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By Tobias Krull

The characterisation of iron ore from a materials handling point of view is paramount in order to provide the best possible design for the desired application and maximise equipment uptime at the lowest possible capital and operational expenditure. Problematic issues in materials handling applications often arise in the iron ore industry due to the high density of the ore as well as the abrasive nature of the product. One of the key issues encountered during the handling of iron ore is excessive wear due to either impact or sliding abrasion. The applications and equipment typically affected by accelerated wear issues are mass flow hoppers, transfer chutes and conveyor belts. These wear issues often result in unplanned down times and loss in production which can lead to a considerable loss in revenue. This paper provides an overview of the best practises in the materials handling characterisation of iron ore and discusses available techniques for the modelling of iron ore in applications where accelerated wear is experienced. The application is illustrated through a number of industry relevant case studies for which engineering design work was undertaken to successfully reduce the wear rates of different materials handling equipment.

Aug 1, 2018

By Vinícius da Silva Madruga

Os processos de lingotamento contínuo e de lingotamento convencional apresentam diferenças na solidificação dos aços, esse fato tem impacto na distribuição, quantidade e forma de inclusões de óxidos e sulfetos. O objetivo desse trabalho é verificar de que maneira tais diferenças influenciam na distribuição dos sulfetos ao longo do aço solidificado de qualidade SAE 1050. Para isso, 20 amostras foram retiradas de eixos forjados e barras laminadas, produtos conformados de origem do lingotamento convencional e do lingotamento contínuo, respectivamente. As amostras foram analisadas em microscópio ótico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura no modo de análise automatizada de partículas. Através das imagens e de dados numéricos obtidos, foi visto que nas amostras de barra laminada há grande quantidade de sulfetos, se analisada na seção longitudinal, em relação às amostras de eixo forjado. Analisando na seção transversal, foram detectados menos sulfetos devido ao alinhamento dos mesmos. Entre as amostras de eixo forjado, a área ocupada pelos sulfetos é maior no pé do lingote, reduzindo em direção à cabeça, apesar de a cabeça apresentar mais sulfetos. Tais diferenças foram atribuídas à taxa de resfriamento, à seção transversal do produto e ao processo, que variam entre os dois tipos de lingotamento.

Oct 30, 2017

By Verônica Scarpini Candido

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da incorporação de até 15% em peso de lama de alto forno proveniente de uma siderúrgica do estado do Pará, na massa argilosa composta de argila forte e argila fraca para a produção de telhas. O resíduo e as argilas, forte e fraca, foram beneficiados e tiveram sua composição química determinada por meio de fluorescência de Raios-X. Foram preparados corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial a 20 Mpa para queima em forno de laboratório tipo mufla a 950oC. Foram avaliadas a absorção de água e o módulo de ruptura em flexão dos corpos queimados. Os resultados mostraram que a lama de alto forno é constituída predominantemente por compostos de ferro e que a incorporação de até 15% em peso pode melhorar as propriedades tecnológicas das cerâmicas queimadas.

Oct 30, 2017

By Ananda Moreira Vaz Ourique de Avila

Ferritic stainless steels have been used in the making of high and intermediate temperature operation solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) interconnects, replacing the ceramic materials. However, at high temperatures, on the order of 700-850 0C, these steels can present significant oxidation and degradation processes, promoting increased electrical resistivity and corrosion losses that result in contamination of the electrodes and reducing the performance and the useful life of the SOFC. Thus, the knowledge on kinetics of oxidation/corrosion of these steels and their relationship with the microstructural transformations are of great importance. In this study, samples of ferritic stainless steels AISI 430, AISI 441 and Crofer22APU® were tested for oxidation at high temperature (800 0C) for long periods of time (up to 3,600 hours) and mass gains were monitored allowing the determination of the oxidation behaviors of these steels. Additionally, the microstructural characteristics of the samples before aging (corrosion-oxidation test) and after various oxidation times were evaluated by optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by micro chemical elemental analysis (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis. Electrical characterization allowed determination of electrical area-specific resistances (ASR) characteristics of the systems studied, thus relating the electrical and oxidative behaviors of steels evaluated.

Aug 7, 2018

By Lucia Vieira

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) can be used to monitor electrostatic charges on the surfaces of materials. In this paper, we describe the use of KPFM to evaluate the electrostatic effect induced by silver nanoparticles incorporated as clusters in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, before and after scratching. The results are compared to those obtained for DLC films without silver nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the DLC signature, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to confirm the presence of silver in the film. The morphology of the DLC film containing silver was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The findings suggest that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles in amorphous materials could offer new options for electrostatic energy storage on the surfaces of these materials.

Jul 31, 2018

By Diego José Inforzato

Hot tensile data were correlated with creep data, in Aluminum Alloy AL7475-T7351, as part of a broader research program, aiming at the validation of a methodology that proposes an equivalence between the two kind of results, for metallic materials in general. The methodology is based on a criterion that establishes correlation among the following parameters from each test: the strain rate, ultimate tensile stress, and time to reach the ultimate tensile stress, in tensile tests, are equivalent respectively to the: minimum strain rate, applied stress and rupture time, in creep tests, for a given test temperature. The present material was tested at 3 temperatures: 133,166 and 193ºC, using 3 nominal tensile strain rates in the hot tensile tests: 3.2x10-6, 1.6x10-4 and 6.4x10-3 s-1 and 9 applied stress levels in the creep tests, varying from 140 to 400 MPa. The conversion of the hot tensile data to creep-like data allowed performing the analysis of all the results together according to the traditional creep relations proposed by different authors, namely: Norton, Arrhenius, Zener-Hollomon and Monkman-Grant, with the determination of the corresponding parameters in each case. The equivalence between hot tensile and creep data is also confirmed for this aluminum alloy.

Aug 8, 2018

By Alberto Lainati

The Bar Reducing and Sizing Technology has a core function in the value-chain for the production of rolled SBQ (Special Bar Quality) products. The EVO 2+4-roll is based on the compact combination of a 2-roll high-reduction module followed by a 4- roll low-reduction module for precise sizing. The EVO 2+4-roll mill, allows to gain significant technical and economical advantages in the hot- and post-rolling process routes: dimensional and surface accuracy, quick adaptability to processing variances and to small lots requirements, superior technological features of as-rolled product, competitive capex and opex. The EVO 2+4 unit has a very compact design, which makes it suitable both for new mills and upgrade applications.

Aug 17, 2017

By Rodrigo Perito Cardoso

Low-temperature nitriding of stainless steels is applied to obtain wear resistant surfaces without losing its corrosion resistance. The treatment consists in introducing nitrogen into the steel surface avoiding chromium nitride precipitation. The corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels is expected to be improved if the treatment parameters are correctly selected. It can be related to ?Fe2-3N and a'N phase formation on the treated surface. In the present work the influence of the pretreatment and treatment temperature on corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 420 steel samples is studied. Annealed, as-quenched and 400ºC-tempered samples were nitrided at 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500°C, for 6 h at 600 V. The pressure was 3 Torr and the gas mixture was composed of 70%N2, 20%H2 and 10%Ar, at a gas flow rate of 3.34×106 Nm3s-1. Plasma was generated using a square-wave pulsed DC power supply and the sample temperature was controlled by the duty cycle. The modified layers were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness measurement. The corrosion resistance was studied by electrochemical characterization, by means of Open circuit potential and Anodic polarization curves. The maximum surface hardness was achieved at 400°C. This temperature seems to be near the limit temperature for low-temperature treatment aiming to improve or at least to keep unaltered the corrosion resistance in relation to that verified for non-treated steel samples. Results confirm that the pretreatment and treatment temperature significantly affects the corrosion resistance of the treated surface.

Aug 8, 2018

By Augusto César Barrios Tamayo

The high temperature erosion of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) is one of the main factors that define the lifespan in gas turbine components as it is considered the second source of failure of hot path components in power and propulsion turbine operation. The worn Top Coat (TC) surface in components such as first stage turbine blades affects the turbine efficiency due to energy losses and the increment in heat transfer to substrate. The first part of this work consists in describing a HTE test facility developed to emulate the damage conditions found in a number of components of gas turbines; in this testing machine, the samples were exposed to combustion gases moving at velocities close to 1.5 Mach and temperatures of 1100°C. The second part consists in the characterization of liners and first stage turbine blades of a GE7FA gas turbine used for power generation. The last part deal whit correlation of the features of TC’s worn surfaces with the erosion conditions and the dominant degradation mechanisms between test samples and turbine components were compared.

Jul 31, 2018

By Luana Araújo Batista

Na produção de tiras de aço laminadas a frio, o material é encaminhado para linhas de recozimento e decapagem de bobinas. Geralmente, essas linhas de produção possuem sistemas de lavagem para remoção do óleo de laminação e outras impurezas da superfície da tira. Porém, em algumas situações de processo ou por limitações técnicas, o óleo da superfície não é totalmente eliminado. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a influência do óleo de laminação na superfície do aço inoxidável AISI 430 durante o recozimento após laminação a frio. A motivação deste estudo surgiu da necessidade de compreender o fato das amostras oleadas deste aço apresentarem martensita após o recozimento, o que não ocorre para amostras recozidas sem óleo. Para os ensaios foram utilizados dois fornos mufla e diferentes concentrações de oxigênio na atmosfera, sendo utilizados termopares acoplados em todas as amostras. Foi comprovado que a presença de óleo na superfície da tira acelera a taxa de aquecimento e aumenta a temperatura final da tira em aproximadamente 100°C quando comparada às amostras não oleadas para o ciclo estudado.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jéssica Sobrinho Lopes

No presente artigo objetivou-se, principalmente, promover a síntese e caracterização de biofilmes ecológicos elaborados a partir do amido de batata doce e da crueira de mandioca, utilizando como plastificantes o glicerol e o sorbitol. O amido da batata doce foi obtido através de descascamento, trituração, filtração, decantação e secagem, respectivamente; enquanto a crueira de mandioca foi obtida por doação. Os biofilmes foram confeccionados na proporção de 3 gramas de amido/100 gramas de solução filmogênica, e 30 ou 40 % de plastificante em relação à massa de amido, as soluções foram aquecidas e agitadas à 80ºC, depositadas em placas Petri, e secas em estufa à 50ºC por 24 horas, e à temperatura ambiente. As amostras de biofilmes foram analisadas quanto aos aspectos visuais, solubilidade em água, teor de umidade, resistência química e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Obteve-se 18,16% de rendimento na extração do amido; solubilidade em água e teor de umidade variando, respectivamente, entre 0,03-0,12, e 2,79-11,812%; os filmes mostraram-se insolúveis em clorofórmio, acetona e álcool; e as reações foram confirmadas através de Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jianping Li, Fei Peng, Yunbo Xu, Jiayu Li

In this study, in order to achieve ultra-high strength without reducing plasticity, a novel heat treatment involving a pre-quenching process prior to conventional intercritical annealing (P-IDP) was proposed in a low carbon low alloy DP steel. It revealed that abundant fraction of banded structure was observed after conventional intercritical heat treatment (IDP) due to the inheritance of cold rolling deformation. However, the banded structure in novel heat treatment was eliminated significantly, whilst the refined microstructure was relatively more homogeneous with ultrafine ferrite grains. Moreover, obvious chain-networked martensite grains along the ferrite grain boundaries were obtained. The optimum mechanical properties with ultimate strength of 1238 MPa, total elongation of 17%, product of strength and elongation (PSE) of 21GPa% were obtained by P-IDP treatment, which was much higher than the values reported with similar composition. As to pre-quenching treatment, all of grain refinement, homogeneous distribution of martensite islands and precipitated strengthening of microalloyed carbides were beneficial to improve the final strength and ductility.

Oct 1, 2019

By Antonio Adel dos Santos, Carmos Antonio Gandra, Fabricio Mazola da Silva Paiva, Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono

Abstract Usiminas Steel Plant in Ipatinga installed an accelerated cooling device named CLC (Continuous On-Line Control) in 2010, enabling it to supply steels produced by TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Control Process) technology. This technology complements the TMCR (Thermo Mechanical Control Rolling), with the inclusion of the accelerated cooling process after controlled rolling. There are various gains in terms of quality and productivity associated to the application of such technology. However, the flatness control for API steel becomes crucial because large thermal stresses may be generated due to thermal heterogeneity during the fast cooling when the austenite phase decomposes mostly into ferrite and bainite. In literature, there is lack of knowledge regarding a full understanding of the relation among cooling conditions and plate flatness. Therefore, this work has focused on the effect of the cooling strategy for API steels, aiming at optimizing flatness and keeping the mechanical properties within the specified ranges. The starting point was dilatometer simulation, where cooling conditions such as start cooling temperature, SCT, finish rolling temperature, FRT, and cooling rate, CR, were changed in order to evaluate their effect on microstructure. Those laboratory conditions supposed to give the best results were transposed to industrial scale, so as to produce experimental lots of plates with five different cooling strategies. It was shown the possibility to find a cooling profile that guarantees the balance between mechanical properties and flatness requirements. The influence of cooling strategy on flatness was explained by the varied heat transfer regimes occurring from hot steel surface to the ambient

Oct 1, 2019

By Stephanie L. Kaster, John G. Speer, Blake M. Whitley

Niobium-microalloying technology has been increasingly applied in a wide range of steel applications over the past half-century, to increase strength, control microstructure, enhance properties and enable a variety of applications. To achieve desired performance levels, thermomechanically processed microalloyed steels are widely supplied by the steel industry for high volume applications in hot-rolled plate, sheet and structural steels. However, in steel long products and forgings, the final properties are often generated by downstream users, after heat-treatment, surface hardening, forging or wire drawing. Two examples are presented highlighting advancements associated with Nb-microalloying, to enhance microstructures and properties developed during thermomechanical and/or downstream processing. In the first example, a 0.02 wt. pct. Nb addition was made to a medium-carbon bar steel intended for induction-hardening applications requiring fatigue and fracture resistance in bending and torsion. The Nb addition as well as thermomechanical bar processing led to beneficial refinement of both the pre-induction and post-induction microstructures. In the second example, a 0.01 wt. pct. Nb addition to a high-carbon wire rod was found to refine the pearlite colony size and interlamellar spacing, and increase the hardness.

Oct 1, 2019

By Carlos Gonzalez-Rivera

An alternative cooling curve analysis method focused on the experimental determination of the latent heat of phase changes and phase transformation kinetics is proposed in this work. The method analyses the cooling process of a metallic sample, initially liquid that is contained into a cylindrical metallic mold, both of known weight, thermally isolated at its top and bottom. The method is based on an energy balance associated with the experimental measurement of the temperature change of the sample and the mold during their cooling process. From the numerical processing of the cooling curves, are obtained approximate values of the acting global heat transfer coefficient as a function of temperature in order to describe quantitatively the energy exchange of the metal/mold system with its surroundings. These relationships and other experimental data are used to process the cooling curve of the sample and the mold during solidification, in order to obtain the latent heat of solidification.The method was applied experimentally to zinc and tin of commercial purity, initially liquids and contained into stainless steel molds in order to determine its ability to measure the latent heat of solidification. The obtained results suggests that this method shows a good potential to characterize the solidification of metals.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jörg Schwelberger

Government regulations around the world concerning environmental care are becoming more stringent, also including regulations and restrictions of depositing and use of dust, sludge and slag generated in the iron and steelmaking process. With this scenario, by-products such as iron containing dust, sludge, oxide fines, mill scales and slag, become a valuable resource and recycling may be a profitable activity within a plant. Up to ten percent in mass of the total steel output of dust, sludge and mill scale by-product materials and more than 40% of slag by product are generated within an integrated steel plant with an iron content ranging from 50% to 65% for fines and up to 25% for BOF-slag. Slags are being widely recycled and used in the cement industry, as is the case for BF slag, and in the construction industry in the case of BOF slags and EAF slags. However, value of BOF unmodified slag is typically low and environmental regulations limit the usage of the unmodified BOF slag. This paper describes innovative solutions for recycling of fines using cold briquetting technology and the modification and granulation of slag from steelmaking that increase the value of the by-product and yield a marketable product.

Aug 16, 2017

By Matheus Jacon Pereira

Existe uma tendência de aumento na utilização da tecnologia de RFID na automação industrial, bem como em outros setores: varejo, aviação e transportes. Com o RFID, um objeto pode ser identificado por uma etiqueta eletrônica e sua existência constatada automaticamente. No entanto, sua localização exata permanece desconhecida para os usuários. Para a localização, os estudos realizados são satisfatórios quanto as técnicas de rastreamento de etiquetas RFID, porém, não consideram as possíveis interferências na comunicação provocadas pelos objetos presentes em locais reais. Este trabalho propõe um ambiente de laboratório que simula as interferências do Ambiente Industrial nas técnicas de localização indoor de etiquetas RFID, como obstáculos na comunicação entre etiquetas e antenas RFID; e materiais usados na fabricação das superfícies dos objetos, sobre as quais a etiqueta RFID é aplicada. Os resultados mostram que as técnicas RSSI e AoA são adequadas para localização indoor de etiquetas RFID, sendo que a segunda técnica permite maior exatidão na localização.

Oct 30, 2017

By Filipe Arthur Firmino Monhol

O setor de mineração gasta milhões de dólares com a utilização de combustíveis fósseis nos seus mais variados processos, como, por exemplo, em fornos de pelotização. Paralelamente a isso, a humanidade está produzindo cada vez mais resíduos e nestes existe um potencial energético que não pode ser negligenciado devido a situação de grande demanda em que se encontra a sociedade. Assim, a reciclagem energética desses resíduos pode aliar os conceitos de sustentabilidade e economia. A utilização de resíduos como fonte energética pode, assim, além de gerar uma grande economia ao setor, aumenta significativamente a contribuição ambiental do mesmo. Portanto esse trabalho faz uma análise de viabilidade do uso de resíduos sólidos, que são transformados em combustíveis fluidos através das tecnologias da gaseificação e da pirólise, para utilização em fornos de pelotização de minério de ferro. Diferentes tipos de resíduos são propostos. Foram realizados alguns ensaios para se obter a capacidade energética desses materiais. Os resíduos se mostraram altamente energéticos e uma excelente alternativa à demanda industrial.

Aug 8, 2018

By Nicola Santangelo

The current economic crisis and growing environmental issues have led the steel industry to face the simultaneous effects of low demand and production overcapacity in a globalized steel market, whilst confronting high energy prices and the need to comply with the green economy. Heat Recovery from waste gas of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) represents one of the greatest opportunities to reduce the consumption of primary energy and reduce the CO2 emissions in steel industry. The heat of the off-gas, if recovered and converted into electrical power, can make the whole Fumes Treatment Plant autonomous from the electric point of view, thus making it a “Zero-Energy FTP”. The concept is to substitute the Cooling Components (Water Cooled Panels and Air Cooler) are substituted with Heat Recovery Components (Hot Water Cooled Panels and Heat Exchanger). The recovered heat can be converted into power by using an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine. The heat recovered by the HWCP and the Heat Exchanger is characterized by a variable thermal power, which affects the efficiency of the downstream ORC System. Danieli, in collaboration with the University of Udine, has developed the Thermal Stabilizer Unit (TSU). Danieli has realized the first step towards Zero Energy FTP at ABS steelmaking plant (Italy) by installing a CHR® - Clean Heat Recovery. This plant has been started up on 17th October 2014. The HMI of the CHR® is integrated in the HMI of the furnace, so all the process could be kept under control by the furnace operator. At ABS recovered thermal power reaches 5.5 MW. The max power production reached with CHR plant in ABS (over 1MW of electric power) consents an annual saving of approx. 500,000 EUR.

Aug 16, 2017

By Eustáquio Vieira Júnior, Welder Gomes Gonçalves

Os altos-fornos podem apresentar ocorrências de arrombamento e/ou avermelhamentos dos algaravizes, e esses têm como conseqüências: alto risco na integridade dos conjuntos joelhos/algaravizes, resultando em baixa segurança operacional; elevação brusca da temperatura interna dos algaravizes, causando avermelhamentos e/ou arrombamentos recorrentes por desgaste acentuado do revestimento refratário; necessidade de paradas emergenciais; necessidade de troca dos conjuntos de algaravizes por desgaste acentuado do perfil refratário. Uma possível causa relacionada com essas ocorrências pode ser a combustão no interior do algaraviz do carvão que foi injetado pelas lanças, causando desgaste do revestimento refratário e conseqüentemente avermelhamento e/ou arrombamento do conjunto. Para evitar esse tipo de ocorrência foi instalado sistema de monitoramento de fenomenos na zona de combustão. Esse sistema trabalha como complemento do diferencial de pressão dos algaravizes e o anel de vento. Nesse trabalho, são mostradas as características do sistema de monitoramento e suas particularidades e os resultados alcançados após a implantação dos sistemas no que se refere aos danos em conjuntos de sopro.

Oct 1, 2019