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By M. Rafiee

Indoor physical security, as a perpetual and multi-layered phenomenon, is a timeintensive and labor-consuming task. Various technologies have been leveraged to develop automatic access control, intrusion detection, or video monitoring systems. Video surveillance has been significantly enhanced by the advent of Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) cameras and advanced video processing, which together enable effective monitoring and recording. The development of ubiquitous object identification and tracking technologies provide the opportunity to accomplish automatic access control and tracking. Intrusion detection has also become possible through deploying networks of motion sensors for alerting about abnormal behaviors. However, each of the above-mentioned technologies has its own limitations. This paper presents a fully automated indoor security solution that leverages an Ultra-wideband (UWB) Real-Time Locating System (RTLS), PTZ surveillance cameras and a Building Information Model (BIM) as three sources of environmental data. Providing authorized persons with UWB tags, unauthorized intruders are distinguished as the mismatch observed between the detected tag owners and the persons detected in the video, and intrusion alert is generated. PTZ cameras allow for wide-area monitoring and motion-based recording. Furthermore, the BIM is used for space modeling and mapping the locations of intruders in the building. Fusing UWB tracking, video and spatial data can automate the entire security procedure from access control to intrusion alerting and behavior monitoring. Other benefits of the proposed method include higher accuracy and robustness, more complex query processing, and interoperability with other BIM-based solutions. A prototype system is implemented that demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Edwin Van Buskirk

For a country that is as important a gold producer as Canada, the return to the gold standard of the major commercial countries of the world during the past five years is of particular significance. To the Canadian gold mining industry, the advantages of the gold standard are a matter of more than theoretical importance. According to economic theory, prices are determined by the relation between the demand for, and the supply of, money. The demand consists of the offering of goods for money; the more goods offered, the greater the demand. The supply consists of the total money available for the purchase of goods. The total supply of goods to be exchanged through the instrumentality of money remaining the same, an increase in the supply of money will, according to this theory, raise prices; conversely, a decrease in the supply of money will lower prices. Let us imagine that everyone in the world suddenly had twice as much money, and that the sum total of all goods remained the same. Is it not obvious that we would pay just double the price for these goods? In Canada today, most people have approximately 50 per cent grea.ter income than in 1913, and the average price for all articles sold in Canada is 50 per cent above those in 1913.

Jan 1, 1928

By S. Sundararajan, Z. Lin

ABSTRACT Fierce market competition and demand have made it imperative for mining companies to achieve higher productivity and operational efficiency. The selection of the best mining method and equipment combinations will enable companies to meet production and efficiency targets. Continuous mining is increasingly preferred by companies for its high efficiency and low unit costs. We developed simulation models for two continuous mining systems: the continuous surface miner (CSM) system and the at-face slurrying (AFS) system. Considering two different case studies, the paper discusses application of developed models to determine the optimal number of trucks and equipment capacities for the two systems.

Jan 1, 2013

By Robert R. MacLachlan

New underground mining technology is evolving through the use of large-diameter bore holes containing individually restricted charge weights. This article presents summary observations on cube-root scaling trials using single and rows of charge blasting in sand and in frozen ground. These observations have some bearing on the evolving underground practice, especially where charges of appropriate geometry are used.

Jan 1, 1978

By W M. Gilchrist

This paper gives an estimation of the future requirements of the western world in relation to energy re-sources. It then goes on to outline the role that atomic power -with its basic raw material, uranium -will play in supplying these energy requirements. Canada's position in this picture is covered, and some interesting forecasts are made. Introduction I T is possible that the following remarks will appear to have more to do with power than uranium. However, to fully comprehend what is in store for the Canadian uranium mining industry, we must be able to estimate the potential requirement, and, to do this satisfactorily, a thorough understanding of the circumstances that will give rise to that demand is necessary. The growing need for electrical energy will play by far the major role, as large tonnages of uranium will be required for its generation. The nuclear weapon has, up to the present, comprised the major market for uranium.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. S. DeLury

Introduction The problems of metallogenesis are largely related to those concerning the origin of igneous rocks, which, in turn, are involved with the question of crustal mechanics. Many ore-bodies are genetically related to associated intrusive and there is an equally close association apparent between igneous intrusion and crustal deformation. The problem of ore-deposition is concerned, therefore, with the fundamental problems of geology. For a long time speculations regarding crustal movements rested largely on the contraction theory and its associated conceptions. Vertical movements were considered to be all important and horizontal movements secondary to them. Magmas were pictured as rising more or less vertically in the crust and were believed to form in vertically disposed magma-chambers or reservoirs. The principle of magmatic differentiation seemed to offer the best explanation of the origin and association of diverse rock types and it seemed also to require the existence of quiescent magma-chambers for the admittedly slow process of differentiation. Accumulating evidence of the importance of horizontal movement in the crust, has, along with other considerations, discredited the contraction hypothesis and many of the inferences that go with it. The same evidence may require some change in the prevailing conception of the origin of the various types of igneous rock and of the mechanics of intrusion. Geologists are now at sea concerning some of the vital and fundamental problems of the crust, and the field is open for speculation. The writer is developing a hypothesis which seems to permit an explanation and? a correlation of earth structures and phenomena. If it rests on a firm foundation, the hypothesis, because it is fundamental, is certain to have a profound bearing on the problems of economic geology. It is for this reason that an outline of the hypothesis is offered at this time. Only a few of its economic bearings are foreseen at this time and these will be indicated.

Jan 1, 1932

By Kish. L.

"The results of a chemical and mineralogical study of eighteen opaque-oxide occurrences are discussed and the detailed chemical, metallurgical and mining feasibility study of a vanadium-rich magnetite deposit is summarized. A plot of the mol-percentages in the system FeO- Fe2O 3-TiO2 indicates that the deposits fall into two distinct groups: some contain hematite with ilmenite, and some others have magnetite with ilmenite (titaniferous magnetites). The plot also suggests that the two types of deposits were crystallized from liquids of different compositions. Each group has its distinct structural features. Vanadium is present in all of the studied specimens, however concentrations of economic importance have so far been found only in the titaniferous magnetite deposits. The vanadium content of the oxide concentrations of the Dore Lake Complex is the largest among the studied occurrences. Analyses of the concentrates of the drill-core sections show a compositional variation across the orebody; a continuous increase in the tenor of Ti02 and a decrease in the vanadium content upward in the layered sequence is found. Concentration tests on several tons of samples indicate that about 80 per cent of the vanadium is recovered in the magnetite concentrate."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. De Geoffroy, T. K. Wignall

The paper describes a statistical method based on regression and classification analysis which is designed to assist exploration management in the selection of prospecting areas and drilling targets in regional programs. The classification is based on three criteria which are formulated from sets of relevant geological, geophysical and geochemical factors: (a) regression estimates of expected ore values, (b) Bayesian probabilities of success and (c) expected utility payoffs. The advantages of the method are: (a) rational and unbiased ratings for areas or targets in a manner consistent with management's goals; (b) calculation of probabilities of success and confidence intervals for the ratings, and (c) rapid and accurate handling of a large amount of data by computer programs.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. G. Campbell

"The region discussed comprises approximately eight million acres spreading across the Arctic Circle in Yukon and North West Territories.Encouraged by four years of surface geological and geophysical work, which strongly suggested that suit-able conditions existed for the entrapment of oil and gas, a decision was reached to drill. In due course two holes were drilled; Eagle Plains No. 1 drilled to 9589 in 1957-8 and Western Minerals Chance No. 1 spudded in 1959 is being deepened this year.Thick sections of sedimentary rocks occur on both sides of the Richardson Mountains, however, most of our activities have been concentrated to date on the west side in the Eagle Plains basin. Here are found stratigraphic units ranging from Precambrian to Tertiary age. The drilling of the two exploratory wells proved the presence of these strata at depth and have confirmed the presence of promising structures. A geological cross-section across Eagle Plains presents an interpretation of these conditions.Physical and engineering aspects of exploration in the northern Yukon and North West Territories are de-pendent largely upon seasons and transportation. Reconnaissance gravity and surface geologic mapping by air presents no serious problems. However, seismic operations on the ground are greatly affected by the season, presence of permafrost and mobility of equipment.The actual drilling of the hole may well be the simple part of a wildcat undertaking once equipment and supplies are on location. Over-all planning, assembling supplies, transporting equipment and personnel seems to be the real job. Serious consideration must be given to per-ma-frost effect in the drilling pro-gram and on surface installations as well.Programming for -the various exploration activities should be under-taken well in advance of the actual doing. Considerable extra costs may be the results of crash programs. Costs are high, and the rewards uncertain. Economic evaluation is based •on the long term outlook."

Jan 1, 1960

By Martin P. O'Connell

"IT IS INDEED A PRIVILEGE to address a group representing a sector of the Canadian economy so important as is the mining sector. Important, not only today, but certainly of great importance for the future development of Canada, for employment, for our trade balance and indeed, when one looks at what we are calling increasingly an industrial strategy, for the future. Surely mining will have a very significant role to play in fulfilling that. It's of special interest to me, as the Minister of Labour - and I ought to confess at the very beginning that I am just two months into this function - of special interest for me to know that you are giving such attention to labour-management relations. I think it is timely that, from my point of view at least, you do this, because for the first time in twenty four years major revisions of the Canada Labour Code as it relates to industrial relations and disputes settlements are currently in the House of Commons going through their second reading, after an easier introduction and some changes which I would be very pleased to describe later this morning. It is very timely too, I think, that we should be looking at this area because public interest is certainly at a high level. It is not only at a high level but it expresses a good deal of irritation with the current status and procedures and results in collective bargaining and there is some urgent search for more sophisticated or modified procedures for settling differences in labour-management relations. The public wants different kinds of results. I think that is apparent to all of us. They want results in terms of justice and equity on both sides. And it means that a Minister of Labour and certainly governments who often are representing, or are the third party in discussions, have a very important and complex role to play in attempting to create a balance as these two parties come to contracts and come to agreements."

Jan 1, 1972

By A. H. Lang

THE recent production of important quantities of high-grade muscovite at the Purdy mine, near Eau Claire, Ontario, bas brought that district into prominence and bas added another strategic mineral to the list of Canadian products. The discoveries are thirteen miles west of Mattawa and about two miles north of the Trans-Canada highway and the Canadian Pacific railway. HISTORY Clear mica of low power factor is in considerable demand in Canada and in the United States for war purposes such as radio and telephone condensers, aircraft spark-plugs, radio tubes, and transformers. Some muscovite (white mica) bas been produced in North Carolina and New Hampshire, but the United States trade bas depended largely on importations of muscovite from India and of phlogopite (amber mica) from Madagascar. For many years Canada bas been a substantial producer of phlogopite, but was unable to compete extensively in the United States with importations from abroad. Canadian production of muscovite bas been negligible as no important deposits were known. Ever since the construction of the Canadian Pacific railway, attempts have been made from time to time to mine the pegmatite dykes in and near the Eau Claire area, but, although some feldspar has been mined, no appreciable muscovite was produced. Lace in 1941, J. Purdy and H. MacDonald discovered a dyke containing large crystals of high-grade muscovite from which they are reported to have sold $700 worth of mica. They recorded claims 35974 and 35975 in December, 1941, and claim 36095 in May, 1942.

Jan 1, 1943

By W. Pietsch

For a number of reasons, solids entering and leaving facilities for the treatment of minerals are becoming increasingly finer. Such materials pose problems throughout processing. Solids featuring small particle sizes tend to dusting, result in losses and segregation, exhibit various storage, transportation, and metering problems, and fine particulate effluents can not be easily captured, used and/or recycled. Sustainable mineral processing must minimize the exploitation of natural resources and avoid the need for disposal of wastes. The first requires the use of lower quality raw materials and upgrading, which typically results in the production of fine grained concentrates, and the latter encourages the recycling of wastes and byproducts or efforts to investigate them as sources for secondary raw materials or other beneficial applications. To overcome the difficulties associated with fine particulate solids, size enlargement by agglomeration is necessary. The resulting products have free flow characteristics, do no longer dust or segregate, and are sized and shaped as required for optimum processing. In addition, agglomerated materials may be engineered to feature desirable structure, composition, and a number of related, improved properties. Such engineering may be applied for the modification of fine run-of-mine and up-graded minerals as well as the production of secondary raw materials from by-products or wastes. By the interdisciplinary application of size enlargement by agglomeration waste-free processing of minerals becomes feasible.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. B. Paine, B. M. Wright

"Syncrude has entered a new era involving the use of pipeline slurries to convey oil sand to the extraction plant. Hydrotransport operations and base plant operations encounter vast performance differences when processing different types of oil sand. This paper describes the hydrotransport process, its history at Syncrude, methods of describing the source ore characteristic and plant performance. The use of this information within Syncrude and how it will be managed on an ongoing basis will also be described. IntroductionThe Syncrude Canada Ltd. site is located 43 km north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, on the Athabasca oil sand deposit. The Syncrude operation consists of mining, extraction, upgrading, utilities and other support facilities. The mined ore is sent to the extraction plant where water and solids are removed from the bitumen. The bitumen is then sent to the upgrading plants to be further processed into Syncrude Sweet Blend (a light sweet crude oil). Syncrude produced 73.5 Mbbls of Syncrude Sweet Blend in 1996 and produced 75.7 Mbbls in 1997. Prior to 1993, Syncrude moved ore from the pit to the extraction plant via four dragline / bucketwheel/ conveyor systems. These systems, supplemented by auxiliary ore crushers, satisfied the feed requirements of the extraction plant. Ore was conveyed to the control tower area and placed in the dump pocket via four radial stackers. Various blending scenarios occurred at this point, using feed from the four mining quadrants and from auxiliary feed crushers. Upon entering the extraction plant from the base mine, the oil sand passed through a series of tumblers where it was mixed with hot water and caustic. It then proceeded to one of four primary separation vessels where bitumen froth was floated off and the middlings and coarse fractions were recombined and sent to the tail oil recovery vessels, or TORs, for further processing."

Jan 1, 1999

By J E. Gordon

For many years, it has been known that certain loud noises may, with prolonged exposure, temporarily or permanently damage a person's hearing ability. Pneumatic rock drills, al-though among the offenders, have, until recently, remained unaltered and unrestricted as to noise output. Now, there are drills available with higher rates of penetration and yet with noise levels reduced to those of previous models or less. Use of such drills, when proved to be superior in noise attenuation and of acceptable performance, should be encouraged in order to reduce future hearing losses to a minimum. People Have the Right to Hear P ERHAPS the earliest recognized indication of hearing loss due to industrial noise was the deaf-ness developed by the workmen in boiler factories. Here, the vibration set up in the shells by the riveting hammers gradually deteriorated the workmen's hearing, especially those whose job it was to hold the dollies inside the drum, where the sound is greatly intensified by reflection

Jan 1, 1963

By W. Lin, Z. Z. Dong, C. L. Zhou, Y. C. Kuang

The inversion of rock mechanical properties based on well-logging data is a common method to drillbit selection in petroleum engineering, the basic principle of which is to use deep-well logging data and experimental regression model to calculate rock mechanical properties. The profile of rock mechanical properties can be established. According to the profile, the type of drillbit can be selected in different formations, which will improve the economic benefit of bit use indicators. Compressive strength of rock is one of the most important parameters. Conventional method to establish regression models of acoustic velocity and uniaxial compressive strength is on the basis of rock core sonic experiments and uniaxial compressive experiments. However, with the increase of deep drilling operation, triaxial compressive strength prediction model will play a more vital role in drillbit optimization selection in deep wells and improving ROP (Rate of Penetration). Triaxial compressive strength is an important parameter to evaluate the formation strength property. In this paper, to the sandstone commonly encountered in oil drilling, combined the rock mechanical experimental results with the changing porosity experimental results under confining pressure, a new interpretation model of triaxial compressive strength based on well logging data is proposed. Firstly, three types of sandstone samples are collected. Then measured components, uniaxial compressive strength, triaxial compressive strength and porosity. Experimental results show that: confining pressure has a significant influence on sandstone strength, with the increase of confining pressure, triaxial compressive strength increase; furthermore, the triaxial compressive strength of different porosity sandstones have different change rules when confining pressures changes; sandstone porosity decreases with the increase of confining pressure and it obeys logarithmic function. According to the results, regression models of sandstone, in-situ uniaxial compressive strength model and uniaxial compressive strength model under normal pressure are generated. Meanwhile, using well logging data in the acoustic velocity, density and gamma value can derive in-situ rock formations uniaxial compressive strength and in-situ porosity. Eventually, a new model established in this paper, containing in porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, lateral pressure and power exponent of regression, can predict triaxial compressive strength which will guide drillbit selection.

Jan 1, 2015

1. Scientific prospecting has had a profound and some-what unexpected effect on the world's supply of raw materials over the past twenty years. Where shortages were recently anticipated, abundance now prevails. It seems probable that, for the foreseeable future, adequate metallic resources will be found at costs well within the world's economic means. 2. The amount of research devoted to scientific prospecting has been extremely small in relation to the possible importance of the problem and to what could be done. It has been dominated by the thought of a dozen brilliant men, and true research expenditures have not amounted to more than a few million dollars. 3. An undue proportion of the expenditures have been for so-called geological research -mostly of a petrologial character. The results have essentially been of historic interest only. However, there has been some in-crease in genetic understanding, and this is of great importance for future resources. 4. Basic advances in mineral exploration have been made in detection techniques, generally called geophysics and geochemistry.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. A. E. Bell

"Inco has shifted part of its traditional extractive research effort at its J..Roy Gordon Research Laboratory in Mississauga toward new, value-added products. Most of the effort is being expended on new Ni powders for batteries and new Ni-coated products which will be produced in Inco's carbonyl nickel refineries. New products under development are Ni-coated powders, Ni-coated fibres and ultra-fine Ni powders. Other new products for advanced material applications include controlled expansion composites, NiGOLD strip, Thermal barrier coatings on Inco alloys, and plasma coatings.Research and Corporate Strategic ThrustsThe newest strategic thru st of the company is to increase the value of the primary metal products. These new products are to be in addition to any new alloys or downstream alloy fabrication.Historically Inco has had the highest research expenditures in the extractive metallurgy field in North America. This has resulted in many new processes including flash smelting , matte separation, fluid bed roasting, pressure carbonyl refining and cobalt electrowinning which have contributed to establishing Inco as the lowest cost nickel producer. The recession of the 1980s caused a restructuring of Inco research and corporate goals .As shown in Figure I, from 1975-1982, i.e. pre-recession, Inco spent around 33 million dollars per year on research. Some 48070 of that sum was spent in Corporate Laboratories in Sterling Forest in the United States and in the United Kingdom , mostly on alloy associated research. A further 10% was spent on alloy research at the alloy production facilities in Hunting- ton, West Virginia, and Birmingham and Hereford in the United Kingdom. On extractive research, 13% was spent by process technology groups at the plant s, 20% at the pilot plants in Port Colborne and 9% at the J. Roy Gordon Research laboratory.The relative research expenditures (Fig. 2) have decreased so that today they are at the same level as 1975-80. The research as a per cent of sales has been cut from 2.2% to 1.2% of normalized sales. A normalized sale price of $4.00/lb Ni was used in the 1988 figures. This was partly achieved by closing Corporate Laboratories. Most of the essential alloy research was moved to producing plants and total alloy research is now 27%.A new thrust initiated in the 80s was mining research which now accounts for 20% of research expenditures. Over a period of the past five years this research has doubled the mining productivity in Inco. The pilot plant expenditures have been cut in half. One entire research station at Port Colborne was converted into a platinum group metals intermediate refinery. The decrease in pilot plant expenditures has been compensated by full scale plant trials devoted to the S02 abatement program at Sudbury."

Jan 1, 1990

By M. van de Vijfeijken

This paper will first give a short overview of the Copper Mountain project in British Columbia, which just has started commercial operation earlier this year. The grinding process with one 34' x 20' SAG mill and two 24' x 39.5' ball mills will be briefly discussed. All three mills are gear driven by a ring gear, dual pinion and two low speed synchronous motors. Copper Mountain has installed on all three mills, the new state-of-the art dual pinion mill drives. All the inherent operation and maintenance features of this drive technology will be discussed, as well as the advantage of having variable speed control also on the ball mills. The installation and commissioning of the mills and drives at Copper Mountain will be briefly reviewed. Finally the first field measurements on these low speed mill drives will be presented, with the main focus on the low mechanical stress impact of these mill drives on the pinion and ring gear, as well as the accuracy of the load sharing between the two motors.

Jan 1, 2012

By D. R. Murray

A four-year study was carried out to determine the ability of coniferous trees to aid in the reclamation of uranium tailings at Elliot Lake. Five species were planted: white cedar, white spruce, jack pine, scotch pine and red pine. More than 570 bare-root, two-year-old seedlings were planted on bare tailings and in areas of established grasses. A further division was made between areas of coarse and fine tailings. Over-all survival and growth of the trees has been far below expectations based on previous experience with several varieties of grasses. The criteria for assessment have been per cent survival and yearly growth as determined by plant height. Pine was superior, with 68% survival when planted in bare coarse tailings, 45% for vegetated coarse tailings and 34% for vegetated fine tailings. Cedar had the worst survival rates at 49%, 14% and 7% respectively. No species survived on bare fine tailings. The survival and growth of the coniferous trees have been related to species, environmental conditions and tailings properties.

Jan 1, 1978

By I. Southern, S. Kelebek

"Smelting furnace bricks contain significant quantity of base metals trapped in refractory material. A series of flotation tests were carried out on samples of old bricks from Sudbury area to examine upgrading behaviour for recycling purposes. Depending on the grind size used nickel recoveries varied from 60 to 90.6% with corresponding grades of 20% and 14.7%Ni. There is a trade-off between nickel and copper. The nickel has responded well to fine grinding, however, the copper recovery suffered from it. Mineralogical characteristics and flotation behaviour of the brick material are discussed in reference to those from the primary ore. INTRODUCTIONMineral processing is well recognized as a mature technology not only for the mining industry, but also for the environmental industry for the purpose of remediation and recycling. Materials available for recycling are usually the products of many years ago. There are multiple stake holders in this area. In general, when the processing results in a product that can be reused or sold, the company carrying out the remediation makes a profit, while the regulators and the public are pleased due to a cleaner environment. From these points of view, there have been many papers published over the years on various mineral processing techniques applied to separation of many different materials including from mining and metallurgical industries (Wilson et al., 1994; Tsunekawa et al., 2005; Saikia et al., 2012).Flotation may be viewed as the backbone of the mining and metallurgical industry since its invention for separation of solids from one another almost a century ago. It is capable of recovering a variety of finely divided different solids following their liberation from each other. Its versatility and highly competitive nature in terms of cost per tonne of material processed, accounts for its occasional uses in the environment engineering area. In the mining industry, flotation is the standard method used for the sulphide ores. It can be applied as a bulk flotation and/or differential flotation. Bulk flotation, which refers to co-flotation of several components from their source, is most suitable for environmental cleanup objectives. Desulphurisation of various plant tailings is a typical example of this (Benzazzoua et al., 2000)."

Jan 1, 2012