Search Documents

By A. B. Luz, A. Middea

Kaolin clay is heavily used in the paper industry as a coating and a filler, however to attend the specifications required by the industry it has to be processed. Kaolin is also used as a filler and pigment in various materials, such as paint, plastic, rubber etc. Some crude kaolins as mined in Northern Brazil, contain colored impurities such as iron oxide and rutile/anatase. These minerals normally are stained by iron and as a result vary from yellow to dark brown in color. The kaolin beneficiation process used in that region consists mainly of degritting, fractionation by centrifuge, high gradient magnetic separation, bleaching with sodium dithionite, filtering and drying. In some kaolin clays from that region, titanium oxide mineral occurs in fine fraction, lower than 2 µm, and so making the industrial process more difficult. The conventional method of classification and bleaching with sodium dithionite, markedly improves kaolin brightness, but has little effect on anatase removal. In fact, the fine fractions resulting from centrifugation, in many cases contain more TiO2 minerals than the original whole clay or the coarse fraction. The present work is related to purification of Brasilian kaolin clay using selective flocculation for removing its colored impurities such as rutile and anatase. This study was conducted in bench scale and it consisted of: blunging, screening, conditioning and decantation. Overflow and underflow resulting from settling of the flocculated material were then dried and submitted to TiO2 and brightness analyses. Sodium polyacrylate and sodium silicate were added to kaolin clay suspension as dispersant and ammonium hydroxide was also added to adjust pH. After degritting, the minus 44 µm fraction was conditioned with hydroxamate surfactant and then polymers of different anionic charge were added. The influence of pH and type of polymer on efficiency of TiO2 removal, as well as kaolin mass recovery were studied. The results obtained in the present study are quite promising. It was possible to diminish TiO2 content and increase kaolin brightness (ISO) from 82 to 88%.

Jan 1, 2004

By J F. Davies

A review is presented of the fundamental differences between the Superior and Churchill geologic provinces. Structure, lithology, grade of metamorphism and a single recent age determination suggest that the Flin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake belts are remnant blocks of originally Superior rocks lying within the Churchill province. Major mineral belts occur along the main boundary between the Superior and Churchill provinces (the Thompson -Moak Lake nickel belt) and within the remnant Superior blocks inside the Churchill province (Fiin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake). During the Hudsonian orogeny, metamorphic gradients must have existed across the Churchill-Superior boundary and between the remnants of Superior rocks and the enclosing gneisses of the Churchill province. It is possible that not only the unusual nickel deposits of the Thompson belt but also the base metal deposits of the Flin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake districts are due to redistribution, or diffusion and migration of metals to areas of lower-grade metamorphism during the Hudsonian orogeny.

Jan 1, 1964

By H. Utsunomiya

Most magnesium alloy sheets show low deformability in rolling. Edge cracks and transverse fractures are common difficulties. In addition, rolled sheets show well-developed basal texture <0001>//ND. The texture causes high anisotropy in mechanical properties and low formability in subsequent metal forming. Differential-speed rolling, where the upper and the lower rolls rotate at different speeds, introduces shear deformation through the thickness. Not rolling texture but shear texture evolves in the sheet so that the asymmetric rolling can be a method of texture control. However the primary slip system of the hcp alloy, is basal, the shear texture should be also basal. Differences between the two basal textures, i.e., the rolling texture and the shear texture, have not been understood completely. In this study, conventional (same-speed) rolling and differential-speed rolling have been applied to commercial AZ31B sheets at 623K. Microstructures, textures and mechanical properties of the rolled sheets before/after annealing are compared. It is found that the basal texture is more pronounced by the asymmetric rolling. On the other hand, the asymmetric rolling is effective to decrease the grain size and the planar anisotropy.

Jan 1, 2006

By Jas. E. Thomson

"The Omega mine is in McVittie township in the Larder Lake area, Ontario. Production at the mine commenced in 1936, and, until the end of 1946, ore milled amounted to 1,558,604 tons, from which 207,074 oz. gold and 28,205 oz. silver, valued at $7,585,470, were recovered. The mine workings extend to a depth of 1,975 feet.GEOLOGYThe geology of the mine has been described in detail by C. P. Jenney (l) and the writer (2). The general geology and structure in the vicinity of the mine is discussed on an earlier page in this volume. The rock formations found in the mine workings are indicated on the accompanying plan and section (Figs. 1and2). They consist of an intermingled, south dipping complex of volcanics, sediments, and secondary talc-chlorite schists and carbonates. The carbonatized rocks, which are often referred to as 'dolomite' in the Larder Lake camp, are siliceous-carbonate replacements in the talc-chlorite schist zones. In places they contain green mica, probably fuchsite, and are cut by a stockwork of quartz veinlets and stringers. A stock of syenitic intrusives lies south of the mine workings.STRUCTUREThe main structural features are indicated in Figs. 1 and 2. The formations and orebodies have a pronounced southerly dip, which flattens with depth. The talc-chlorite schist and 'dolomite' zones are part of the Larder Lake fault or 'break' on which there appears to be very large displacement. Evidence throughout the district would indicate that the south side moved up and, in the case of the Omega mine, the thrust may have been distributed throughout the several intensely sheared zones. This slice faulting could account for the repetition of sediments and volcanics. An alternative possibility would be original interbedding of volcanics and sediments."

Jan 1, 1954

By J. M. Cormie

"The orebodies of the East Malarcic mine are interesting from a geological standpoint because of the very small amount of vein quartz, the occurrence of much of the ore in soft greenstone schist, the presence of innumerable bodies of porphyry and diorite, and their obvious relationship to structural features .The property lies in the northeast part of Fourniere township in western Quebec, and within the important fault zone that geological mapping in recent years has shown is traceable wesrward through the Noranda and Kirkland Lake camps and eastward to beyond the Val d'Or region . The claims included in the property were staked by J.P. Norrie and L. K. Coffin in 1932, but gold was not discovered until i934. Production began late in 1938. The total amount of ore milled up to the end of 1945 was 2,837,091 tons from which gold having the value of $16,631,758 was recovered.The region is underlain by an alternating series of Early Precambrian sediments and volcanics cut by innumerable intrusives. These are more fully described in the works of Gunning, Ambrose, and Norman. The East Malanie property is underlain by three formations, which, named from north· to south, are : the Cadillac sediments, the Blake River volcanics, and the Kewagama sediments. In addition, there are countless intrusions of porphyry and diorite, particularly in the greenstone, occurring in all sizes up to those measurable in hundreds and even thousands of feet . These constitute a large proportion of the greenstone in places. In many parts of the ore zone there is more porphyry and diorite than schist. The greenstone itself is not homogeneous but includes peridotite, andesitic lava, and soft talcose schist.Orebodies have been found in both the Blake River volcanics and the Kewagama sediments. They are not known to occur in the Cadillac group. The ore occurs in a zone of pyrite mineralization in which almost no other metallic minerals and very little vein quartz are present. Generally, the grade varies directly with the amount of pyrite. The mineralization is later than all the rocks of the area. Diorite was a particularly favourable rock for mineralization and contains the highest grade of ore, but any rock in the fault zone may be ore-bearing, whereas the same type away from the zone is not."

Jan 1, 1954

By Alexander Smith

"The three principal known mineral deposits of the Taku River area lie in the Tulsequah synclinorium. The axis of this north-south trending structure is along Tulsequah River valley; about 6 miles east of the eastern contact of the Coast Range batholith.The one proven mine of the area, the Polaris-Taku, is on the west side of the valley. It is a gold property, the gold occurring in fine needles of arsenopyrite disseminated in carbonatized volcanics. The mine was originally called the Whitewater, and the adjacent area the Whitewater gold belt. During the years 1937 to 1942 gold having a value of $3,284,000 was produced from 313,500 tons of ore milled."

Jan 1, 1954

By O. S. Perry, G. H. Charlewood, K. Griffin, S Ogryzlo, H. Hopkins, G. MacIntosh

"The gold mines of Kirkland Lake are in Teck township, Timiskaming district, Ontario, latitude 48°9'N. and longitude 80°3'W., at an elevation of 1,038 feet above sea-level.There are seven contiguous producing mines in a length of 3;1/2 miles along the general east-west strike of the deposits. The seven mines are, in order from west to east, Macassa, Kirkland Lake, Teck-Hughes, Lake Shore, Wright-Hargreaves, Sylvanite, and Toburn.The first discovery of gold in the zone was made by W. H. Wright in 1911 on the east claim of the Wright-Hargreaves property, and the following year the Tough brothers and H. Oakes found gold in what is now the No. 1 vein_ at the Toburn. Production began at the Toburn in 1915, followed by Teck-Hughes in 1917, Lake Shore in 1918, Kirkland Lake Gold in 1919, Wright-Hargreaves in 1921, Sylvanite in 1927, and Macassa in 1933.To the end of 1946, 31,938,350 tons of ore had been milled at the Kirkland Lake mines, from which 16,132,700 oz. gold, having a value of $498,517,600, were recovered. The bullion varies from mine to mine between 800 and 900 fine, the average for all the mines being 853. The average fineness of the native gold is 941.The workings of some of the mines are more than 6,000 feet deep and sinking to depths below 7,000 feet is now in progress.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe regional structural geology of the area in which the mines of Kirkland Lake occur is described in a preceding paper in this volume by J. E. Thomson."

Jan 1, 1954

By A. B. Irwin

"Discussion at MeetingDR. D. DERRY (Ventures Limited) referring to the diagram (Figure 15) which shows a transverse structure section across the Central Slocan area, asked what the assumed structure at depth was, remarking that dips are steeper and more uniform at depth and that the contortions with gently-dipping axial planes are at higher elevations. He wondered whether the section represented ,part of a very large fold with steeply-dipping axial plane.MR. J. D. LITTLE (Canadian Exploration, Limited) replied that E. B. Mayo (Kelowna Exploration Company) and others had considered that the entire section illustrated faces to the southwest and represents part of the lower limb of a great overturned •syncline which is concave toward the southwest.DR. R. DEWIT (Geological Survey) remarked that the photograph of a ripple mark (Figure 7) showed internal lamination conformable to the ripple mark and wondered if the structure was not due to slumping during consolidation, since the normal mode of formation of ripple mark would seem to preclude the possibility of such internal stratification.MR. LITTLE remarked that in his opinion such structures should not be depended upon alone with-out other confirmatory evidence of the direction of tops of beds."

Jan 1, 1952

By P. Henry

Hydrometal provides an adequate technology to reintroduce lost metal units into the industrial cycle, thereby saving resources and energy, while keeping the environment cleaner. Two case studies of our integrated hydrometallurgical recycling facility (Hydrométal) in Belgium are discussed.(I) Recycling of Cu-Co cement generated at the second purification step of zinc sulfate solution. (II) Recycling of lead complex materials from the lead industry.

Jan 1, 2008

By S. Yue, P. Vo, M. Jahazi

The flow behaviour and microstructure development of a near-alpha titanium alloy during beta working has been investigated. Typical cogging conditions were simulated through compression testing of IMI834 at temperatures of 1025°C-1100°C, strain rates of 0.01 s-1 - 1 s-1 and post-deformation heat treatments up to 4h. Using a synthesis of available literature models, a finite element model has been developed and validated through quantitative measures of flow stress-strain data and beta grain characteristics. Flow behaviour was analyzed through a self-consistent method while the microstructure development was considered with regard to the kinetics of beta recrystallization. Deformation at beta or high alpha/beta working temperatures (T>l025°C) produced minor flow softening with complete grain refinement achieved through metadynamic recrystallization.

Jan 1, 2006

By DAVID C. MILLER

Barite deposits occur worldwide and in a variety of geological environments. In recent years, several deposits of barite and barite-lead-zinc have been discovered in northern British Columbia, Yukon Territory and Alaska. Most are associated with Devonian-Mississippian age sediments, and many are syngenetic, bedded-type deposits. The Mel is a barite-lead-zinc deposit; it lies within Lower Cambrian strata and appears to be of epigenetic replacement origin. Figure I is an aerial view of the property from the south. Observations herein described are based largely upon field work, megascopic studies and two recent B.A.Sc. theses (Biasucci 1979, Rennie 1979).

Jan 1, 1984

By E. S. Moore

"The Michipicoten-Goudreau area, bordering on the northeast corner of lake Suferior, has had a tectonic history related to that of the geosyncline occupied by this lake. This basin has been a major structural feature in the Canadian Shield since at least late-Precambrian time. It has been extensively faulted and was the centre of great igneous activity in the Keweenawan feriod . Many of the faults, folds, dykes, and sills in the surrounding regions tend to head directly or indirectly into this basin. Some of the faults in the Michipicoten-Goudreau area appear to run under the eastern part of lake Superior just as the large Keweenaw fault in Michigan extends into the lake on the south side. Some of these faults may even be extensions of or counterparts of the faults on the south side of the lake. Another set of faults in the Michipicoten-Goudreau area runs nearly transverse to some of these major faults, and it is evident that in some places movement has recurred at a later time on faults formed in an early period.STRATIGRAPHYThe rocks of this area, with the exception of Pleistocene and Recent formations, are all Precambrian:"

Jan 1, 1954

By Evans B. Mayo

ABSTRACT Orange Footwall &apos;sill&apos; is locally concordant locally discordant, with the structure of its sedimentary walls. The sediments were folded in two directions. Folds, following both these directions, are preserved in the concordant portion of the &apos;sill&apos;. It seems, therefore, that the porphyry has replaced the sediments, thus preserving within itself their structure. During replacement, the nascent porphyry may have been much weaker than its walls. Accordingly, under directed pressure, the porphyry could have flowed locally, disarranging the replaced structures within it and developing a flow structure discordant with the folds in the sediments. Some such action may account for the discordant parts of the &apos;sill&apos;. INTRODUCTION The senior author has seen certain granitoid massifs that have an internal structure vastly different from, and discordant with, the structures in their wall rocks. It seems that? such massifs have moved independently of their surroundings. Yet, a structure section elsewhere in the same mountain range may reveal granitic rocks with internal structures that appear to continue the structure of the invaded rocks. In such a case, it is at least thinkable that the granite has replaced the older sediments or volcanic rocks. In February, 1950, the writers mapped, on 15 level of the Nickel Plate mine, near Hedley, B.C., a diorite or gabbro porphyry &apos;sill&apos; that, in one cross-cut (1503), appeared to be quite concordant with the wall-rock structures, whereas in another cross-cut ( 1500) about 100 feet to the south, the same porphyry was discordant (see Figure 1).

Jan 1, 1951

By G. W. H. Norman

"The Indian Molybdenum deposit occurs in granite near the centre of Indian peninsula, Kewagama lake, in Preissac township, Abitibi county, Quebec, about 40 miles east of Noranda. Quartz veins containing molybdenite were discovered in the vicinity of the deposit in 1901 by J. F. E. Johnston of the Geological Survey of Canada. Innumerable trenches and a few pits were excavated during and prior to the first great war, but there was no production. During the second great war systematic drilling along a favourable zone disclosed by the earlier trenching outlined an orebody of 225,000 tons with a molybdenite content of 0.46 per cent.A 500 on mill was built in 1943, and 91,489 tons of ore underwent treatment, from which 699,568 lb . of molybdenite was recovered. The mill closed down early in 1944 when the wartime need for Canadian molybdenum production eased .GEOLOGYThe general geology in the vicinity of the deposit is shown in Fig. 1. The deposit lies at the north edge of a muscovite-biotite granite mass about 2 miles wide and several miles long. West of Kewagama lake this granite is cut by great swarms of quartz veins . The only other granite in the district known to contain similar swarms of quartz veins, and which similarly has become a source of mo!ybdenite, occurs 20 miles east in La Corne township. The non-molybdenite-bearing granites of the district are either more basic and contain frw dykes except aplite or are distinctly pegmatitic types and contain up to 50 per cent pegmatite dykes with molybdenite only here and there in small amount."

Jan 1, 1954

By R. B. Allen, B. S. W. Buffam

"The property of Chesterville Mines, Limited, is in McGarry township, Timiskaming district, Ontario, about 25 miles east of Kirkland Lake. It consists of a group of fifteen claims that extend northeast from the KerrAddison mine for a distance of 2 miles.In June, 1906, two groups of prospectors left the town of Chesterville, Ontario, to prospect in northern Ontario. Silver had been discovered 3 years before at Cobalt and the large profits of this young mining camp were the principal incentive to extending the field of exploration northward. One group consisted of Dr. Reddick, Edward Flynn, John Hummel, William Knott, and Colin Cameron. The other group comprised J. T. Kearns, Herman Hummel, W. G. Barkley, and J. Elliott.The two groups travelled north by train to Haileybury and thence to Larder lake by canoe. Camps were pitched on the northeast arm of the lake, and within a short time a discovery was made by Edward Flynn of the first party, who found gold on the property now owned by Kerr-Addison Gold Mines, Limited. Herman Hummel and J. T. Kearns shortly afterwards made the second discovery, on what is now the Chesterville property. These discoveries, made some years prior to those at Porcupine and Kirkland Lake, are believed to be the first in that part of northern Ontario.The Hummel-Kearns claims were incorporated in the following year under the name of Chesterville Larder Lake Gold Mining Company, Limited. It was not, however, until 30 years later, in 1936, following the increased premium on gold, that sufficient capital was placed in the treasury of the Company to carry out an extensive diamond drilling programme. This exploratory drilling was started early in 1937 under the direction of Leo. J. Kearns, and a large body of ore was intersected in the first drill hole. Underground work was started in 1938, a mill was built, and the first gold brick was poured on July 29th, 1939."

Jan 1, 1954

By D. W. Morgan, K. W. Downes

"OVER half a million tons of chromite ore is used annually on the North American continent, all of which is imported from overseas. Chromite is essential in the manufacture of stainless steel, armour plate, and tool steel, to mention only three important uses. It is, therefore, a strategic mineral, and every effort should be made to discover a means of utilizing our domestic supplies.Both Canada and the United States possess deposits of chromite, but they are low grade with respect both to their chromium content and to the ratio of chromium to iron. Mechanical concentration can improve the chromium content •by rejecting gangue, but chromium concentrate produced is still lower in chromium than imported chromite and, more important, the ratio of chromium to iron is only about half that in the imported material. At present, a chromium to iron ratio •of 3:1 is desired by industry. To obtain this .ratio in the case of domestic ores, a chemical attack on the chromi'e is necessary."

Jan 1, 1952

By Stewart A. Ferguson

Location.-The property consists of eight claims (P-12339 to 12343, 12403 to 12405) in Robb township, adjoining Jamieson township on the west. A mocor road extends twenty-two miles northwest from Timmins to the mine. Acknowledgments.- The field work was done in 1940 and 1943, while the writer was employed by the Ontario Department of Mines. The Metals Reserve Company has made available information regarding the property through Messrs. W. R, Dunbar, of Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, and W. C. Ringsleben, of the Metals Control Board, Department of Munitions and Supply.

Jan 1, 1945

By R. S. Jr. Stronach

"IntroductionThe property of Campbell Red Lake Mines, Limited, is in Balmer township, Red Lake area, Patricia portion of Kenora district, Ontario. It consists of a group of twelve claims which had been staked and re-staked a number of times before George W. and Colin A. Campbell staked them in 1944. Messrs. Brewis and White incorporated Campbell Red Lake Mines, Limited, in July, 1944, to acquire these claims from the Campbell brothers, and in November of the same year re-assigned their option on the controlling interest of the treasury shares to the Dome Exploration Company (Quebec), Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Dome Mines, Limited.A long known exposure of sulphides on the northeasterly portion of the property, which returned low gold assays, on sampling, was the only showing of interest at this time. However, Dr. H. C. Horwood's report and map of the district had recently been published and favourable structure W3.S indicated in Balmer township. It was on the strength of this showing and Dr. Horwood's report that Dome Exploration became interested in the property.Between. January, 1945, and April, 1946, a diamond drilling programme was carried out, with completion of sixty-one holes. Five holes proved the surface showing to hold no commercial interest, so routine cross-sectioning of the property from north to south was started. The fourth hole of the series returned excellent ore intersections and from that time on the programme changed to one of extending these values. The final results of the drilling showed that what is now known as the A zone has a continuous length of some 1,200 feet, a width of 4½ feet, and an overall grade of about 0.5 oz. gold per ton. There were many other intersections of ore grade outside this A zone which could not be successfully correlated .at that time, but underground work has opened many of them. It may be said here that practically all the work to date has been confined to the southeast claims of the property."

Jan 1, 1950

By J S. Kermeen

This paper deals with drilling and blasting techniques at the Phoenix mine, near Grand F1nks, B.C., which is now operated by The Granby Mining Company Ltd. The difficulties of open-pit mining through former underground workings are unique to this operation. Rock types are related to drilling conditions, and the methods used, or contemplated, to overcome the several difficulties are outlined. The equipment used is also mentioned. Finally, blasting techniques and costs are reviewed. Introduction T HE Granby Mining Company operates on open-pit copper mine and concentrator at the site of the original Phoenix mine, near Grand Forks in south-central British Columbia. The pit is a side-hill cut measuring approximately 1,000 by 2,000 ft., and covering a vertical range of from 4,550 to 4,950 feet above sea level. The mill is currently operating at 1,900 tons per day. A 4.5 to 1.0 waste to ore ratio necessitates the removal of some 15,000 tons of ore and waste per working day. Mining conditions at Phoenix are extraordinary in that all the ore zones currently being

Jan 1, 1965

By W. H. Hastings

Introductory In the amount of her coal reserves, Saskatchewan ranks third among the provinces of the Dominion, with a total, as estimated by D. B. Dowling, of 59,812,000,000 tons. All the coal so far discovered in the Province is lignite, and it would appear unlikely that bituminous or higher grade coals exist. General Occurrence of the Coal The location of the coal-bearing formations in Saskatchewan is shown on the accompanying map. It will be seen that the areas lie principally in the southern part of the Province. The more darkly shaded areas indicate locations where development is taking place, or where coal-seams are known to occur, either through outcrops in valley-sides or through having been encountered during boring operations. The coal-seams are not necessarily continuous throughout the shaded areas, but in all pans of these there are coal possibilities. It is quite possible that small outliers of the coal-bearing formations may occur further north in the Province, but, generally speaking, coal is not likely to be found outside the shaded areas.

Jan 1, 1929