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For the year ending February, 1916 PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,3 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 . . . ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1. NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 11, 1915

For the year ending February, 1916 PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,3 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y..

Jan 2, 1916

For the year ending February, 1916 PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,3 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS , ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N.Y.

Jan 12, 1915

For the year ending February, 1923 PRESIDENT ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, District 0 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS HERBERT HOOVER, District 4 WASHINGTON, D. C. EDWIN LUDLOW, District 0 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT J. V. W. REYNDERS NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER CHARLES F. RAND NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY FREDERICK F. SHARPLESS,. . . . . NEW YORK, N. Y. ASSISTANT SECRETARY PERCY E. BARBOUR NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 7, 1922

By John M. Loveioy

EVERY producer of crude oil knows what is meant by the Rule or Law of Capture. It means that the ultimate ownership of a migratory substance such as oil is not determined until that substance is reduced to physical possession. Unless, therefore, the producer moves quickly to capture his share from the common pool, he may lose to any neighbor who is drilling and producing more rapidly than he a portion of the oil originally underlying his property. And there is no recourse open to him if his property is so drained. Under this rule it is obvious that the owner of an oil property, if he is to protect his' ownership, must be governed in his development and production policies by the activities of his neighbor rather than by his own business requirements. He must drill as densely and as fast as the other operators in the field or lose part of the oil to which he should be entitled.

Jan 1, 1936

THE problem of picking the best students for an engineering college can no longer, be considered as simply one of determining the amount of general ability, but rather of finding special aptitudes for scientific work, according to Carl C. Brigham~ a Princeton University professor, who has been conducting researches on methods of selecting engineering undergraduates at Cooper Union, an evening school in New York City. When we first began this investigation seven years ago," says Dr. Brigham, "we thought the whole job would be done a soon as we had found a good method of measuring general intelligence. Today we feel that we are still about five years away from a solution, but on somewhat firmer footing than when we were looking for general ability.

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

THE non-ferrous alloys have been placed in the same class with steel by metallurgical research on hardening, and hardenable alloys of all metals except zinc are now manufactured. The hardening of the non-ferrous alloys is accomplished by a process of heating, quenching and ageing. R. S. Dean, head of the research department of the Western Electric Co., told of the results of this research in 'a lecture on "Recent Advances in the Art and Science of Fabricating Metals," given before the Missouri Mining and Metallurgical Association on Jan. 24, 1929.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. B. Kinnear

THE first copper stool used under an ingot mold to receive molten steel has recently been taken out of service after it had received ingots amounting to 6012 gross tons. This stool, weighing 8330 lb. had been in continuous service for 1822 heats since its installation. From this modest beginning the use of copper for ingot-mold stools grew to 425,000 lb. in 1934, with an additional 50,000 lb. of copper used in the form of inserts in cast-iron stools. During 1935 the quantity of copper used for stools increased by about 350,000 lb., making a total of 775,000 lb. now in use for that purpose. Copper used for inserts has increased during this time 180,000 lb., or over 350 per cent, to a total of 230,000 lb. The total of copper, therefore, in use at present under ingot molds is slightly over 1.000,000 lb.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. D. Doherty

A. R. POWELL*—Mr. Doherty has outlined in a most thorough manner valid arguments for the development of an industry in this country making syn. thetic liquid fuels from coal. No thoughtful person will dispute the statement that it is essential to carry on fundamental and applied research and acquire engineering "know-how" by the erection and operation of two or three large plants in the near future. Considerations of national security indicate that this should be done, irrespective of any temporary present surplus of natural petroleum. It is the belief of the discusser and of many others interested in coal technology that our energy picture of the future will include an increasing utilization of coal directly, without any conversion to liquid fuel, as a source of energy. A fact that is sometimes forgotten is that petroleum fuels have often been cheaper than coal in many locations and over long periods of time, and this price factor has been of great importance in expanding the use of petroleum fuels at the expense of coal. Synthetic liquid fuel made from coal must necessarily be several times as costly as the coal from which it is made, and this fact alone will have a profound effect on the future energy pattern of our country. This complete change in the economic relationship between solid and liquid fuels will lead to the substitution of coal itself for many uses now supplied by the relatively cheap petroleum fuels. From the standpoint of conservation of our natural resources, the substitution of coal itself for liquid fuels wherever possible when the age of synthetic liquid fuel arrives is also logical. At least 50 pct of the energy of coal is lost during conversion to liquid fuel. Nor is this com-pensated for by a higher utilization effi-ciency of the liquid fuel in most cases. For example, modern steam-boiler plants can operate at equal fuel efficiencies with either coal or fuel oil.

Jan 1, 1950

By Anthony Anable

THE definite trend to stricter specifications with respect to hydraulic concrete has become increasingly manifest in the last six years or so; but it remained for the vast reclamation projects of the Bureau of Recla-mation of the Department of the Interior of the last few years to focus attention on this trend, and to demonstrate how thousands of tons of concrete-making aggregates can be produced continuously and auto-matically with a control of fineness comparable with that obtained with small samples in well equipped private and governmental laboratories. Pioneer work in this direction was done, to be sure, by private com-panies, notably the Kaiser Paving Co. of San Francisco, prior to the present vast public works program. Then in 1931 came the first great aggregates-preparation plant of the Six Companies, Inc. to supply. construction materials for Boulder Dam' in Nevada, and now, in 1936, the aggregates plant of the Mason-Walsh-Atkinson-Kier Co., general con¬tractors on the Grand Coulee dam in Washington. At Boulder dam and to an even greater degree at Grand Coulee dam, sand production is recognized as probably the most important single element affecting the physical characteristics of the concrete. For in the construction of dams accurate grading of the fine aggregate has consider-able bearing on the attainment of a uniform and homogeneous concrete of a high degree of workability and placeability and, at the same time, combining high density and low cement content. Low cement content is of value not only from the standpoint of economy but also because the use of an unnecessarily rich concrete causes certain undesirable characteristics to develop. This paper will relate how at Grand Coulee dam methods that are more advanced than ever before are producing four sizes of gravel and a sand having a fineness modulus of 2.5-3.0. The design capacity is 1000 tons an hour. Significantly, the methods and equipment employed are broadly those that have been used for a generation in metallurgical mills for accurately sizing and grading both precious

Jan 1, 1936

By James J. Scott, John J. Reed

In a year fraught with difficulties, especially to small operators, the more stable mining organizations have shown a dynamic readiness to plunge ahead in the development of new mines, new and ingenious equipment and new tools for management to take the guesswork out of important decisions. New Mining Equipment The mining equipment display at the American Mining Congress in San Francisco demonstrated some rather radical new design concepts and a new willingness to use imagination to come up with ingenious new applications and adaptations of standard equipment.

Jan 2, 1963

By George S. Rice

INTERESTING developments going on in European coal mines look to: (1) increasing mechanization; 12) concentration of mining; (3) improvement in safety appliances; and (4) studies in bettering roof supports and. incident to this, studies of the way a roof behaves under different conditions of support and methods of mining and back-filling. Mechanization and concentration off mining is being adapted to a considerable extent in Great Britain coincident with the development of conveyors. Belt conveyors, shaker-pan conveyors, and a combination of the two are used. For pitching seams not steep enough for the coal to run in station-chutes, the. shaker-pan conveyor is more popular. For large outputs from a contiguous face, the double-unit system of face layout-that is, the conveyors meeting at a common point-is favored.

Jan 1, 1934

By E. W. Davis

THE large iron-ore producers on the Mesabi Range are able to maintain the silica in their shipping products at from 8 to 10 per cent by mixing ores of various grades, some assaying 4 per cent silica and some as high as 18 per cent silica. For each ton of 4 per cent silica ore mined, a ton of 14 per cent silica ore can be mined and mixed with it and the average grade maintained at 9 per cent. This mixing operation has made possible the utilization of large cluantities of ore too lean to be used alone. and herein lies the advantage of the producers who operate a number of mines at the same time. As the grade of the ore from one of the properties falls off, a little high-grade ore from another property can be mixed with it and the average maintained, while if one property alone were being operated all of the ore below grade would be left behind.

Jan 1, 1930

By F. B. Plummer

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING deals with the production, transportation, and refining of crude oil. Refining is chiefly the work of the chemical engineer; production, that of the petroleum engineer. Production engineering only is discussed in this paper. Petroleum production engineering is closest related to and, in fact, is a branch of mining engineering. Formerly, many petroleum engineers were trained as mining engineers or mining geologists. The profession is related also to mechanical and civil engineering to about the same extent that mining engineering is. Petroleum production draws upon the mechanical branch for drilling and pumping machinery and upon civil engineering for the construction of transportation lines, water supplies, and water-disposal plants. Fundamentally, petroleum production engineering deals with the removal of the oil from the reservoir rocks, just as mining is concerned with the removal of ore. The process of oil production demands a specialized knowledge just as distinct from mechanical and civil engineering as mining is distinct from operating a Diesel engine. Even though the chief tools of the petroleum engineer are the drill and the pump, these may be of little avail, and certainly not efficient, if their selection and use is not based on a knowledge of the physical chemistry of oil, the geology of the formations, the structure of the oil sand, the hydrodynamics of the reservoir, and the interrelation of all these many factors.

Jan 1, 1936

Organization Place Date 1913 Mining and Metallurgical Society of America New York, N. Y. Jan. 8 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. 11 American Society of Civil Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. 22-25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers : New York, N. Y. Jan. 22-25 American Institute of Mining Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 18-21 National Society for Promotion of Industrial Educa- tion New York, N. Y. Feb.. American Institute of Architects Washington, D. C. April American Iron and Steel Institute New York, N. Y. May New York Electrical Society New York, N. Y. June National Association of Stationary Engineers Cincinnati, 0. Sept. American Chemical Society Cleveland, 0. Sept.

Jan 1, 1918

By R. H. Swallow, George Hess

Aerial photography was once a crude, uncertain tool. Today it is a precision mapping instrument which saves important time and money for strip mining and other industry. Aerial photography began in the boxkite days of aviation. The Army first used it for rough reconnaissance photographs. Then, in the early Twenties, industry began to use aerial photographs of their plants and facilities for advertising or annual reports. The quality of these pictures was not very good by today's standards, but this work began the development of better cameras, better lenses, better photographic techniques.

Jan 1, 1949

By D. L. McElroy

SAFETY in coal mining received especial attention by the public in general and the mining industry in particular during 1940 and early in 1941, owing primarily to the six explosion disasters which occurred last year with a total of 276 fatalities. This was the largest number of fatalities due to explosions in bituminous coal mines since 1928, when 347 lives were so lost. But facilities due to explosions have had a definite decreasing trend since 1907, in spite of bad years such as 1917, 1924, 1932, 1937, and 1940. Although the upswing in explosion fatalities in 1940 is lamented by all, none will admit it represents a trend and it will serve mainly to stimulate ways and means of further reducing these disasters.

Jan 1, 1941

By William B. Plank

ENROLMENT data given in this report of the seventh study of the schools by the Mineral Industry Education Division reveals the critical situation in the mineral engineering schools of the United States. Complete figures for the year 1942-43 show that at that time, about one year after Pearl Harbor, the enrollment of mineral engineers was 6385 or 30 per cent less than in 199441. By October 1943, however, enrollment had dropped to 2050, as reported in the Journal of Engineering Education of January 1944. This was a further reduction of 68 per cent in one year, or 77 per cent in three years. With accelerated programs in effect during the current year, with many graduations since last October, and with the military forces taking practically all the high school graduates, the present enrollment is, of course, much lower than the 2050 above given. There are no late data on the exact situation. In Canada, the same situation exists in the mineral engineering schools, only

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

THE PAPER, "Surface Effects on Assay Beads Caused by Metals of the. Platinum Group," presented by J. L. Byers, before the Institute of. Metals Division at the February meeting of the Institute, is the subject of interesting discussion, an abstract of which follows. The original paper is available at Institute headquarters as a Preprint. Member-What assurance have you that the percentage of metals, as stated, is really an accumulation?

Jan 1, 1932

TO metallurgists generally, Arthur S. Dwight is no stranger even to those who do not know him personally. He is one of those contributors to technical progress whose names will go down to posterity because of their being attached to a successful machine or process, such as Dorr, Hardinge, or Marcy, or Wedge, MacDougall, or Herreshoff. The roasting and sintering method and equipment developed by Colonel Dwight and his associate, the late Richard L. Lloyd, may be found in lead smelters throughout the world, and also in many metallurgical works dealing with other ores, including those of iron. It is ordinarily used to desulphurize and agglomerate fine ores for subsequent smelting. Colonel Dwight's citation as James Douglas Medalist reads: "For his contributions to the art of smelting nonferrous ores; and particularly for his pioneer work in developing equipment and technique for sintering such ores and metallurgical products." The medal was awarded at the last Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E. but unfortunately the medalist was unable to leave Florida at the time to receive it in person.

Jan 1, 1942