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By A. L. Holley

THIS process is performed in the Pernot puddling furnace; it removes from 75 to 80 per cent. of the phosphorus, most of the sulphur, and practically all the silicon, from crude iron, in from five to eight minutes. It has been in regular use since March, 1877, and has prod uced over seventeen thousand tons of washed metal for the open-hearth furnace. During two years, nearly all, and lately, all the open-hearth steel produced in these works has been made from about 5 tons of washed pig and 2 tons of scrap per open-hearth furnace heat. There are 12 open-hearth furnaces, of which 4 to 9 are running, according to the state of orders. A large amount of highly phosphoric iron from France and Belgium has been also washed and then puddled for parties who have taken, or are expected to take, licenses. The washing of pig for puddling, however, is not a practice at Krupp's works, because pure pigs are nearly as cheap as impure ones. The author and his assistant, Mr. Laureau, spent, during the last month, three days at Krupp's works, examining this process. They copied out of the office books characteristic analyses and physical tests, some of which are given herewith. They also brought hone many samples of pig, cleaned metal, puddle bar, and steel, which they saw treated. Analyses of some of these samples appear in Table IV. As there are no blast furnaces at Essen, the iron is melted in two Bessemer cupolas with fore-hearths; they melt 12g pounds of iron with 1 pound of coke. The metal is run by a spout from the fore-hearth into an opening at the side of the main door of the washing-furnace. The Washing furnace.-This is a regenerative gas furnace. It has a Pernot revolving-hearth of 12 feet external diameter and 3 feet depth. (See Plate.) The four regenerator chambers have 780 cubic feet capacity, which is about the same as the average regenerator capacity of open-hearth steel furnaces of equal tonnage. The lining is 13 inches thick on the sides and 9 inches on the bottom, thus giving a hearth 9 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 3 inches deep. The lining is composed of lumps of highly refractory ores

Jan 1, 1880

By A. L. Holley

This process is performed in the Pernot puddling furnace; it removes from 75 to 80 pel. cent. of the phosphorus, most of the sulphur, and practically all the silicon, from crude iron, in from five to eight minutes. It has been in regular use since March, 1877, and has produced over seventeen thousand tons of mashed metal for the openhearth furnace. During two years, nearly all, and lately, all the open-hearth steel produced in these works has been made from about 5 tons of washed pig and 2 tons of scrap per open-hearth furnace heat. There arc 12 open-hearth furnaces, of which 4 to 9 are running, according to the state of orders. A large amount of highly phosphoric iron from France and Belgium has been also washed and then puddled for parties who have taken, or are expected to take, licenses. The mashing of pig for puddling, however, is not a practice at Krupp's works, because pore pigs are nearly as cheap as impure ones. The author and his assistant, Mr. Laureau, spent, during the last month, three days at Krupp's works, examining this process. They copied out of the office books characteristic analyses and physical tests, some of which are given berewith. They also brought home many samples of pig, cleaned metal, puddle bar, and steel, which they saw treated. Analyses of some of these samples appear in Table IV. As there are no blast furnaces at Essen, the iron is melted in two Bessemer cupolas with fore-hearths; they melt 124 pounds of iron with 1 pound of coke. The metal is run by a spout from the forehearth into an opening at the side of the main door of the washingfurnace. The The washing-furnace.—This is a regenerative gas furnace. It has a Pernot revolving-hearth of 12 feet external diameter and 3 feet depth. (See Plate.) The four regenerator chambers hare 780 cubic feet capacity, which is about the same as the average regenerator capacity of open-hearth steel furnaces of equal tonnage. The lining is 13 inches thick on the sides and 9 inches on the bottom, thus giving a hearth 9 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 3 inches deep. The lining is composed of lumps of highly refractory ores

Jan 1, 1880

By A. T. Yu

The energy crisis and the resurgence of mining activities highlighted 1972-73. Added to the impetus for more effective materials handling systems has been the continued upward trend of inflation and labor costs. The need for addressing the fundamentals has led to the trend toward an overall systems approach to materials handling problems.1 The decision to move forward with large mining ventures such as the $150 million Hibbing taconite comple2 and the immense Carajas iron project must base themselves on indepth studies of a host of factors viewed in the context of an integral mine-transport-market system. What's important is that each ton of pellet or ore must be an economical commodity at the end users' furnace. The project can still be viaable even if certain components in the entire network appear to be individually costly.

Jan 2, 1974

By Frank L. Hess

BERYLLIUM is demanding more of the limelight, and the output of beryllium copper (containing 2% to~ 3 per cent of beryllium) seems to have grown 60 per cent above that of 1936, which was double that of 1935. There is increasing interest in beryllium-aluminum alloys and small quantities are being marketed at $50 per lb. for the contained beryllium. Other alloys also can be produced. Further price decreases for beryllium copper (now $23 per lb. for the contained beryllium) seem , possible and desirable. No difficulty has been experienced in obtaining beryl and a 'reserve stock has been built up. One supplier heretofore found reliable has offered to furnish 200 tons per month. Supplies during 1937 have come from the Black Hills in South Dakota, Colorado. India, and South America

Jan 1, 1938

By T. A. Wright

THE-Institute of Metals Division opened on Tuesday afternoon with Wheeler P. Davey as chairman and G. E. Edmunds as vice-chairman. Four papers were on the program, two being of a fundamental character. A paper on "Internal Surface in Minerals and Metals," by R. S. Dean and J. Roster, was presented by the latter; C. H. Gottschalk discussed coercive forces in powders. In answer to a question by the chairman. The author stated that he had not investigated [he temperature coefficient of resistance. A paper on "Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Cold Worked Polycrystalline Metals," by L. W. Eastwood, Arthur E. Bousu, 'and C. T. Eddy, was presented by Mr. Eastwood. A. great many quantitative data were given, with little reference to the theory. Theoretical considerations were discussed by Dr. Gottschalk, and C. A. Edwards of the University College of Wales, contributed very interesting comment on the relationship of size and critical strain. Dr. Edwards discussed the necessity of considering strain with time and temperature.

Jan 1, 1935

F. E. Bachman, Port Henry, N. T. (communication to the Secretary*):—In discussing Mr. o.o.Laudig's paper, the Action of Blast-Furnace Gases Upon Various Iron-Ores,' I took the ground that Mesabi-ore explosions were entirely mechanical; but more observation and later experience has caused me to

Jan 1, 1905

By David Turnbull

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: J. S. Smart, Jr., President; C. C. Long, Past-President; K. L. Fetters, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W, Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, K. L. Fetters, J. J. Harwood, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, W. O. Philbrook, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and F. L. Vogel. Review and selection of monuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; R. E. Lund, Vice-Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Paul Queneau, A. S. Russell, R. E. Shinkoskey, W, W. Stephens, and M. E. Wadsworth. Institute of Metals Division: L. L. Seigle, Chairman, Paul A. Beck, I. I. Bessen, J. 0. Better-ton, Jr., J. B. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, R. B. Gordon, C. D. Graham, Jr., R. W. Guard, J. C. Gurland, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendricksan, M. Herman, J. N. Hobstetter, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nash, T- N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, W. Ros-toker, P. G. Shewmon, C. W. Spencer, L.SIifkin, J. K. Stanley, C. D. Starr, and H. C. Stumpf. Iron and Steel Division: H. L. Bishop, Chairman; R. E. Boni, F. C. Langenberg, J. B. Wagstaff, and T. V. Wainwright. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription $20 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $25, foreign; $5 for AIME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1961 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AIME New York .. . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 221, Number 3.

Jan 1, 1962

By Bai Shiwie, Li. Guangyu

This paper presents the study in situ on stress field of rock mass in a large dam site. By means of two different measure instruments and the method of stress relief, a lot of measure in situ has been done, including stress measurement of three dimensions at ten points and two deep-hole stress measurements in the perpendicular boreholes which are 59.4m and 53m deep seperately, and the basic accordant results corresponding two methods have been got. In the process of the deep-borehole stress measurement we got the stress value in critical state in which cylindrical core would become core-disking in the high stress area, which was first got in the world. The maximum principal stress was up to 650 kg/cm2. The stress value obtained by test and the thickness of rock disks all basically accord to the analysis by mechanical mechanism of core-disking The plane linear elastic finite element analysis has been completed. Results of inverse calculation all ac- cord to the measurement results in four different positions. The whole outline of the stress field of dam site was delineated clearly.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. J. Mechin

TOP-SLICING was introduced in the Pachuca district in 1917 by T. C. Baker, at that time mine superintendent, of the Santa Gertrudis mine. There then existed 1200 ft. (365.7 m.) below the surface, lying between the fourteenth and eighteenth levels (a vertical distance of 108 meters) a block of ore having a length of 295 ft. (90 m.), and an average width of 82 ft. (25 m.) and dipping at an angle of 65°. This block lay in the hanging wall of the vein and consisted of highly altered and fractured andesite, cut through with mineralized quartz stringers. On the foot-wall side, 26 ft. (8 m.) of old filling, left by former operators, was of payable grade. Stoping therein was first undertaken by the square-set filling system, but because of the extremely heavy hanging wall and loose dry filling in the foot wall, all square setting had to be accompanied by spiling, which made the operation exceedingly slow and costly. A system of mining was sought that would eliminate the difficulties inherent to the square-set system in heavy ground and that at the same time would effect the desired economies in mining. After several years, top-slicing has met all the conditions most satisfactorily, so that when similar conditions presented themselves in El Bordo mine, this method was adopted with necessary modifications. El Bordo mine is operated by the Santa Gertrudis company, and is situated about two miles north of Pachuca. Because of the diversity of the orebodies, a number of different mining methods are in use, among them top-slicing.

Jan 10, 1925

By AIME AIME

FREE competition, long the controlling ideal of domestic trade within the United States, has had the fundamental geographical advantage of functioning in the world's largest area of unrestricted commerce. Goods moved back and forth across state lines, unimpeded by customs, and industrial operations have developed rapidly to meet the expanding needs of a pioneer country richly endowed with natural resources. Fifty years ago, antitrust laws were adopted to protect the competitive private enterprise principle. It became illegal for one person to combine with another to restrain trade or commerce among the several states or with foreign nations. The original legislative measures defining this philosophy were the Sherman Act of 1890 and the Clay- ton Act passed in 1914. The development of Europe and other parts of the world was influenced by different conditions which led to a different theory of trade. Here were many small nations, with limited natural resources and a thin market, and they attempted to protect their national economy by tariff walls. International business arrangements for the purpose of diminishing the ups and downs of the more competitive system --crux of the modern cartel operations-seemed a logical device to stabilize production and guard the interests of both workers and consumers. European governments as well as European industrial interests became convinced that if com- petition could be held in bounds the danger of business depressions and un- employment could be reduced.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

THE list of deaths during the year 1906 comprises the following names, the figures in parentheses indicating the year in which the persons named were elected to membership Members and Associates.-Arthur Vaughan Abbott (1882), William Anderson Akers (1889), R. Scott Allen (1905), George H. Arlett (1900), Thomas Septimus Austin (1883), Thomas T. Baker (1887), William Tittley Batchelor (1902), Charles Lowthian Bell (1897), Edgar Vallentine Bensusan (1892), George Lothrop Bradley (1874), Ernst Elmer Breisch (1896), Horace F. Brown (1895), James A. Burden (1876), Alexander B. Coxe (1880), George A. Crocker (1879), Albert W. Fiero (1886),

Jul 1, 1907

By AIME AIME

SECOND only to the February Annual Meeting of the Institute are the Regional and Divisional meetings held in the fall of each year. Six such gatherings are scheduled in the next the months, with something likely to interest every member of the Institute. A brief résumé of the programs follows. Regional Meeting Vancouver T HE regional meeting of the Institute will be held at Vancouver, Sept. 13 to 20, in conjunction with the annual western meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The pro gram appeared on page 350 of MINING AND METALLURGY for July and-proof of careful preparation-a month later re- quires no correction and little elaboration. On the technical side there are few changes. A new item on the Wednesday morning program is the paper, "Investigation of Residential-type Stokers," by H. F. Yancey, supervising engineer, Northwest Experiment Station. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Seattle. As to entertainment the meeting is taking on some most pleasurable aspects. Two notable excursions have been arranged.

Jan 1, 1937

By LESTER W. STRAUSS

OUR early knowledge of history and geography attracted most of us to the mineral resources of South America. The romantic tales of the Spanish activities, which were curiously alluring, and Prescott's exceptional bi-Conquest histories-Mexico and Peru-no doubt fired our minds with the .then metallic wealth of the Spanish colonies. Later developments, intensified within the past eighty years, have, however, changed its fame which now rests on such metallics as copper and tin, and among the non-metallics on nitrate of soda and petroleum. South America proper, excluding Panama, is made up of thirteen countries, a coincident parity with our original thirteen States. Its area is given as 7,231,300 square miles, or slightly less than North America (8,037,000 square miles), is made up as follows:

Jan 1, 1930

G. A. Moore—The tin-fusion method has been a very favorable possibility for many years. The authors apparently have settled the question that delayed the method for a long time by showing that no hydrogen is absorbed in the tin. This, of course, is very important. I want to make a few remarks concerning the absolute accuracy of analysis, which must be the final basis for deciding among the various methods. From the figures in the paper, there seems to be some re-maining slight discrepancy on the actual amount of hydrogen present in various samples which may be presumed essentially identical. (This is of the order of the precision of individual analyses but appears in averaged results.) From the analyst's viewpoint, the tally of hydrogen content can be regarded as occurring in three portions. First is a large portion which comes off easily and automatically during sample storage and later on heating in the apparatus. This is fairly easily analyzed. Second is an item which may be either positive or negative in the tally sheet. In warm or hot evolution, this is a portion which, in practice, can never be re-

Jan 1, 1951

By L. B. Herring, Harold Decker

The South Texas area, discussed herein, represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Cominission and extends from Jackson, Lavaca, and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, comprising a total of 26 counties.$ The present boundaries of this district do not coincide with those of earlier reports published in the annual volumes of Petroleum Development and Technology. The war, in its various ramifications, determined and controlled all the phases of the oil and gas industry. Priorities for material and governmental subsidies determined all new operations. New Pools In our opinion, the combine' quantity of crude and distillate reserves added in '943 approached Or possibly exceeded the amount produced. Thirty-five new pools were added to the area' Of these, five have significant reserves and ten offer possibilities of containing consequential reserves. The largest proven reserve discovered during the year was the Slick pool, on the DeWitt-Goliad County line. This is also the most important Wilcox discovery to date in the area. The most significant extension was at Willimar, Willacy County. Other important extensions were developed at Agua Dulce, Seeligson, and Odem. Except for the Porter field, in Karnes County, the Laredo trend, which produces lrom the Jackson and Yegua, proved very disappointing, and this pool is o:C secondary importance. The Scott and Hopper pool, Brooks County, has only orie well, but offers excellent possibilities of becoming an important discovery. It represents at this time the major Frio discovery of the year. The Hobson pool, Karnes County, is not a major reserve, but can be classed as important in that it produces at a shallow depth from the Wilcox. This proves that the potential area of production for this zone occupies a broad trend. Gas and Condensate During the year construction was begun on only one recycling plant, this being in the Sejita field, Duval County. Several others were colltemplated, but no actual operations were begun. The most important development in recycling was the rebuilding of old plants to allow for the fractiona-tion of isopentane, n-butane, isobutane, and propane. Heretofore all pentanes plus have been marketed as cLdistillate,n only a minor portion of the butanes being isolated and sold for fuel purposes. All these new the except propane, are considered vital to the war effort and propane is being marketed as fuel gas. In other instances propane is being isolated and then pumped back into the gas reservoirs for storage. It is anticipated that the demands for this product will increase in the future. Drilling in the Wilcox trend during the year showed the existence of valuable gas

Jan 1, 1944

By L. B. Herring, Harold Decker

The South Texas area, discussed herein, represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Cominission and extends from Jackson, Lavaca, and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, comprising a total of 26 counties.$ The present boundaries of this district do not coincide with those of earlier reports published in the annual volumes of Petroleum Development and Technology. The war, in its various ramifications, determined and controlled all the phases of the oil and gas industry. Priorities for material and governmental subsidies determined all new operations. New Pools In our opinion, the combine' quantity of crude and distillate reserves added in '943 approached Or possibly exceeded the amount produced. Thirty-five new pools were added to the area' Of these, five have significant reserves and ten offer possibilities of containing consequential reserves. The largest proven reserve discovered during the year was the Slick pool, on the DeWitt-Goliad County line. This is also the most important Wilcox discovery to date in the area. The most significant extension was at Willimar, Willacy County. Other important extensions were developed at Agua Dulce, Seeligson, and Odem. Except for the Porter field, in Karnes County, the Laredo trend, which produces lrom the Jackson and Yegua, proved very disappointing, and this pool is o:C secondary importance. The Scott and Hopper pool, Brooks County, has only orie well, but offers excellent possibilities of becoming an important discovery. It represents at this time the major Frio discovery of the year. The Hobson pool, Karnes County, is not a major reserve, but can be classed as important in that it produces at a shallow depth from the Wilcox. This proves that the potential area of production for this zone occupies a broad trend. Gas and Condensate During the year construction was begun on only one recycling plant, this being in the Sejita field, Duval County. Several others were colltemplated, but no actual operations were begun. The most important development in recycling was the rebuilding of old plants to allow for the fractiona-tion of isopentane, n-butane, isobutane, and propane. Heretofore all pentanes plus have been marketed as cLdistillate,n only a minor portion of the butanes being isolated and sold for fuel purposes. All these new the except propane, are considered vital to the war effort and propane is being marketed as fuel gas. In other instances propane is being isolated and then pumped back into the gas reservoirs for storage. It is anticipated that the demands for this product will increase in the future. Drilling in the Wilcox trend during the year showed the existence of valuable gas

Jan 1, 1944

By Frederick M. Becket

AFTER all the chronology that has been given, what is the present status of chromium steels? For the purpose of this discussion the different types of chromium steels can be divided into three classifications-those containing relatively low , percentages of chromium, say 5 per cent or less; the medium-chromium steels containing up to about 18 or 19 per cent chromium; and the steels containing still higher percentages of chromium, and some of the special alloys. Chromium has some unique effects in steel, so it is well to make a few generalizations. The affinity of chromium for carbon is great and the metal is unique in the manger in which it supplements and enhances the effects of carbon. Chromium retards -considerably the thermal transformations on cooling and exerts an opposing influence both on the absorption and precipitation of the carbides in steel. These statements make it easy to understand the fact that chromium .steels are capable of producing a hardened product at a much slower rate of cooling than is, true of plain carbon steel, and that chromium carbide or -the mixed carbides of iron and chromium do not contribute to brittleness to as great a degree as does iron carbide.

Jan 1, 1929

By A. Ross Rornmel

ABILITY to speak effectively is one of man's most longed for and coveted abilities. It is the ability to stand on one's feet, transfer knowledge and thoughts to others, to reach an objective professionally or otherwise by leading groups through a channel of planned thought. Each day group speaking plays an important part in making or marring success, and the engineering profession often provides this opportunity and requirement. An ability to speak effectively develops courage, poise, confidence, and prestige for the speaker. The technical man cannot be reluctant to face an audience. He is often called upon to do this in presence of employees, supervisors, and other groups. His ability to speak effectively is as much a requirement as the fundamentals of his profession. The three fundamentals of effective speaking are: (1) Enthusiasm and Confidence. These are joined because of their close relation. (2) Preparation. This includes knowledge of the subject. (3) Presentation. By this is meant the features of delivery.

Jan 1, 1946