others of its immediate group exhibit the conditions characteristic of all. I. THE MEMPHIS MINE. This mine lies 5 miles NW. of Marion, in Crittenden county, Kentucky, a station on the Chicago and Nashville division of the Illinois Central R. R. For the first mile and a half out of Marion we see only Birdsville or Middle Chester sandstones of Mississippian age. Then we cross a fault of some 350 ft. displacement, and the Ste. Genevieve oolite sets in. Beyond the fault, oolite is the predominant rock, except that the bills to the north have a capping of Cypress or lowest Chester sandstone, 80 ft. below which is an outcrop of from 6 to 10 ft. of Ste. Genevieve (Rosiclare) sandstone. Occasional sink-holes are noticed, and as the mines are approached evidence of faulting is again seen.. A line of crude head-frames and open-cut dumps, extending for more than a quarter of a mile, marks the Klondike vein. The open-cuts are from 15 to 20 ft. deep, and in most of them, from the surface down, was found the reddish gravel which is really fluorspar-some of it white or purple and crystal-clear (if the red clay is washed off), and some carrying iron and silica, and stained by waters from the decaying limestone walls. In one of these cuts, at a depth of 20 ft., white and purplish honey-combed fluorspar was found, in which the larger cavities are due to limestone and calcite leaching, and the minute ones to the leaching of zinc-blende.

Apr 1, 1909

By R. D. Carnahan

The authors are to be complimented on their timely study of solution-hardening effects in a bcc metal. Unfortunately there are some misleading aspects of the paper that should be discussed and clarified which is the purpose of this letter. In particular the writer is concerned about the allusions to rate theory of deformation that are inferred by the authors. This position is taken on the basis first of the "weaker" temperature dependence of the yield and flow stresses of the alloy relative to pure niobium and second of the strong temperature dependence of the Young's modulus of elasticity. It is by now well-recognized that any collection of data points used to determine a flow-stress temperature-dependence relationship must be established under isostructural conditions, i.e., similar or identical sessile and mobile dislocation densities and arrangements. Admittedly this is a formidable experimental undertaking and not what would be expected in an exploratory investigation of the present kind. As an alternative to the former one can consider, however, the temperature dependence of flow stresses at comparable strains. In the present study the authors have elected to use the lower yield stress and ultimate strengths to exhibit the temperature dependence of their alloys except for the data points taken at liquid nitrogen temperature. Here they have used the proportional limit for the yield stress and the fracture stress for the ultimate strength. This seems to be an unrealistic choice particularly in view of the fact that this temperature is below the duc tile-brittle transition region for the alloy and no supporting data points were obtained between -55" and -196°C. If the authors' data in Fig. 2 are extrapolated and data points selected at a constant strain, for example a strain of 0.01, the reader can quickly verify that a temperature dependence exactly paralleling that of pure niobium is obtained.

Jan 1, 1967

By Scott Turner

PRESIDENT SCOTT TURNER officiated as chairman of the opening session on mining methods, Monday morning, Feb. 15. The first paper was that of Max H. Barber on open-pit mining in the Lake Superior district, read by C. F. Jackson. W. L. Taylor stated that liquid-oxygen explosive had been tried but that the operators are satisfied with the explosives used; lb. of dynamite breaks one ton of rock. Although black powder is considered the most effective explosive, the factor of safety has decided in favor of high explosives. Lucien Eaton told of the Michigan Lime and Chemical Co.'s large L. 0. X. plant at Rogers City, Mich. Mr. Turner referred to this plant, also said that the Bureau of Mines is shortly to issue Bulletin 349 completely covering the use of L. 0. X. from its inception. W. D. B. Motter, Jr., gave some items concerning Chuquicamata, Chile. Twelve years ago the blasts moved 850,000 to 1,000,000 tons, but average shots now move 250,000 to 300,000 tons. One pound of L. 0. X. breaks 3.7 tons, against 3.1 tons by dynamite. Another speaker told of some large dynamite blasts in open pits, one of 360,000 Ib. in March, 1931, and another of 430,000 lb. to be shot in 1932. Tests have been made to determine the effect of large shots on the surrounding country. Mr. Taylor said that 4- and 5-yd. shovels were preferable to those of 8 yd.; their performance is better and cost is lower.

Jan 1, 1932