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By T. S. Washburn

THE grades of commercial steel produced in large quantities can be divided into two general types from the standpoint of ingot structure-killed and rimmed. Killed steel covers a wide variety with carbon contents throughout the range of the steel portion of the iron-carbon diagram, and is the kind usually used in the production of alloy steels. Rimmed steel is normally associated with carbon ranges under 0.30 per cent, and is not yet used to a large extent in alloy practice, except for copper-bearing steels. The fundamental differences in the ingots made from these two types of steel can be seen most easily in Figs. 1 to 7. In the rimmed ingot shown in Figs. 5 to 7 there are two lines of blowholes approximately parallel to the sides and coming together at the top and at the bottom of the ingot. In the killed ingots shown in Figs. 1 to 4 these blowholes are not present. Also, the rimmed ingot has no well defined pipe, as com-pared to the deep pipe on the killed ingots, and there are numerous pri-mary blowholes in the lower portion of the rimmed ingot perpendicular to the surface and close to it, while on the killed ingot there are no blowholes of this type in the ingot shown in Fig. 1 and very small ones close to the surface in the lower part of the ingot shown in Figs. 2 to 4. With respect to the presence of pipe and the primary blowholes, the structure may vary considerably in both rimmed and killed ingots, therefore these cannot be considered as fundamental structural characteristics differ-entiating the two types of steel. The primary blowholes in rimmed ingots may be much less pronounced than those in the ingot shown in Figs. 5 to 7-as, for example, in "ingot iron," which is entirely free from them. An example of a cross section of an ingot-iron ingot is shown on page 16 of "Research and Methods of Analysis of Iron and Steel," published by the American Rolling Mill Co. (1920). A certain amount of pipe may also occur in rimmed ingots, though it is normally porous and not as well defined or deep as in the killed ingot of Fig. 1. In killed ingots, pri-mary blowholes may occur near the surface, as in Figs. 2 to 4, and

Jan 1, 1937

By A. B. Parsons

Jan 1, 1971

By J. J. Fritts, J. L. Patrick, T. L. Wright, C. O. Ensign, W. S. White, J. W. Trammell, J. C. Wright, D. J. Hathaway, R. J. Leone

The copper deposit at White Pine, Michigan, from which a little more than 5 per cent of United States primary copper currently is produced, is a large stratiform orebody, 4 to 25 feet thick and several miles across. The present ore column, containing about 1.2 per cent copper as chalcocite and native copper, is confined to the basal beds of the Nonesuch Shale. This upper Keweenawan (Upper Precambrian) formation is a distinctive gray siltstone unit, about 600 feet thick, overlying and overlain by thick red-bed sequences. All these rocks contain abundant volcanic debris, but the latest known igneous activity within 50 miles antedated the Nonesuch Shale. The rocks are unmetamorphosed and only moderately deformed, mainly by tilting and faults. Pyrite, presumably syngenetic, is the only prominent sulfide throughout most of the Nonesuch Shale. The basal beds of the formation, however, contain disseminated copper minerals instead of pyrite and constitute the cupriferous zone. On a regional scale, the top of the cupriferous zone cuts across bedding, and ranges from an inch or so above the base of the formation in some areas to more than 50 feet in others. However, within the cupriferous zone the distribution of copper shows remarkable stratigraphic control. Certain beds are copper-rich compared to the beds that lie between them and the differences persist throughout the White Pine region. Several darkgray thinly laminated beds in the lower 10 to 25 feet of the Nonesuch Shale are rich enough and sufficiently close enough together to constitute a mineable thickness where they lie within the cupriferous zone. Pyrite is the characteristic sulfide of the Nonesuch Shale as a whole. The principal sulfide mineral of the cupriferous zone at the base of the formation is chalcocite. The succession of minerals outward and upward from the center of the cupriferous zone is native copper-chalcocite-bornite-chalcopyrite- pyrite. The bornite and chalcopyrite are confined to a narrow fringe at the margin of the cupriferous zone. This pattern of mineral zones is believed to represent reaction between syngenetic pyrite and introduced copper. The main copper mineralization is independent of structure and apparently antedates deformation. Details of the geometry of the cupriferous zone indicate the possibility that copper was introduced from the underlying sandstone prior to lithification. The source of the mineralizing solutions and their copper is not known.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

SECOND only to the February Annual Meeting of the Institute are the Regional and Divisional meetings held in the fall of each year. Six such gatherings are scheduled in the next the months, with something likely to interest every member of the Institute. A brief résumé of the programs follows. Regional Meeting Vancouver T HE regional meeting of the Institute will be held at Vancouver, Sept. 13 to 20, in conjunction with the annual western meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The pro gram appeared on page 350 of MINING AND METALLURGY for July and-proof of careful preparation-a month later re- quires no correction and little elaboration. On the technical side there are few changes. A new item on the Wednesday morning program is the paper, "Investigation of Residential-type Stokers," by H. F. Yancey, supervising engineer, Northwest Experiment Station. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Seattle. As to entertainment the meeting is taking on some most pleasurable aspects. Two notable excursions have been arranged.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. D. Hughes

C. W. MERRILL*-Mr. Hughes' paper not only is very well presented but is most timely in that it covers a subject of vital interest to the United States. Tin is one of the strategic metals which has not been found here in appreciable quantities. The total United States tin output since the first recorded production over 100 years ago would not supply current consumption for a fortnight. On the consumption side, tin is extremely important in national defense because of its use in tin plate which, in the form of tin cans, makes it possible to feed properly the armies that the United States recruits from its civilian population in emergencies. Moreover, the internal combustion engines so important in powering tanks, planes, and other war machines, require large quantities of tin alloys for bearings and for soldering. These considerations, along with the fact that Malaya, historically, has been the leading source of tin to the United States, make the kind of information that Mr. Hughes has presented so ably, a matter of vital interest.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. H. Atkinson, R. N. Rhoda

An improved technique has been developed for the deoxidation of palladium with aluminum which is especially suitable for use in making small castings with an induction-melting and casting machine. The effect of various crucible linings on the efficiency of the residual deoxidizer and accompanying oxide film in protecting palladium against oxidation during remelting also has been examined; the preferred crucible lining consists of zirconia cement. THE objective of this work was to develop a simple method of deoxidizing induction-melted palladium which would be suitable for use by manufacturers of jewelry and other small castings. In a common method of deoxidizing torch-melted palladium a piece of aluminum foil is dropped on the surface of the molten metal. If a film is present, which is usually the case, it must first be removed by oxidizing the molten metal thoroughly because it would interfere with the entry of the aluminum into the melt. Removal of the film is probably facilitated by a mild fluxing action of the silica crucibles which are used for torch-melting. However, removal of an alumina film from molten palladium in the crucibles normally used for induction melting is a much slower process and it became necessary to modify the de-oxidation procedure. In the modified procedure the charge is simply melted and the desired amount of aluminum, crimped to one end of a tungsten wire, is plunged through the film into the palladium and the wire immediately withdrawn. The trace of tungsten which dissolves along with the aluminum can be avoided, if considered objectionable, by using a palladium wire. In view of the persistence of the alumina film under the conditions of induction-melting it also was decided to ascertain the efficiency of this film in protecting palladium against oxidation during repeated remelting and casting. Melting Equipment and Materials The equipment used for melting and casting consisted of an Ecco GC:6, 6 to 8-kva high-frequency converter and an Ecco M34B centrifugal casting machine. This unit is being increasingly used for making jewelry and dental castings and it also has been found useful in making exploratory melts of a variety of nickel alloys, for which purpose it is well suited on account of its speed of melting and economy of material. A description of the machine and its operation will be published elsewhere.' A common palladium jewelry alloy, 95.5 palladi-um-4.5 ruthenium (referred to as "palladium" in the trade), was selected for the deoxidation tests. It was available as melting stock which had been melted in air to free it from oxidizable impurities, and also as clean scrap from previous melts which had been deoxidized with aluminum. The latter was thought to be typical of clean "palladium" scrap to be found in a manufacturing jeweler's establishment and it is also similar to one brand of "casting palladium." By the same token, the oxidized melting stock corresponds to "casting palladium" after the latter has been melted and thoroughly oxidized: Pure aluminum wire (99.9 pet), 0.032 in. diam; 1 in. = 0.036 g. Scrap tungsten wire, 0.014 to 0.020 in. diam. Argon, commercial water-pumped; 99.9 pet pure Experimental Procedure Samples of about 50 to 75 g of the palladium alloy were melted in a crucible lined with a proprietary refractory alumina cement. Some charges were melted in air, others in argon. The oxidized melting stock was melted and solidified a number of times in order to remove as much oxygen as possible before deoxidizing, but this treatment was unnecessary in the case of scrap. In either case the metal was deoxidized with aluminum (0.01 to 0.05 pet) by the

Jan 1, 1959

By M. E. Wadsworth, T. D. Chatwin

The kinetics of sulfidization of hematite (Fe203) by H2S gas at various partial pressures have been determined over the temperature range of 170° to 500°C. The process was controlled by thin films of pyrite (FeS2) and troilite (FeS) which were protective and formed diffusional layers. At higher temperatures the thermodynamic drive to form FeS2 decreased, and consequently the rate of formation of FeS, decreased. Conditions for the development of thin layers of FeSz consisting of 10 to 100 atomic diameters are presented. Laboratory flotation results on synethetic ores indicate floatability identical to that of pyrite of normal xanthate flotation. The prospect of high-temperature sulfidization of metal oxides using H2S, S, or other sulfur bearing compounds is intriguing as a potential activation process for flotation since the thermodynamics are very favorable for a large number of systems. If the kinetic parameters are sufficiently well understood it may be possible to provide surface sulfide layers a few angstroms thick, thus imparting normal sulfide floatability characteristics to the oxide. For thin layers the total sulfur pick-up would be small except for very high surface area materials but in most cases this sulfur could be readily removed by roasting if necessary. The general reactions for the sul-fidization of metal oxide MxO, to a metal sulfide MpSq using H2S may be written for the three conditions py > xq; py < xq; and py = xq: A large thermodynamic advantage is obtained in many systems because of the relatively large negative free energy of formation of H,O compared to H,S. For the temperature range 2S° to 1500°C &apos; where AFOis the standard free energy and T is absolute temperature. As is evident from Eqs. 4 and 5, the free energy of formation of H ,0 is approximately 35 to 37 kilocalories per mole greater than that for H,S over broad variations of temperature. For oxide-sulfide systems as outlined above, sulfidization may be expected to occur for the conditions: Groups I and 111: that is, if the terms on the right are more negative than those on the left the reaction is expected to occur thermodynamically. The value hFg,(,) is included in Eq. 6 since hFLzs is based upon gaseous S2 rather than the normal reference state, orthorhombic sulfur. The

Jan 1, 1969

By N. J. Sather

A detailed description is given of Bunker Hill&apos;s concentration process employed at the company&apos;s lead-zinc property in the Coeur d&apos;Alene district, Idaho. The plant is equipped to process 3000 tpd of Pb-Zn ore. The history of the Bunker Hill mine dates back to Aug. 26, 1885, when Noah S. Kellogg found the outcrop of the Bunker Hill orebody on the hillside of Milo Gulch above the present town of Wardner, Idaho. A small concentrator was erected in 1886, and before the railroad came, the mine output was transported by mule teams to the head of navigation on Coeur d&apos;Alene Lake. After ten years of production, an interest was purchased in the Tacoma smelter at Tacoma, Wash., to which the entire output was shipped. In 1916 and 1917, a modern lead smelting plant and refinery was erected, and a modern electrolytic zinc reduction plant was built in 1927-1928 by the Sullivan Mining Co. which was 50 pct owned (and now totally owned) by the Bunker Hill Co. The first concentrator, a 100-tpd capacity plant, was built in 1886 near the Reed Tunnel in Wardner. The treatment consisted simply of crushing ore to 2 in. and then to 1/2 in. through rolls in closed circuit with a bucket elevator and trommel screen. The undersize was further sized in trommels to 10 mm and 3 mm. Oversize from the latter was treated in Hartz jigs. The 3 mm undersize was classified in crude hydraulic classifiers furnishing sands to sand jigs, the overflow being dewatered in a long V tank which supplied sands to a Cornish buddle and to Frue vanners. The concentrates were of excellent grade, old records showing assays of 69 pct lead and 29 oz. of silver per ton. Tailings were high inasmuch as the provision for treating the slimes was inadequate. Since the erection of the first mill, the Bunker Hill plant has gone through many changes and improvements. In succeeding years, the flowsheet was enlarged somewhat with Huntington and Chilean mills, vanners, tables, ball mills, and flotation cells being progressively added. In the transition period to the present day practice, the object was not only to improve the equipment for better mechanical performance, but to add new equipment whenever practicable so as to improve both grade and recovery of the product at a lower cost. For the modern plant and flow-sheet, see Figs. 1 and 2. The history of flotation at Bunker Hill dates back to 1913 when experimental work was done in a cell in which the pulp was circulated through a centrifugal pump set outside the cell and discharged against a baffle in the cell. The cell was built with a spitzkasten, and the quiet zone in the latter tended to let the froth break down before it got to the overflow weir. To remedy this situation, a belt drag with light metal flights was arranged for drawing off the froth over a ramp in each cell. Recovery of lead was not as high as present day practice, but was so much better than the vanners that the cells were multiplied gradually to eight cell units. The mill men called them mud hens. Flow between the cells was controlled by a weir, which determined the pulp level in each cell. These early machines were called Bunker Hill machines. The tailings were later treated in pneumatic scavenger flotation machines in a series, producing concentrates for retreatment in the Bunker Hill cleaners as well as the final tailings. This system of flotation served with minor changes until the Fahrenwald machine was developed at Bunker Hill during the period from 1921 to 1925. In 1925, the Fahrenwald flotation machine gradually replaced the Bunker Hill machine, although the Hearing pneumatic scavengers for retreatment of the tailings from the Fahrenwald machines were retained in the lead section until 1928. The use of the Hearing pneumatic machine for cleaning the rougher concentrates was begun in 1924. In 1941, plans were made for remodeling and modernizing the concentrator, the goal being a modern concentrator employing the latest equipment and milling practices. The old wooden building was to be replaced by a steel and concrete structure. Shortly after preliminary work got under way, the United States entered World War II and the demands for metals increased. To meet this requirement, the management decided to increase the capacity of the concentrator to 1800 tpd. This was accomplished in record time by the construction and operation of a sink-float plant. Installation of this plant was the first step in the general plan for modernization. In 1947 the concentrator (including the sink-float plant) was enlarged to handle 3000 tpd. Milling operations today are at the rate of 2300 tpd, five days per week. During 1959, 453,000 tons of ore was beneficiated. The Bunker Hill concentrator is in three sections: the crushing plant, a 3000-ton capacity storage bin, and the concentrator building. The crushing plant is of wood design with a gunnite coating on the exterior.

Jan 1, 1961

By Charles M. Rolker

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) THE Mariposa estate, a grant made by the Mexican Government to Juan B. Alvarado, during the time when California was still under the dominion of Mexico, was purchased in 1847 by J. C. Fremont, and the United States patent issued to him in 1856. By sale, or its equivalent, money advanced, the property came into the hands of the Mariposa Company, June 25th, 1863, and through a varied existence of work and temporary inactivity, has as yet been kept as an undivided property, and rests at present with the Mariposa Land and Mining Company of California. I pass over this period of 15 years without giving the history of the ups and downs of the estate, partly because it is familiar to many, and also because I think in such a case this paper would assume too much the character of a narrative. The estate is situated in Mariposa County, California, about 170 miles southeast of San Francisco. It begins in lat. 37° 26’ 38" - north, and long. 119° 55&apos; west, and runs 6 miles north; thence 6 1/2 miles west; thence 5 miles northwesterly towards the Merced River; thence 8 1/2 miles southerly; thence 3 miles easterly; thence 1 mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 2 miles southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence I mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 1 mile northerly, and thence 2 miles easterly to the place of the beginning; embracing 44,387 acres (70 sq. miles) more or less. To describe this vast estate in detail as to its full geology, its numerous quartz veins, its many facilities to exploit them and work them by cheap methods, would lead me further than I intend to go at present, and I will content myself to describe the latest workings of the company and its immediate field of operations. As long ago as 1860 the late Dr. Adelberg advised the running of an adit from the northwestern edge of the estate at Benton Mills on the Merced River. His object was to undercut the deepest workings of the then paying mines on the estate-the Pine Tree and Josephine. Following this advice, the tunnel known as "River Tunnel" was commenced. Its entrance is in S. 5, T. 4, S. R. 17 E. It is run in

Jan 1, 1878

Adolph Greiner, Seraing, Belgium:—I have nothing special to add to Professor Hubert&apos;s paper except to say that there are some little things that it would be well to have corrected when the paper comes to be published. In dealing with the thermal efficiency of the engine, you will find that the 29.84 per cent. was a very high one. Professor Hubert has forgotten those engines built under the Cockerill type, but he has referred to them in Appendix 11. At our works at Cockerill we have built 63 engines, giving 63,000 h.p., and the other companies who have received licenses have built 113 engines, making 103,000 h.p., and aggregating 176 engines and 166,000 h.p. Eight years ago I had the pleasure of giving to the Institute the results obtained up to that time. Since then a good many engines have been constructed. In 1898 I thought a blast-furnace producing 100 tons of pig iron would allow 3,000 h.p. Professor Witz and Professor Hubert show that with the same production of pig the new engines take 3,800 h.p. out of the gas. At present at Cockerill we make 700 to 800 tons of pig iron per day, and we hope to have 26,000 h.p. in a few years. At present we have only half of that in gas-engines, but we hope to have in five or six years all the gas out of these furnaces to the number of 25,000 or 26,000 h.p. Tom WEstGarth, Middlesbrough, England :—My contribution is not a paper in the ordinary sense of the word, because I am sure you will agree with me that what I have written is only supplementary to the other two papers. The notes are schedules of the larger-size gas-engines built by British engine-makers, of 500 h.p. and upwards. If you look at the schedules you will find that in England gas-engines have become quite ordinary motors for a good many purposes. It was at first thought that gas-engines were troublesome, and ill-

Jan 1, 1907

Engineering Experiment Station, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas. For publications or a list of publications, address the above Of the 29 Bulletins issued by the Engineering Experiment Station, a few on cement and road-building materials may well be listed here: Bulletin 12, Road materials of Kansas; 15, Tests of Kansas road materials, 17, Some strength characteristics of portland cement; 25, Volume change of concrete, 26, A study of fourteen brands of standard portland cement and four early-strength concretes, 28, The durability of concrete, 29, The effect of aggregate and other variables on the elastic properties of concrete

Jan 1, 1933

THE twelfth annual meeting of the American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists will be held in Tulsa, Okla., on March 24 to 26, at the Mayo Hotel. The per-sonnel of the committee on arrangements for this meet-ing is as follows : Chairman, M. M. Valerius ; finance, J. H. Gardner; program, Sidney Powers,; publicity, Luther H. White; reception, L. G. Welsh; registration, Frank A. Herald; exhibits, Frank C. Greene; entertain¬ment, Harry H. Nowlan ; ladies&apos; entertainment, T. E. Weirich; golf tournament, A. L. Beekly; hotels, G. C. Potter; transportation, A. W. Duston; banquet, R. Hughes; decoration, V. H. Hughes.

Jan 2, 1927

[JOSEPHSON, W. G.: The Argonaut Mine of Today, M88, 475 JOUET, C. H., biography, M29, 258 Joule-Thompson effect, 98, 381 JOWETT, J. H., biography, M83, 276 JUDSON, S. A.: Operations in the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana for 1926, G26, 659 JUDSON, S. A., EASTON, H. D. JR. AND SCHAEFFER. W. A. JR.: Estimation of Petroleum Reserves in Prorated Fields 114, 11. Abs., YB35, 50 JULIHN, C. E.: Copper---An Example of Advancing Technology and the Utilization of Low-grade Ores. Brookings Lecture, in Mineral Economics (1931 volume, B. W. Mudd Fund)]

Jan 1, 1936

By R. L. Caldwell, E. E. Glenn, L. J. Norton, A. J. D. Straus, S. V. Holcomb, J. Zemanek

A new and unique logging tool, called the Borehole Televiewer (BHTV), has been developed to inspect boreholes and to evaluate formations. Even though geologists and engineers have had only about 3 years&apos; experience with the BHTV, the thinking of many of them has been radically influenced by the fascinating and revealing "log-picture" recorded with the tool. The BHTV fills a need for a logging tool that can produce a direct and descriptive record of the physical properties of the borehole environment. Although primarily developed to evaluate fractured reservoirs, the BHTV has been used successfully to solve a variety of problems related to formation evaluation and borehole inspection. Geologists and petroleum engineers have been confounded for many years by the problems of locating and evaluating fractures. Interpretation of the usual resistivity, acoustic or radioactivity logs, as well as the analysis of cores, for evaluation of fractured reservoirs is extremely difficult and often not definitive. This is understandable since analysis of cores from fractured formations has reported variously: (a) low porosity, (b) no effective permeability, (c) lack of any matrix oil saturation and (d) oil stains on fracture planes as the only indications of potential production.14 In recent years acoustic amplitude logs have been introduced and used with varying degrees of success to locate fractures.8&apos;9&apos;11"13 Conventional amplitude logs at best give only qualitative answers where quantitative ones are desired. The logs reveal nothing of the orientation of the fractures. In addition to these logs, various types of cameras, television, and rubber impression packers have been used for borehole inspection. (See Appendix.) The BHTV logging tool supplies both the quantitative and the orientation answers about fractures. The borehole can be filled with any homogeneous, gas-free liquid such as fresh water, saturated brine, crude oil or drilling muds. This tool takes an "acoustic picture" of the borehole wall. The resulting log is a representation of the borehole wall as if it were split vertically and laid flat. The log is oriented with respect to magnetic north. Any physical changes in the borehole wall are seen as changes in picture intensity. In this way, fractures, deformation or pits are reflected on the log. Tool Description The fundamental parts of the BHTV are shown in Fig. 1. A piezoelectric transducer probes the borehole wall with bursts of acoustic energy. A flux-gate magnetometer senses the earth&apos;s magnetic field and provides the means for determining the orientation of the log. A motor rotates the transducer and mag-

Jan 1, 1970

By L. P. Durham

DuRing the early mine development period, 1929 and the first part of 1930, a 300-ton pilot-plant concentrator was built at Nkana mine of the Rhokana Corporation, Northern Rhodesia. This plant operated from May 26, 1930 until Oct. 26, 1931, treating 101,080 tons of Nkana ores and producing 4372 tons of concentrate. The plant was built, primarily, as a test unit to determine the grinding characteristics, floatability, etc. of the Nkana ores and other ores of the Rhodesian copper belt and to supply sufficient data on which to base the design of a 5000-ton concentrating plant at Nkana mine. The test unit operated wholly on development ores and no attempt was made to grade or select the ores from any section of the mine. The average assays for the 17 months of operation are given in Table 1. The first ground was broken for the 5000-ton concentrator during June, 1930, and the construction of the plant was completed in November, 1931. The plant started on Dec. 10 and has operated continuously since that date: The whole of the concentrating plant is compact and closely connected, yet with sufficient space for expansion of all sections up to 20,000 to 25,000 tons per day capacity. Mining operations are carried on along a length of about four miles on the easterly limb of the Nkana syncline. This length includes the North orebody, from which all production has thus far originated, and the Mindola orebody, now being developed for production. The ore-bearing measures in the North orebody are leached for some 75 ft. below the surface; the oxidized zone varies in vertical extent from 100 to 150 ft. Practically all the ore below the 200-ft. level is sufficiently

Jan 1, 1935

By AIME AIME

NO MORE SUITABLE time and place than LOS Angeles on Thursday and Friday, July 28 and 29, could have been chosen for the Western Regional Meeting of the~1nstitutk. After attending two clays of technical sessions and enjoying the luncheons and dinners of the meeting, visitors, on the following days, could see the opening ceremonies and events of the Olympic Games, which started on July 30 and continued to Aug. 14. Such d spectacle can be seen only once in a generation in this country.

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

Change of Meeting from Birmingham to Chattanooga. In consequence of the disturbed conditions attending a long¬continued labor strike in Alabama, the meeting of the Institute was changed from Birmingham, Ala., to Chattanooga, Tenn., where it will. begin on Thursday evening, Oct. 1, 1908. Information. of this change bad been sent to the newspapers through the Associated Press, and by circular to all members, when news was received of the sudden and unexpected termination of the strike referred to. It was, unfortunately, too late to change once more the arrangements for the meeting. But it is hoped that the cordial invitation of the citizens of ,Birmingham may be renewed and accepted at a future time, not too remote. Office Facilities for Visiting Members. A separate room in the suite occupied by the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the ninth floor of the United Engineering Society Building, has been equipped with furniture and telephone extension for the temporary use of members of the Institute or of sister societies, or visitors suitably accredited. Members of the Institute visiting New York for a short time, who need office facilities during their stay, or members residing in the city. who need temporary office accommodation, can arrange to have set apart for their exclusive use a room, equipped with office furniture, telephone, etc.,. in the suite of the Institute. It is not the intention to give possession of the room to any individual for an indefinite time, but to offer to members of the Institute an opportunity to acquire a well-located, well-equipped business headquarters to carry on transactions which

Jan 9, 1908

By Linn M. Farish

The estimated production of petroleum in the Dominion of Canada for 1931 was 1,582,000 bbl., an increase of 60,000 bbl. over 1930. Nearly all of the production came from Alberta, with a small quantity from Ontario, and a very minor amount reported from New Brunswick. At the beginning of 1931 it was hoped, and predicted, that a substantial increase in production would be shown for that year, but such was not the case, since Alberta did not show the anticipated gain. The production from Ontario and New Brunswick has not varied more than a few thousand barrels during the past 10 years and aggregated 124,000 bbl. in 1930, with 126,600 bbl. estimated for 1931. Unless new fields are discovered, production in 1932 will decline, with Ontario and New Brunswick showing little change and Alberta declining appreciably. Canadian production by provinces during the past 10 years is given in Table 1. Furnished by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. a Barrels of 35 Imperial gallons or 42 U. S. gallons. c Figures for Ontario and New Brunswick are estimated. The production of natural gas in Canada reached the record figure of 29,377,000,000 cu. ft. in 1930 and it is estimated at 26,874,600,000

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

The following report is published for the information of the members Meetings. Two meetings for the reading and discussion of papers, etc., have been held during the year 1906-namely, the Ninetieth meeting, held February 21st to 24th at Bethlehem, Pa., and the Ninety-first meeting, held July 24th to 27th in London, England, in connection with the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. The proceedings of these meetings, including descriptions of the entertainments and excursions connected therewith, have already been published and distributed to the members of the Institute; the Bethlehem meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 9, May, 1906, pp. 497 to 508, and the London meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 12, November, 1906, pp. 809 to 908. The proceedings of the London meeting were published separately and distributed among the many individuals and concerns whose cordial friendship and delightful hospitality contributed so largely to the success of the visits in London and environs and the excursions in England, Scotland and Germany. At the Bethlehem meeting, 37 papers and discussions were presented and the names of 198 members and guests were regis¬tered at the Institute headquarters ; this number, however, does not represent all who were present at the sessions and excur¬sions. At the London meeting, 26 papers and discussions were presented, not including 5 of the papers and discussions read before the Iron and Steel Institute at the joint session with the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which, by a mutual agreement between the Councils of the two Institutes, have been selected to be republished in the Bi-Monthly Bulletin and Transactions of the Institute. The number of members and guests of the two Institutes registered at the London headquarters was 908, and of this number 131 were from America. This list does not include the names of all who

Mar 1, 1907

By J. M. Boutwell

I. Introduction. THE object of this paper is to present a concise statement on the genesis of the copper- and lead-deposits of the Bingham Mining District, Utah. It is essentially a condensation of a chapter in a detailed report on this district, together with so much on geologic features, and on the character and occurrence of the ores as bears on the problems of ore-deposition. The studies upon which the paper is based were undertaken in 1900 under the direction of S. F. Emmons, Geologist-in-Charge of the Section of Metalliferous Deposits, U. S. Geological Survey; and a little additional data was secured in subsequent years. The evidence then obtained as to the genesis of the replacement copper-ores has led, to conclusions which differ somewhat from explanations hitherto current. Accordingly, it seems desirable briefly to present the facts together with the resulting conclusions in a separate paper.

Nov 1, 1905