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By J. Thompson

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Mining Engineering) degree A study into the stability of strike gullies at TauTona mine was to be carried out. In reaching the conclusions to follow, a three-stage process was followed. ?A literature study as well as discussions with management and workers alike to gain their inputs and perceptions. ?An ESH Department survey into the history of transgression from proper mine standard in TauTona strike gullies. Unfortunately records were found to be scarce and obscure and the importance of better inter-departmental recordings cannot be stressed enough. ?An underground survey of 11 pre-selected gullies distributed in both the UCL and LCL reef horizons. This stage is to carry the greatest weight in the points to be brought forward in this report. The process highlighted and ranked the following areas as the most critical role players in the deterioration of strike gullies: ?Poor blasting practice ?Sub-standard siding depth and lead-lags ?Split sets ?Off line gully development ?Adverse geological features. The following has been suggested to the mine to help reduce strike gully instability. ?Where possible, maintain lead-lags below 7 m?else increase the siding depth to suit. ?Decrease the gully width standard to 1.2 m (especially in ?high risk areas?). ?Discourage drillers from drilling side holes in gully face blast pattern. This will allow for time in which tendon support can be kept up to date. ?Ensure split sets are installed 1 m behind the gully face so as to prevent opening up of fractures. ?Utilize the centre split set in the 1:2:1 pattern to maintain the proper gully line. ?When adverse conditions prevail, it is necessary to apply a special support plan not only to the panel face, but also (just as importantly) to the gully as well. Shotcreting of the gully hanging is a suitable long-term consideration for providing the additional a real coverage needed. List of Abbreviations [CL Carbon Leader M/O Mine Overseer UCL Upper Carbon Leader FOG Fall of Ground LCL Lower Carbon Leader H/W Hanging Wall ERR Energy Release Rate F/W Foot Wall WDL Western Deep Levels ESH Environmental Safety and Health ]

Jan 1, 2002

By Y. Chen, D. He, J. H. Potgieter

The demand for rare earth elements (REE) is increasing rapidly owing to the emergence of new cleanenergy and defense-related technologies. China’s dominates the world production of REE. In this paper, we review the ore characteristics of four typical REE deposits in China and discuss the conventional beneficiation techniques, including gravity and magnetic separation, flotation, and hydrometallurgical processing of these ores. Some of the latest laboratory findings and industrial applications, as well as the development of novel reagents for REE processing in China are presented. The REE beneficiation technologies developed and employed in China could constitute a good case study for many other emerging projects being explored around the world.

Mar 2, 2022

By N. Sasto, E. Bondi, G. R. Lane

Cyest Corporation has been involved in economic modelling and optimisation with various mining clients within South Africa, and internationally, for the past 5 years. In the mining industry in particular, the relationships between variables that are controllable, and those that are not, and the physical and economic outcomes are complex and often non-linear. These relationships constitute an economic system. In the mining context, although many of the relationships can be accurately quantified on a ?single variable to single variable? basis, such simplistic relationships will not suffice in order to understand the dynamics of an entire mine. One has to specify and quantify the relationships between hundreds, if not thousands, of variables. Furthermore, in reality, these relationships change over time. This is the role of an economic model where all the relevant cause-effect relationships, within pertinent constraints, are accurately represented. Models that are used for optimisation must therefore capture the dynamics of the economic system in question as well as anticipate changes to the relationships between these variables. An accurate economic model is a prerequisite for successful optimisation. Optimisation entails the allocation or configuration of resources, within control of management, which will maximise (or minimise) a desired objective function. An optimal configuration (implying trade-off) of controllable variables therefore exists for a given set of assumptions that will yield a maximised objective function. Due to the multi-variant trade-offs required for optimisation, the concept of the ?Economic Surface? or ?Hill of Value? has been used to represent these optimisation outcomes and to discern the route to an optimal configuration. A good example of this is the volume versus cut-off grade trade-off that yields an optimal value for a particular shaft with its unique geological and economic assumptions. More recently, Cyest has extended these economic models to incorporate risk associated with variance in assumptions and inputs. This is termed DFA (dynamic financial analysis) and incorporates stochastic modelling and some of the latest actuarial techniques around modelling global assumptions (such as pricing and exchange rate). This paper will cover the theory around mine optimisation through some example case studies, and also explain the latest thinking regarding incorporating DFA.

Jan 1, 2007

By Henk van der Bijl, Sean Rogers, Eugene Sidorski, Alan Carpenter

The electrode column is the heart of the submerged arc furnace. Superior electrode performance provides improved furnace performance. This paper describes the main features of the electrode column that delivers superior performance in furnaces worldwide, developed by Pyromet. Pyromet?s electrode comprises the compact slipping device, lower electrode assembly, upper and lower mantles, self-adjusting electrode seal, paste heaters, and Pyromet?s patented innovative electrode breakage detection and length determination system. Pyromet?s slipping device features compact interlocking clamping rings, incorporating fail-safe spring-loaded design. The interlocked clamping rings distribute the clamping force over a larger area of the electrode casing, preventing damage. The slipping device assembly features a low maintenance modular design that allows rapid slipping cycle times, back slipping, and compatibility with Pyromet?s electrode breakage detection and length determination system. Pyromet?s lower electrode assembly consists of the contact shoes, pressure bellows, pressure ring and heat shields. The contact shoes and pressure ring are designed for long, trouble free operation whilst the pressure bellow configuration equalise contact pressure and current distribution. Furthermore, the contact shoes incorporate a self cleaning feature, ensuring optimum electrical contact. The segmented design offers easy maintenance. Pyromet?s clients experience less down time due to longer component life. Pyromet?s remote adjusted electrode seal assembly reduces the rope seal working temperature, increasing rope life. The self compensating rope seal clamping force ensures an effective seal as the rope wears. Pyromet?s electrode breakage detection and length determination system detects electrode breaks utilising Pyromet?s electrode holder and data processing system. The length measurement system controls electrode length, eliminating the occurrence of short electrodes. The length measurement system furthermore eliminates the need for manual electrode length measurement, reducing associated production losses during furnace burn downs.

Jan 1, 2007

By Swapan Ghosh, Amitava Sengupta, Proloy Das

Ferro-alloys are very important ingredients used for making of quality steel with desired composition. In view of high demand in various types of ferro-alloys, it has become necessary to produce the same efficiently, safely and cost-effectively with consistent quality maintaining the anti-pollution norms. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to adopt latest process/equipment with the state-of-the-art instrumentation and automation system. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based automation system with suitable Human Machine Interface(HMI) terminals along with intelligent field mounted sensing/control devices allows to monitor and control the complete plant effectively with optimum deployment of man-power. In association with this, use of process optimization controllers enables to achieve specialised functionalities of the submerged arc furnaces like material management, lining management, electrode management, power management, overall production management etc.

Jan 1, 2007

By M. Olper

The change in regulations and the strong attention to the environment have suggested some changes in the traditional processes for the recycling of lead acid batteries. Engitec Technologies, marketing the Integrated CX® System, is continuously updating and improving its technology to fulfil the technical, economical and ecological requirements coming from the market and from the environmental authorities. In this paper Engitec Technologies will present the latest technical innovations introduced in the Integrated CX® System.

Jan 1, 2008

The 107th Annual General Meeting of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy was held at The Country Club, Johannesburg, Napier Road, Auckland Park on Wednesday, 11 August, 2004. Welcome The President extended a special welcome to the guests and representatives of our sister institutes and other associations, also to recipients of awards, senior members of industry, Honorary Life Fellows, past-presidents, our members and other guests, among them the following: Ralph Bagirathi, Executive Member, African Mining Association Rudi Rudolph, President, Association of Mine Managers of South Africa Andrew Whibley, President, Association of Mine Resident Engineers of South Africa Dr Con Fauconnier, President, Chamber of Mines of South Africa Nxolisi Diliza, Chief Executive Officer, Chamber of Mines of South Africa

Jan 1, 2004

By R. C. D. Phillis

The annual mine planning process is one of the most important tactical/operational steps towards achieving strategic goals. These tactical plans are part of a very comprehensive Mineral Resource Management process, with the natural sequel to planning being execution. The execution of an underground hard rock mine plan is a multi-project environment that comprises many development-construction-equipping-stoping single project paths, which are referred to as ?stoping paths?. The uncertainty that typifies execution of projects comes in the form of untimely disruptions to constituent tasks and/or project paths. Annual mining plans also include quantified objectives for occupational health and safety, production, quality, cost, employee morale, environment, and corporate social investment. Such objectives make for a highly complex environment that management must contend with?complex in the sense that all the paths and objectives have interdependent constraints. Furthermore, at the time of this paper, Sections54*and 55**of the MHSA*** put the onus on management to ensure legislative adherence. It stands to reason that planning estimates allow excess capacity?buffers?that cushions the impact of untimely disruptions. This paper concerns the fact that despite all the buffers allowed for, time, scope, and budget creeps impact on mine planning and threaten its successful execution. As a consequence, the paper deals with buffer management, the essence of Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM). Effective buffer management provided strategic (executive level) updates without losing the tactical/operational detail necessary for job card creation, especially where professional skills and experience are in short supply. Indicative bottom-line results showed CCPM to be highly effective.

Jan 1, 2011

By A. Nuric, S. Nuric, L. Kricak, M. Negovanovic, S. Mitrovic

"SynopsisRotary drilling with rolling tricone bits is the most widely used method for drilling large-diameter blast-holes in large surface mining operations. This drilling method is applicable to a wide range of soft to hard rock materials. This paper presents a fuzzy model for predicting the penetration rate of tricone rotary blast-hole drilling. The model is based on data obtained during the drilling of blastholes in rocks with various uniaxial compressive strengths in the Veliki Krivelj open pit mine, Bor, Serbia. The model was developed using the fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB with the Mamdani inference system. The fuzzy model was tested with 23% of the total dataset. The results obtained show the high reliability of predicting the penetration rates. Although there are possible limitations in applying the model to other open pit mines because of differences in rock properties, the prediction methodology applied in this paper can be used in many other predictions of the penetration rates.IntroductionAccording to Tamrock, rotary blast-hole drill operations depend on four important elements:•,Torque in the drill string drive sufficient to turn the bit in any strata encountered•,A high bit loading capability (pulldown force) sufficient for optimum penetration•,An air volume sufficient to remove chips generated during the drilling and to provide cool air to the drill bit bearings•,The selection of the proper type of bit for the material being drilled (Tamrock, 1984).The effects of rock mass parameters on the choice of the type of tricone bits were investigated by Kricak (1997)."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. Tholana, P. N. Neingo

"Mining companies globally are currently facing severe economic and financial challenges. In addition to global challenges, the South African mining industry has to face other operational challenges that are unique to the country and which threaten the survival and competitiveness of the industry. Profit margins are being squeezed by rising costs and decreasing commodity prices, while labour productivity is greatly affected by intermittent labour unrest. This paper analyses how the South African gold mining industry has performed pre-, during, and post the global financial crisis of 2008. The competitiveness of the industry in terms of labour productivity and industry cost curve position is analysed for the period 2006–2013 to assess the impacts of both the global financial crisis and labour unrest. An analysis of the South African gold mining industry is presented at company as well as mine level. Productivity measure in this paper is limited to labour productivity, in line with limited reporting on productivity. All the data analysed was obtained from the public domain. IntroductionSouth Africa dominated the world as the number one gold producer until 2009 when China took that position, and today South Africa ranks fifth after China, Australia, Russia, and the USA. According to Statistics South Africa (2009), South Africa still had about 30 years of production in the gold sector, a forecast that fluctuates based on the day’s modifying factors. Although South Africa has a comparative advantage in terms of minerals endowment, there are challenges faced by the mining industry that hinder translation of the comparative advantage into a competitive advantage. The industry continually seeks to address these challenges to remain competitive in global markets while addressing national and community needs.Neingo and Cawood (2014) argued that stakeholders in mining are continually concerned with mine management’s ability to translate use inputs effectively into quality outputs. They further suggested close monitoring of effective utilization of people, materials, and money to obtain maximum production of commodities under given conditions. Productivity is measured in various ways, including unit cost, output per employee, and output per unit capital equipment"

Jan 1, 2016

By M. B. Shongwe

Pt-based alloys are being developed for high-temperature applications with the aim of replacing some of the currently used Ni-based superalloys (NBSAs) in the highest temperature applications. The Pt-based alloys have a similar structure to the NBSAs, and since Pt is more chemically inert than nickel and has a higher melting point, they can potentially be used at higher temperatures, up to 1300°C, and in more aggressive environments. Several experimental Pt-based alloys were studied at Mintek, and an optimum composition was found to be Pt84:Ahi:Ru2:Cr3 (at.%). On the basis of hardness and microstructure, a later study identified a new optimum: Ptr8:A111:Ru5:Cr6 (at.%). There are at least two Pt3A1 allotropes, and the high-temperature cubic structure has better properties than the lower temperature tetragonal form, and so needs to be stabilized. This work describes the latest results obtained in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the quaternary Pt-based superalloys. These results are both interesting and important, because the samples have a higher precipitate density compared to those from earlier work. The precipitate morphology is mainly cubic, with minor areas having irregular-shaped precipitates. The high volume fraction of the precipitates is a major breakthrough, since the objective of this work is to improve the alloys. A prior disadvantage was that the proportion of the precipitates was too low in samples before this work, especially compared with the work from Germany on Pt-Al-Cr-Ni¬-based alloys as well as the NBSAs. TEM -Pt3A1 diffraction patterns were studied, and for each diffraction pattern, many possible lattice point combinations were tried, with the angle between the lattice spots as well as interplanar spacings being calculated for each phase (cubic or tetragonal) to match the measured results. An overall analysis of the diffraction results indicates that the cubic phase fitted the experimental lattice points with much lower errors compared to the tetragonal phase. Thus, with the close match achieved with the cubic structure, the structure of -Pt3A1 precipitates is likely to be cubic. X-ray diffraction has been carried out on selected samples, and the results confirmed the presence of cubic -Pt3A1 and (Pt). Different X¬ray diffractometers were used to further verify the results, and the results were also compared with those from TEM.

Jan 1, 2012

By B. C. Alberts

Planning the use of South Africa's energy resources, especially coal, is of the utmost importance. The State and the mining industry require reliable official estimates of the economically mineable coal reserves for planning purposes. An overview of al the previous reserve estimates is given, with specific attention to the two most recent estimates-those of Petrick and De Jager. The differences between these two estimates are highlighted. The following important aspects are discussed: . the need to update the information regarding South Africa's mineable coal reserves, . the necessity of understanding and agreement between the coal-mining industry and the State department responsible for updating the coal-reserve data, and . the importance of the specific assumptions used in the updating of the data. A downward adjustment of mineable reserve figures is proposed, and the factors that influence the meaningful exploitation of the coal reserves are discussed. A recommendation is made as to how the Waterberg coal reserve should be exploited, and it is concluded that the Soutpansberg Coalfield cannot be exploited economically in the foreseeable future. An evaluation of the status of the coal-export trade is made and compared with the assumptions and targets set at the start of the coal-exportation scheme. The comparison shows the extent to which the exploitation of the coal reserves is being negatively influenced by the current market situation. Recommendations are made regarding planning for the coal-export market, and the aspects that have to be taken into account to keep South Africa in the export market are identified. Reference is made to the fact that the present unrestrained wage and salary adjustments, which show a total disregard of South Africa's poor productivity record, require serious thought and speedy rectification if the country is to survive in the export market. A salary and wage strategy must be developed to suit the specific needs of the Republic of South Africa.

Jan 1, 1987

By R. P. Mohring

The South African Coal Industry had its beginnings in the Eastern Cape in 1859 when coal was mined to satisfy the fledgling settlements in the Eastern Cape. The growth in the industry was relatively slow up to the early 1970s when, firstly, the export business was expanded coupled with a major increase in the quantity of coal converted to liquid fuels and utilized for power generation. To meet this increased demand the industry developed many new operations employing the latest mining technology and systems. Coal production in South Africa reached 204 million tons in 1996 and revenue from exports reached R8 billion making it the second-largest foreign exchange earner after gold. In his address Rick P. Mohring describes the role coal plays in the international energy scene and outlines South Africa?s position as a producer and consumer of coal, and the challenges facing the industry. A wide range of steam-coals are produced to satisfy both the local market (power generation, coal conversion and the metallurgical industry) and the export steam-coal market. South Africa is in a unique position regarding the export market as it is still a relatively low-cost producer and is geographically well-placed to play in both the European and Far East markets. There are, however, a number of challenges facing the industry. To retain our competitiveness in the international market, ways of minimizing the cost pressures caused by high-cost inflation, increased environmental protection obligations and a decreasing quality resource base need to be sought. Locally the coal mining industry has a major role to play in Eskom?s goal of reducing the real cost of electricity by 15% in the next three years. Safety and health, productivity and the adaptation of the latest technology are issues being addressed by the industry to maintain its dominant position within the South African economy.

Jan 1, 1997

By J. M. Ortiz

This paper shows the usefulness of geostatistical conditional simulation combined with the quantification of sampling errors obtained from the analyses of fundamental errors ? validated from duplicate data ? to assess the relevance of the quality and quantity of the information, for short-term mine planning purposes. Traditional blast-hole drilling equipment has been designed for efficient drilling, but not for obtaining high-quality samples. Furthermore, blast-hole sampling interferes with production, and thus usually produces poor-quality results. These results are the basis of short-term plans, where the grades of selective mining units are estimated and used for distinguishing between ore and waste. Under these conditions, misclassification (ore blocks sent to the waste dump and waste blocks processed at the plant) is inevitable, leading to significant hidden losses that can amount to millions of dollars per annum. Reverse circulation drilling with the latest automated sampling technology improves significantly the quality of the information used for short-term planning, and thus reduces misclassification, improving the financial returns of the operation. In this paper, we present the general methodology for assessing the effect of poor blast-hole sampling, as compared to advanced reverse circulation drilling grids at several spacings, in order to arrive at the most appropriate grid for short-term planning. This plan can be prepared well in advance using several additional variables that are usually not available when the plan is based on blast-hole samples. Furthermore, blending options can be analysed in order to optimize plant recovery, minimize the use of sulphuric acid, etc. Three case studies are presented, namely a typical porphyry copper deposit, an exotic oxide copper deposit, and a complex gold deposit, where mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology. This paper shows that in all cases, advanced reverse circulation drilling grids provide good-quality information that, coupled with the use of geostatistics for short-term mine planning, significantly improve the financial returns of the operation.

Jan 1, 2014

By C. Dauber

Implementing new technologies in industrial operations entails the challenge of measuring the improvements gained by the applied technology. Nevertheless, it is absolutely essential to assess the technical and economic benefits in objective and comprehensible numbers to create a platform for further management decisions. Underground coal mines are characterized by numerous, quite complex procedures which make it difficult to determine the specific economic benefit of a new machine, technique, or method. In the OPTI-MINE Project funded by the European Union?s RFCS programme, five underground coal mines applied the latest information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve efficiency, mine safety, occupational health, and environmental im-pacts. An integral part of the project is the assessment of these technologies by using key performance indicators (KPIs). The paper will describe some examples of the selected KPIs and the preliminary findings.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Mwanza, B. N. Belford, P. Conradie

"Metix has introduced a three-piece ’deep-cooled’ copper slag tapblock into a six in-line copper matte settling electric furnace. The tapblock was designed without any internal refractory; it relies purely on the development and maintenance of a freeze lining on its hot face and within the tapping channel to protect the copper and promote the integrity of the surrounding endwall refractory lining. In addition, the geometry of the tapblock further supports the sidewall refractories, reduces the impact of funnelling and, therefore, the need for premature rebuilding of the furnace endwall, and facilitates easy removal and replacement of the wear components even under ’hot’ furnace conditions. Eighteen thermocouples embedded in the copper components ensure full resolution of the copper condition, enabling plant personnel to identify wear rates, estimate freeze lining thickness and stability, and schedule replacement of spares and wear components well in advance.At the time of writing the tapblock had been in operation for 6 months with approximately 350 000 t of slag having been tapped through it. Every indication is that the design will limit the need for premature relining of the furnace endwall due to rapid deterioration of the tapblock and its surrounding refractories. IntroductionNonferrous furnaces rely heavily on the maximization of refractory campaign life to increase profitability and reduce planned downtime. In large electric copper slag-cleaning furnaces utilizing insulating linings, campaign lives of six or more years are realistic if consideration is given to each aspect that can degrade the refractory lining during the campaign. An area that is particularly vulnerable is the slag tap-hole and the local surrounding refractory. To avoid premature relining of the furnace walls, every effort should be made to consider not only the tap-hole design itself, but also the selection of the sidewall refractory material and its construction immediately adjacent to the tap-hole, and furthermore the interplay between the tapblock and this adjacent refractory. A holistic approach to the design that considers these interdependent features in the slag tapping area can reduce the incidence of accelerated refractory wear (‘funnelling’), support the surrounding refractories to prevent their collapse, introduce easily replaceable wear components that can be exchanged with the furnace still ‘hot’, and encourage and maintain a stable freeze lining at the refractory hot face that maximizes the tapblock and refractory lifetime."

Jun 1, 2019

By J. Daavittila, P. Jokinen, M. Honkaniemi

In the latter part of the 1980?s Outokumpu Chrome in Tornio, Finland, was in a situation when its twenty-year-old ferrochrome plant was becoming inefficient to sustain economically sound production. The company made extensive studies on the then available processing methods to find out the best possible processing route. As a result the whole plant was practically rebuilt and expanded. When equipment was proven in practical operation an application for FeMn production was developed. Now when Tornio FeCr-plant is considering the expansion the same type of exercise is to be performed with today?s challenges, which will be discussed in the paper. These challenges include increasing costs or decreasing quality of raw materials, increasing energy costs, stricter environmental regulations and demand of better working conditions. The possibilities to respond to these challenges will be discussed in the paper. The future and continuing development with FeCr includes the better utilization of process dusts and a lower consumption of energy. By adapting the latest automation tools to better control of the process even higher efficiencies can be achieved with present technology. New processes are considered for development in the future and some possible technologies will be described.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. Salimov, J. Sattarvand

The conventional visualisation method of remote equipment is through the installation of one or more cameras on the machine, and sending a live feed to the operator’s flat display. However, the performance of the teleoperation can be enhanced using better visualisation through virtual reality (VR). This paper presents the process of the design and manufacturing of a robotic platform that will be used in the next phase of the project for a VR-assisted teleoperated excavator. The robot consists of a loading boom and arm arrangement installed on the undercarriage of a CAT300-9D. All hydraulic cylinders are replaced with electric actuators, and crawling motors are substituted by electric motors. The pieces of the boom and the arm, as well as the bucket were designed in Autodesk Inventor, and manufactured from aluminium sheets using a desktop and CNC machine. Parts are joined by pins and welding as needed. An Arduino-based control system is developed for the robot, and motor controllers are used to convert the power commands from the microcontroller to the high-amperage actuators. The control system is capable of communicating with a wireless Play Station controller to operate remotely. The manufactured robotic excavator is planned to be utilised in multiple autonomy research projects.

Sep 1, 2021

By D. G. Hulbert, D. J. Oosthuizen, D. de V. van der Spuy

Expert Online, as a software system, is aimed at providing plant operators in the minerals industry with effective training and on-the-job assistance. It incorporates a number of features to achieve this goal, of which the most important is its ability to explain the dynamics of the plant and control system in simple language, mimicking an informed plant expert who has online access to the inner workings of the plant and control system. This is made possible by a novel form of Artificial Intelligence, called the Interpreting Expert System. Previous implementations of the IES were only capable of explaining controller actions. Expert Online will extend this capability to also perform the more difficult task of explaining process behaviour. Expert Online will implement three main processes, namely the accumulation of data from the controllers and plant models, the interpretation, processing and filtering of that data and lastly communicating the relevant information to the user, both as written messages and in other audio-visual forms. Although Expert Online is aimed at the operator, other plant personnel, like supervisors and plant managers, will also benefit from it. This paper focuses on the structural and functional design of Expert Online for implementation on the latest version of Mintek’s open control platform, PlantStar, highlighting advances and additions since the previous implementations of the Interpreting Expert System and concluding with an example illustrating some of the principles.

Jan 1, 2003

By L. A. Maseko

"As part of the mining engineering curriculum, students are required to be placed in industry for vacation work or work-integrated learning (WIL). In this paper we review work-based placement as done at the four South African mining schools: the University of Johannesburg, the University of Pretoria, the University of the Witwatersrand, and the University of South Africa.Key aspects of past and current WIL (pre- and post-graduation) practices that may need attention are highlighted for consideration by all universities that provide professional qualifications. Work-directed theoretical learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, workplace learning, and simulated work experiences are discussed as legitimate approaches to WIL.Regardless of the choice each institution makes, commitments of universities, preparedness of university teachers, and the desire for equity and excellence will play an important role in the provision of WIL.DefinitionsAccredited Qualification: a qualification awarded on successful completion of an accredited programme.Advisory Boards (or Committees): are essential infrastructure for a WIL curriculum that is built on the integration of the workplace and the university. This requires the collaboration of experts from both environments. Workplace advisors are critical to the success of the academy as they embody expert knowledge of the ‘real world’.Assessment: the process of determining the capability or competence of an individual against standards by evaluating performance.Category: a mode of registration defined in or under the ECSA Act which has a distinctive purpose, characteristic competencies, defined principal routes to registration, and educational requirements.Experiential learning: (in South Africa sometimes used synonymously with work placement or cooperative education) is a term used with a great variety of meanings in the international literature. More broadly, it may refer to learning that has meaningful learner involvement. It is the process of generating meaning from direct experience. In the international literature, experiential learning is learning through reflection on doing, which is often contrasted with rote or didactic learning."

Dec 1, 2018