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By G. W. Crane

WHEN ore was discovered on the Tintic Standard property in the spring of 1916, new developments were immediately started both north and south of that property, on the supposition that in East Tintic the ore would be found to occur in northerly trending channels, similar to those so characteristic of the older camp. But 9 years of developments have failed to establish the existence of such a channel. This is due undoubtedly to important differences in the geology of the two camps, that were not recognized, and is indicative of the danger in the general tendency toward interpreting the geology of East Tintic too strictly in terms of that of the older camp. It should not be forgotten that while the two sections have had practically the same geological history, the net results of a long series of geologic processes have developed in them conditions that differ so widely and in so many particulars that the necessity of regarding them as essentially different districts seems apparent. In an effort to emphasize this fact, this paper is devoted chiefly to a comparison of the geological conditions as found in the two camps and is addressed more particularly to those familiar with the geology of the Tintic district. Following a short description of the several ore discoveries and of the Tintic Standard mine is a brief discussion of the evidence of ore channels in East Tintic. For my information regarding the Tintic Standard mine, I am indebted to the courtesy and generous assistance of Messrs. Wade and Snow of the Tintic Standard Mining Co.

Jan 9, 1925

By James Douglas

American metallurgical inventions have not always been absolute metallurgical improvements, if accurate work be the standard of comparison; but when we review the new methods and machinery which have been generally accepted, we find that some have become essential to the metallurgist the world over, while all are so admirably adapted to the peculiar requirements of our local conditions that they have entirely supplanted foreign processes and appliances. The necessity of diminishing to the utmost the employment of labor (owing to its great cost), and the inexorable requirements of our modern joint-stock corporate system, which demands that large quantities be worked up in order to secure large returns, regardless betimes of waste, have been the impelling motives to invention, and indicate the special directions in which originality has been exercised. As might be anticipated, the West has been the most fertile field of inventions by miners and metallurgists, by reason of its great and varied mineral wealth, locked up in ores sometimes lean and often of intricate composition, which must be profitably handled, at a great distance from fuel and from building-materials, by workmen who are paid wages very much higher than those received by their fellow-workmen of like craft in Europe, and in some localities twice as high as those paid for like services even in the eastern States. Moreover, paradoxical as it may seem, the technical inexperience of many of those engaged in mining and metallurgy has helped rather than hindered the progress of invention; fop while there may have been ignorance, there has been radical freedom from

Jan 1, 1894

By David Browne

THE literature dealing with the physical constants of nickel is so fragmentary and unrelated, that a synopsis presents unusual difficulties. It is only within the last few years that investigators have understood the importance of placing on record not only the determinations they have made but also the composition, physical treatment, and past history of the material investigated. For this reason much of the earlier literature is valueless. Determinations have been made of the same physical constants on samples differing widely in origin, composition, and treatment, and the results differ widely among themselves. In the first place nickel is almost as flexible a term as steel. Its physical properties are widely influenced by its composition and treatment. It absorbs large quantities of gases and is exceedingly difficult to prepare in a state of chemical purity comparable to gold, silver, or copper. It is vitally affected by thermal and mechanical treatment. Hence in the following pages the recorded literature, where quoted, must be accepted with a certain reserve and used, as far as possible, as a check on later observations, in which these important factors are noted. In every case where new determinations are given, an attempt has been made to record all available information concerning the composition and treatment of the material used so that the data may serve as steppingstones toward a wider knowledge of the properties of the metal. As this synopsis is an attempt by men of metallurgical training to do what should long before have been clone by physicists, it is to be expected

Jan 9, 1919

The Mississippi river was discovered by French explorers that came southwestward, by way of the Great Lakes, from eastern Canada. Vignan, Joliet, De Champlain, and others of the French pioneers in the first half of the seventeenth century, dreamed of a short cut to China by means of the great waterways they explored. In a geographical book published in London in 1726 by Daniel Coxe an account is given of "a new and curious discovery and relation betwixt the river Meschachebe [Mississippi] and the South Sea, which separates America from China, by means of several large rivers and lakes". Louis Joliet, a fur-trader, and Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, reached the Mississippi and paddled their canoes on its broad waters on June 17, 1673.* They descended the river as far as the entry of the Arkansas tributary, and then returned overland to Canada, being deterred from going farther south by reason of Indian hostility. Several years later Robert de La Salle, a French trader, starting from Quebec, went westward to Lake Michigan and thence to the Illinois river, which he and his comrades descended in their canoes to the junction with the Mississippi, and then followed it to the sea. They reached the Gulf of Mexico on April 9, 1682. Thus the great central waterway of North America was made known. These French-Canadian voyageurs, or boatmen, traded with the Indians for furs in the Upper Mississippi valley, and when in need of bullets they noticed the outcrops of lead ore, from which, probably in the last decade of the seventeenth

Jan 1, 1932

By Benjamin Talbot

(New York Meeting, February 1913.) THE problem of segregation and cavities in steel ingots is a subject which has given and is still giving metallurgists, en¬gineers, and operators matter for serious consideration.. This question has come more into prominence lately in the United States, clue largely to the desire of railroad engineers to secure a better rail than they have obtained in the past, as the service they demand is increasing in severity; and no doubt manufacturers will be able to meet what is required of them. The rails here are as good as those made in other countries, but the conditions of service and the extremes of climate are more severe and consequently more breakages occur. Various reasons have been advanced to explain why rails may not be as good in quality to-clay as in the past. Some engineers consider that modern methods of manufacturing, designed chiefly to obtain large output, tend to reduce the standard of excellence of more deliberate methods. Others think that 4-ton ingots are worse than those of 2 tons. Again, it is .stated that the 100-ton heat in one ladle is too large, and is a :step in the wrong direction in casting. My experience upon the question of the size of the ingot is that in rolling rails of from 85-to 100-lb. sections, the range of ingot is only practically such that the difference in the size does not help in the question of segregation, cavities, or blow-holes.

Jan 4, 1913

By Lars Thomassen, Ernest Kirkendall, Clair Upthegrove

THE amount of research done in the last few years on the subject of diffusion in solid metals is significant of the importance of this problem. To review the literature dealing with diffusion is unnecessary here. Desch1 in 1912 reviewed the work that had been done on diffusion in solids and gave a bibliography of the literature published before that time. Mehl's paper in 19362 is an excellent review of diffusion in metals and contains a large bibliography. Of importance also for its review and bibliography is an article by A. I. Krynitsky.3 While considerable material has appeared in the literature on diffusion in brass, the amount of information is not great compared to that pertaining to some of the other alloys. Most of the information published is of a qualitative nature; that which is quantitative varies considerably. Thus the quantitative determination of the rates of diffusion of copper and zinc in alpha brass by a new method appeared worth while. In the present investigation the rate of diffusion of zinc in approximately the same composition alpha brass has been determined at three temperatures. PROCEDURE The method used consisted of plating copper on a beta brass, heating it to allow diffusion to take place, and measuring the concentration of copper by determining the lattice constant of the alloy. This method is unique in that it uses a beta brass of such a composition that at the temperature at which diffusion takes place the beta brass is saturated with copper. Thus, while the beta brass supplies the zinc, no diffusion takes

Jan 1, 1938

By Paul D. Foote

Most of the treatises on metallurgy intimate that simultaneously with the development by the atomic physicist of a really satisfactory theory of the atom will be inaugurated a new epoch in the science of metals. Metallurgically and metaphorically, we shall dwell in the Utopia of Sir Thomas More. It is my privilege this afternoon to demonstrate that this state has not arrived. An atom is a miniature planetary system consisting of a positively charged nuclear sun about which revolve electrons each carrying the negative charge e. The charge on the nucleus is + Ze where Z is the atomic number and the number of planetary electrons in a neutral atom is equal to Z. These electrons are arranged in several groups having different binding energies. Ordinary x-ray phenomena relate to processes occurring deep within the atom, usually with electrons in the so-called K or L shells. Such electrons in the heavier atoms are so closely bound to the nucleus that the forces exerted by neighboring atoms in a solid are relatively inappreciable. For most practical x-ray investigation, the atom may be considered as in the gaseous phase completely isolated from its neighbors. The K radiation from an element in the gaseous state, in the solid or liquid phase, or even in combination with other elements in all its possible valences, is almost identical.‡ Visual and ultraviolet spectroscopy is concerned with disturbances of the most loosely bound outer or valence electrons of the atom, always in the vapor state. The remarkable progress of the last year in both theo-

Jan 1, 1926

By Edgar Bain

THE results are presented of an investigation to discover the fundamental atomic conditions existing in Corson's high-copper alloys hardenable by means of silicide solution and reprecipitation. The study attracted the writer because it offered a very convenient example of the general type of hardenable alloys exemplified by duralumin, Sykes' iron-tungsten and iron-molybdenum alloys and the hardenable lead antimony. SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In brief, the investigation shows that very perfect crystallinity exists in the solid solutions prepared at high temperature to contain as much dissolved silicide as possible. The lattice parameter of copper is altered very little by the amount of cobalt, nickel or chromium, and silicon dissolved. The hardening by drawing at a temperature to initiate precipitation of excess silicon and metal produces a remarkable change in the atomistics of the solid solution. The old perfection of crystallinity in the solid solution is destroyed and the new atomic spacings are of variable magnitude even in one grain, and a condition in a measure resembling that found in martensite is observed. Were no particles whatever precipitated by the drawing action, still ample causes for hardness would be in evidence in the solid solution alone. The lack of plane continuity in the crystal grains would oppose slip in a very effective manner. Complete annealing restores the crystalline perfection in large measure. In these alloys even the most sensitive methods failed to reveal the characteristic pattern of the silicide precipitated by the anneal, but this was largely to be expected as the amount is relatively small.

Jan 1, 1927

By James W. Malcolmson

This paper treats of the history and development of the Sierra Mojada mines in the north of Mexico, the character and extent of the ore-deposits, and the methods of mining the ore. The growth of the smelting industry in Mexico in recent years is, to a large degree, due directly to the output of the lead-bearing ores from the Sierra Mojada mines, and at the present time (1901) new smelters are being built, looking to this district for their supply of lead-ores. These mines are located in the southern part of the State of Coahuila, in the Republic of Mexico, in latitude 27 24' N. and longitude 103O 43' W. of Greenwich. The last account of the Sierra Mojada published in our transactions was contributed by Mr. Richard E. Chism, in October, 1886.* Since that time some 3,000,000 tons of ore have been extracted from the mines, and much additional information has been developed regarding the mineral deposits. Since 1886, the Mexican Northern railroad, 78 miles in length, has been built from Escalon, connecting the camp with the Mexican Central railway, a trunk-line from El Paso, Texas, to Mexico City. The distances by rail from Sierra Mojada to the principal smelting-centers are as follows : To Torreon, Coahuila, Mex., 179 miles; to Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mex., 422 miles; to El Paso, Tex., U. S., 494 miles; to Aguas Calientes, A. C., Mex., 522 miles; to San Luis Potosi, 8. L. P., Mex., 644 miles; to Pueblo, Colorado, U. S., 1158 miles; to Argentine, Kans., U. S.,

Jan 1, 1902

By A. T. Miesch, L. B. Riley

An error occurred in the preparation of Fig. 3, p. 249, of Basic Statistical Measures Used in Geo-chemical Investigations of Colorado Plateau Uranium Deposits. This figure shows the relation of the arithmetic mean: geometric mean ratio to the geometric deviation. Curves for the cases where n, the number of samples, is 100, 10, and 5 are too high with respect to the ordinate. The error is negligible at low geometric deviations, but becomes increasingly greater wi,th higher values of geometric deviation. Arithmetric mean values in Table I1 are not effected by the errors in Fig. 3. The authors will endeavor to supply copies of the revised curves on request; write to: A. T. Miesch, Geologist, Branch of Radioactive Materials, U.S. Geological Survey, Bldg. 25, Federal Center, Denver 25, Colo.

Jan 1, 1962

By Ivor Jenkins

Processes employing 'controlled at-mospheres in the heat-treatment of metals and alloys are now well established on an industrial scale, and the general principles involved and the advantages to be gained in the use of the technique have received considerable publicity over a period of years. During this time the greatest emphasis has been on the establishment of the process in industry, the main effort being devoted to development work on various types of atmospheres, their useful fields of application and the design of suitable heat-treatment furnaces in which they are to be used. The various types of controlled atmospheres are fairly well standardized, but there still remains a considerable field for the investigation of related problems, in connection with both the gas-generating equipment and the surface chemistry of the heat-treatment of metals, especially in complex controlled atmospheres. This paper describes certain investigations of this nature that were carried out in England up to 1939. The development of processes employing controlled atmospheres has been asso-ciated to a very large extent with the heat-treatment of steels, both because of the major importance of steel in industry and the many diverse and dificult prob-lems of surface chemistry involved when steels of such a wide range of composition are heated in the presence of active gases. Controlled atmospheres such as disso-ciated and burnt ammonia or charcoal gas are used in the heat-treatment of low-carbon and high-carbon steels, but from certain points of view a suitable atmosphere generated by the partial combustion of city gas is to be preferred. Both the ammonia derivatives are comparatively expensive, and even if the burnt ammonia is regenerated, thereby reducing operating costs, the capital expenditure of the gas plant may make it prohibitive for the smaller type of furnace installation. Charcoal-gas generators are not without their operating difficulties especially those associated with the quality of the charcoal, clinker formation and the removal of carbon dust from the generated gas. City gas has the advantage of being comparatively cheap and "on tap" in most if not all industrial centers. The use of raw city gas as a protective atmosphere in the heat-treatment of steels has been described,' but it presents certain difficulties because of its complex composition and its explosive nature when mixed with air. These factors, together with the tendency toward sooting at elevated temperatures, arising mainly from the hydrocarbon gases present, all militate against its use as a protective atmosphere in industrial furnaces. The following analysis, based on the analyses of city gas in different localities in Great Britain, indicates the wide limits existing

Jan 1, 1948

By Ivor Jenkins

Processes employing 'controlled at-mospheres in the heat-treatment of metals and alloys are now well established on an industrial scale, and the general principles involved and the advantages to be gained in the use of the technique have received considerable publicity over a period of years. During this time the greatest emphasis has been on the establishment of the process in industry, the main effort being devoted to development work on various types of atmospheres, their useful fields of application and the design of suitable heat-treatment furnaces in which they are to be used. The various types of controlled atmospheres are fairly well standardized, but there still remains a considerable field for the investigation of related problems, in connection with both the gas-generating equipment and the surface chemistry of the heat-treatment of metals, especially in complex controlled atmospheres. This paper describes certain investigations of this nature that were carried out in England up to 1939. The development of processes employing controlled atmospheres has been asso-ciated to a very large extent with the heat-treatment of steels, both because of the major importance of steel in industry and the many diverse and dificult prob-lems of surface chemistry involved when steels of such a wide range of composition are heated in the presence of active gases. Controlled atmospheres such as disso-ciated and burnt ammonia or charcoal gas are used in the heat-treatment of low-carbon and high-carbon steels, but from certain points of view a suitable atmosphere generated by the partial combustion of city gas is to be preferred. Both the ammonia derivatives are comparatively expensive, and even if the burnt ammonia is regenerated, thereby reducing operating costs, the capital expenditure of the gas plant may make it prohibitive for the smaller type of furnace installation. Charcoal-gas generators are not without their operating difficulties especially those associated with the quality of the charcoal, clinker formation and the removal of carbon dust from the generated gas. City gas has the advantage of being comparatively cheap and "on tap" in most if not all industrial centers. The use of raw city gas as a protective atmosphere in the heat-treatment of steels has been described,' but it presents certain difficulties because of its complex composition and its explosive nature when mixed with air. These factors, together with the tendency toward sooting at elevated temperatures, arising mainly from the hydrocarbon gases present, all militate against its use as a protective atmosphere in industrial furnaces. The following analysis, based on the analyses of city gas in different localities in Great Britain, indicates the wide limits existing

Jan 1, 1948

By Charles Pack

Die castings may be defined as metal castings made by forcing molten metal, under pressure, into a metallic mold or die. It is necessary to keep this definition in mind to avoid confusing this process with other permanent-mold casting processes. The fundamental principles of the process have been known and practised many years. The simplest application is embodied in the modern linotype machine in which molten metal (usually tin-lead alloy) is forced under pressure into a metallic mold. The pressure is derived from a piston and cylinder immersed in the molten metal. Progress in the art of die casting may conveniently be divided into three groups: Machine for imparting pressure to the metal, material for the die or mold, casting alloys. The problem of delivering molten metal under pressure into a die is comparatively simple, when dealing with low-fusing-point alloys, as the alloys of lead and tin, but it is much more complicated when dealing with metals of higher fusing points, such as the alloys of zinc, aluminum, and copper. Although the art of die casting is comparatively new and, to a large extent, unknown, the records of the patent office are replete with patents on the subject. Fig. 1 shows the Underwood machine patented in 1902; this is probably one of the first machines designed for the production of commercial die castings. The relation of this machine to the linotype casting machine is clearly apparent. A cylinder and piston are immersed in the molten metal, the application of power to this piston forcing the molten metal, under pressure, into the mold or die. The Doehler machine, Fig. 2, patented in 1907, is based on the same general principles. This machine is used to a large extent at the present time, throughout the United States, for the production of zinc, tin, and lead alloy die castings. In the machine shown in Fig. 3, patented by Doehler in 1910, compressed air is used for forcing the metal into the die. In Fig. 4 is shown another of this type of machine. Here compressed air is applied to the surface of the molten metal to force it into the die. In a machine patented by Chandler in 1914, shown in Fig. 5, the

Jan 1, 1919

By H. Foster Bain

THE "miracle of production." which was such an essential element in winning the European war, was nowhere more in evidence than in our Western States. In shipbuilding alone the Pacific Coast States -et a mark never before equaled, and in production of war goods of many kinds, both Rocky Mountain and Coast States accomplished more than their proportionate share if measured by population standards. This was only possible because of the building of immense new plants of many types, largely financed with Government money. Their operation has built up payrolls in the West and brought a measure of prosperity which Westerners are naturally anxious to have made permanent. A widespread doubt obtains, however, throughout the nation and even in the Western States themselves, as to whether, and if so to what extent, this may prove possible. The question has been raised as to whether the national treasury has not been raided to stock the Western ranges with a voracious breed of white elephant .

Jan 1, 1945

By J. C. Platt

I DESIRE to call the attention of the Institute to what is believed to be a new improvement in 'the construction of journal-bearings, having for its object the reduction of original cost as well as cost of renewals. In an ordinary railroad car we find the space between the top of the axle and the top of the box is filled with a "brass," weighing from seven to ten pounds. Of this amount of metal a comparatively small portion is subjected to the wear which it is intended to meet. The balance is, practically, a filling material, which from habit has long been constructed of the same metal. The Defreest bearing is made of three parts, namely, a malleableiron back, a bronze bearing-piece, and between them a filling-piece of sheet lead. The bronze takes the wear of the axle, the iron fills up the space and acts as a backing to the bronze, and the lead, being soft, adapts itself to the inequalities in the surfaces of the iron and bronze castings, thus insuring a uniform bearing on all points, and making it unnecessary to bore out the iron or turn off the bronze to bring them to a perfect contact at all points. These three parts are joined together by two soft brass rivets, with counter-sunk heads, to prevent separation in handling. A groove is cast in the iron, and a corresponding rib on the bronze, to prevent the latter from turning with the axle when in place. In renewals it is ordinarily necessary simply to drive out the rivets and renew the bronze and lead. The iron part is not subjected to much wear and should last for years. It is evident that the first cost of these journals, and also the cost of renewals, must be much less than the old form. This difference amounts, at the present price of materials, to $9.60 for an eight¬wheel car, in first cost, and $4.72 for renewals. These bearings have been in use, and found to do what is claimed for them.

Jan 1, 1880

By J. C. Platt

1 desire to call the attention of the Institute to what is believed to be a new improvement in 'the construction of journal-bearings, having for its object the reduction of original cost as well as cost of renewals. In an ordinary railroad car we find the space between the top of the axle and the top of the box is filled with a "brass," weighing from seven to ten pounds. Of this amount of metal a comparatively small portion is subjected to the wear which it is intended to meet. The balance is, practically, a filling material, which from habit has long been constructed of the same metal. The Defreest bearing is made of three parts, namely, a malleableiron back, a bronze bearing-piece, and between them a filling-piece of sheet lead. The bronze takes the wear of the axle, the iron fills up the space and acts as a backing to the bronze, and the lead, being soft, adapts itself to the inequalities in the surfaces of the iron and bronze castings, thus insuring a uniform bearing on all points, and making it unnecessary to bore out the iron or turn off the bronze to bring them to a perfect contact at all points. These three park are joined together by two soft brass rivets, with counter-sunk heads, to prevent separation in handling. A groove is cast in the iron, and a corresponding rib on the bronze, to prevent the latter from turning with the axle when in place. In renewals it is ordinarily necessary simply to drive out the rivets and renew the bronze and lead. The iron part is not subjected to much wear and should last for years. It is evident that the first cost of these journals, and also the cost of renewals, must be much less than the old form. This difference amounts, at the present price of materials, to $9.60 for an eightwheel car, in first cost, and $4.72 for renewals. These bearings have been in use, and found to do what is claimed for them.

Jan 1, 1880

By Wilhelm Rohn

When a metal solidifies, gas, initially present in solution, may be concentrated at the grain boundaries, leading to brittleness, or it may form solid compounds which, if localized at the grain boundaries, impair the properties. On the other hand, the solid compounds formed sometimes distribute themselves more or less uniformly, and hence may be relatively harmless. If metallic oxides are heated under a partial oxygen pressure less than that corresponding to the dissociation pressure of the oxide in solution in the melt, they will decompose and oxygen will tend to be eliminated from the melt. This paper presents data on the partial oxygen pressures of copper and nickel oxides over a wide range of temperatures; it also presents data regarding the amount and nature of the gases evolved in the vacuum melting of a 3500-kg. charge of nickel-chromium alloy and gives test values indicating the improvement in impact values ascribed to vacuum melting. The results of commercial experience with a 4-ton vacuum melting and casting furnace indicate that this method entails an increase in cost of about 10 cents per pound of ingot over orthodox practice, which may be justified for special products and may be lowered if hot metal is charged into the vacuum furnace. DISCUSSION (Howard Scott presiding) J. H. ScafF, New York, N. Y. (written discussion).—In the section of Dr. Rohn's paper describing the effect of melting -metals in vacuo, he says, "In this way plain copper, nickel and iron may be easily purified. For example, vacuum-melted copper does not contain any oxygen and for this reason it is never sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement." This statement is contrary to the results of our experiments at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on the effect of vacuum melting on the properties of copper. Several 150-gram samples of tough-pitch copper were melted in a vacuum of the order of 1 X 10-5 to 1 X 10-6 mm. Hg for 2 hr. Portions of the ingots obtained were swaged to 0.100 in., then drawn to wire 0.050 in. in diameter for physical and

Jan 1, 1933

By Arthur McKee

As HEAT is the controlling factor in all smelting operations, it will be .most helpful to make a new set of calculations on the basis of a .unit of fuel burned at the tuyeres to carbon monoxide. This ties together the only two factors in this operation that seem to be constant with respect to each other-the fuel at the tuyere and the air or its oxygen content. If our usual smelting operations, using natural air heated to reasonably obtainable temperatures, furnish sufficient heat above this critical temperature for the purpose, it is doubtful whether additions of oxygen will be of marked benefit. A unit of fuel will not produce a single heat unit more if burned with pure oxygen than if burned with natural air and less heat will be available per unit of fuel by the amount of heat that is carried in by the preheated nitrogen in the natural air of the blast. This is more readily apparent if considered in connection with a heat balance sheet per unit of fuel at the tuyere. The heat available in the stack, as shown by the committee's report, is less by reason of the lower fuel consumption per unit of output assumed in this calculation. The balance sheet for enriched air shows a shortage of the amount of heat usually carried in with the blast; also a lack in the hearth of sufficient heat to melt the 18 per cent. additional metal and slag and in the shaft to the extent of the shaft heat required to heat the 18 per cent. additional stock to the melting point. These heat deficiencies are provided for by the largely increased conversion of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, which is assumed, as shown by the following figures: Calculation for natural air: Carbon dioxide 18.4 per cent. (after having eliminated the carbon dioxide from limestone) and 20.8 per cent. of carbon monoxide. Calculation for oxygen-enriched air: Carbon dioxide 28.4 per -cent. and carbon monoxide 23.2 per cent. (no carbon dioxide from stone as lime is charged instead).

Jan 11, 1924

By W. G. Wender

The North Central Texas district, as known to the oil fraternity, is the area producing from sands and limes of Pennsylvanian age, roughly embracing the territory lying between Fort Worth and Abilene in an east-west line, and between the Red River and the Llano Mountains in a north-south line. The history of oil development in North Central Texas during the year 1927 is briefly reviewed in the following paragraphs. Brown County New discoveries and development in Brown County centered mainly around the Fry pool, located in the west central portion of the county. Important discoveries for the year were: Shoupe No. 1 John Byler, discovery well of the Byler pool, located 2 miles south of the Fry pool which camc in early in February, 1927, at 1262 ft. for 90 bbl. in the Fry sand of upper Strawn (Pennsylvanian) age. Rosenfield No. 1 P. Davis, discovery well of the Smith-Ellis pool located 1 1/2 miles northeast of the Fry pool, came in March 7, in the Fry sand from 1277 to 1279 ft. for 30 bbl. initial. Pandem Oil Corpn. No. 1 Mrs. T. Hutton, located 1 mile east of the Smith-Ellis pool, came in in December in the Fry sand from 1119 to 1130 ft. for 45 barrels. The Fry pool passed its daily production peak of 25,000 bbl. during the first part of June, and declined to a daily production of 5100 hhl. by the close of the year. The oil recovery from the Fry pool up to Jan. 1, 1928, slightly exceeded 4,000,000 bbl., averaging 4700 bbl. to the acre. over the entire pool. The Smith-Ellis pool passed its daily production peak of 5300 bbl. in Octohcr, 1927, and dropped to 3600 bbl. by the close of the year. The possibilities of the Byler pool will be unknown until the area is fully drilled up. In the Blake pool, production passed 2,500,-000 bbl. for the year. The per acre recovery in this pool up to lkc. 31, averaged slightly over 5000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1928

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1937 was slightly over 37,000 bbl., an 85 per cent increase over the preceding year and the highest since 1928. Closer cooperation between the operators and the State Division of Geology has resulted in more accurate data than have been possible for the past few years. Such cooperation is most desirable, especially in this state, which has no law requiring the filling of drilling permits, logs, and production figures. The increased production for the year has resulted from discoveries of four small pools in the shallow district of Clay and near-by counties. The most promising of these began production late in 1937 and consequently has had little effect on the 1937 total. These discoveries, along with renewed activities in some of the older areas, have increased the production for Clay and adjoining counties from less than 5000 bbl. during 1936 to over 21,000 bbl. in 1937. The Mississippi lime production in Scott and Morgan Counties declined from 16,335 bbl. in 1936 to 14,644 bbl. during 1937. While the decline curve on this production has been gradual, some of the wells are over 20 years old, and it becomes necessary to look for other favorable structures in this general region if increased production is to be obtained or past production maintained. The only natural gas marketed off the lease in Tennessee during 1937 was in Morgan County, where a small amount was furnished for the town of Sunbright and its immediate vicinity. The gas occurs with the oil in the Boone Camp field and small amounts were put on the line from the near-by Coon Hollow and Seabolt pools. Development There were 59 wells spudded in during 1937, of which 18 were drilling or only temporarily shut down on Dec. 31, 1937. Of the 41 completions, 17 produced oil, 5 were gas wells of undetermined quantity, and 19 were dry or near-dry holes. The flush production on the new wells totaled about 1300 bbl. per day. The more important wildcats are listed in

Jan 1, 1938