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By P. C. Benedict

"The Island Mountain mine is at the southeast end of Island mountain; across Jack of Clubs lake from the Cariboo Gold Quartz mine.; The orebodies consist of quartz veins and pyritic replacement deposits in limestone. To December 31; 1944; there has been mined 296; 273 tons of quartz-vein ore averaging about 0.34 oz. gold a ton; and 101; 002 tons of sulphide ore averaging about 0.83 oz. gold a ton; a total of 397; 275 tons averaging 0.46 oz. From this; 175; 985 fine oz. of gold and about 26; 450 fine oz. of silver were recovered; having a value of $6; 510; 521.More than 95 per cent of the production has come from a band 500 feet wide along the contact of the Rainbow and overlying Baker members and extending about 100 feet into the latter. Evidence that the Rainbow belongs stratigraphically above the Baker is presented later in this paper. Both members are most variable lithologically, and individual beds and whole series of beds pinch out in short distances. In part, at least, this is due to squeezing out incidentally to intense folding. No section can be claimed with assurance to be really representative. However, both memb.ers are composed predominantly of quartzitic rocks. Both contain argillaceous quartzite, argillite, limy quartzite, limy argillite, limestone (marble), and minor amounts of highly ankeritized rocks believed to be igneous sills possibly originally approaching diorite in composition."

Jan 1, 1954

By A. M. S. Hussein, B. E. Rogers

Progressively more stringent emission limits and advances in regulations and enforcement have made air compliance more difficult for metallurgical facilities. This has historically required improved collection and treatment of stack sources. Fugitive emission reductions are now increasingly required to achieve compliance. Typically small in magnitude, fugitive emissions have a disproportionate impact on ground level concentrations, can be visible to the public and can influence workplace health and safety. Moreover, these emissions are complex, as they are spread over multiple sources, distance and time and are affected by various activities and conditions. As such it is difficult to find, define and monitor these emissions and their impacts. This difficulty translates to the design of emission reduction measures and operational requirements. This paper presents an overview or ‘heuristic’ of fugitive emissions management for compliance in existing operations. This includes aspects such as the impact of regulations on project scope, approaches to developing a comprehensive emission inventory, considerations for solution development and the plant’s role in sustaining compliance once achieved. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how portions of this approach have been applied.

Jan 1, 2015

The system of keeping geological plans and sections for the Geco Mine at Manitouwadge, Ontario, is described. Special methods employed to save draughting time with-out sacrificing accuracy, such as the extensive use of black line prints, are discussed. The uses made of the plans and sections by the mine planning engineers in their designs of stopes, and by the blast-hole engineer in ~is preparation of blast-hole layouts, are noted. An unusual scheme for portraying the distribution of .copper, zinc and silver values within the ore zone is de-scribed. The method of estimating the grade of ore to be "blasted in each ring of blast holes is outlined, as is the method of estimating the annual ore reserves. The design of an effective but simple transparent geo-logical and mine development model, used as a display for -visitors, is discussed. A large-scale model used for the study of problems in geological structure is also de-scribed.

Jan 1, 1964

By D. R. Spink

An historical background is presented to provide a basis for the lack of normally expected developmental effort over the first 20-25 years of viable zirconium production operations. This is followed by a description of developing technology, which is the result of years of research and piloting effort directed to the development of a more economical method to produce high-grade metallic zirconium. It is predicted that many of the process improvements described will have a significant impact on future zirconium production methods and consequently on future prices and markets.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. Vongpaisal, T. R. Yu

"A set of new blast damage criteria has been developed, with special reference to blasthole mining operations, for assessing damage by incorporating the vibration level, rock properties, site characteristics and the effects of ground support systems. The main objective of this work was to provide a database with reasonable accuracy for use in optimizing blast design, numerical analysis and ground control expert system module development.The new damage criteria allow one to estimate the degree of damage to rock structures in terms of a dimensionless parameter defined as Blast Damage Index (BDI). This allows for the description of blast damage in a unified form, and facilitates the development of codes for numerical modelling to express the degree of blast damage universally. A number of field investigations from several stope production and slot opening blasts at a large underground base metal mine were carried out to verify the developed index. The results show a good correlation between the observed damage and the type of damage predicted from the BDI values.Practical measures are also provided for minimizing blast damage in large underground blasthole mining operations"

Jan 1, 1996

By G. J. Simandl

"Since the 1980s, China has become the predominant producer of REEs. Recently, it introduced REE export quotas and this started a world-scale REE exploration rush. REE resources are concentrated in carbonatite-related deposits, peralkaline igneous rocks, pegmatites, REE ± P veins, ion adsorption clays, placers, and some deep ocean sediments. REEs could also be derived as a by-product of phosphate fertilizer, U processing, Ti-Zr-bearing placers, and exploitation of Olympic Dam-type sub-type of IOCG deposits. The ideal REE development target would be located in a politically stable jurisdiction such as Canada. REE grade and tonnage, mineralogy, and permissive metallurgy are some of the key technical factors that could be used to screen projects. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the term “rare earth elements” (REEs) encompasses yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc), and the lanthanide series: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). This definition is used throughout this paper.REEs are subdivided into light (LREE) and heavy (HREE) categories. LREEs include, Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd and HREE include Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y. Promethium (Pm) does not occur in nature. Concentrations of individual LREEs in the upper crust of the Earth are comparable to those of base metals. Even the least abundant REE (Lu) is about 200 times more abundant than gold.The production of REEs, reported in the form of oxides (REOs), for 2011 is estimated at 140 000 t (Figure 1a). Although high technology industries can substitute several REEs with other materials, these substitutes are typically more expensive or less effective than the REEs they replace. A number of countries, including the United States, consider several REEs essential for national security, their economy, and a general reduction in green house gas emissions. The forecasted demand for individual LREOs is much higher than that of HREOs (Figure 2). Dy, Eu, Tb, Nd, and Y are essential for the US economy and subject to predicted supply disruptions (U.S. Department of Energy, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2012

By H. C. Boydell

Introduction Situated in the district of South Lorrain, some 16 miles southeast of Cobalt, Ontario, and reached from that centre either by branch line of the T. & N. O. railway or by what, for a mining camp, is a reasonably good road, the Keeley mine, owned by the Keeley Silver Mines,' Ltd., has had its history recorded by C. W. Knight (1). Silver was first discovered in South Lorrain, in Woods' vein, on Keeley property, in 1907, and the Keeley mine has been described by Knight (2) and Bell (3). The total production to February 28th, 1930, has been 10,760,107 ounces of silver and 1,285. 434 pounds (weight) of cobalt.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. Saigal

A finite element analysis based investigation using DEFORM software was undertaken to model the extrusion of 15% alumina and 15% silicon carbide reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites. The study dealt with predicting the extrusion load as a function of ram displacement and initial billet temperature. The finite element simulation was also used to determine the maximum extrusion load, temperature distribution, maximum temperature, strain rate, velocity and stress distributions in the billet during the hot extrusion process. The constitutive equation used was of the type: Z = E exp(Q RT) = A{sinh(ao-)}" where Z is the Zener-Hollman parameter (temperature compensated strain rate), s is the strain rate, Q is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, a is the flow stress and A, a and n are constants. Based on the work of Davies et al and McQueen and Konopleva, the values of Q (KJ/mol), a (MPa-1), n and A for aluminum 6061 composites reinforced with 15% alumina and 15% silicon carbide used are 181, 0.024, 4.15 and 1.33x10'2 and 233, 0.052, 2.60 and 1.26xl0'4, respectively. Even though the individual parameters are quite different, it was found that the predicted maximum extrusion load, temperature distribution, maximum temperature, strain rate, velocity and stress distributions are quite similar and differ by no more than 1-2 percent between the two composites indicating that the deformation behavior is primarily controlled by the matrix material and is not a function of the type of reinforcing ceramic particulates.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. A. Campbell

Pig iron and silicospiegeleisen were produced experimentally from a very low-grade manganiferous iron ore from Steep Rock, Ontario, by a two-stage electric smelting process. The most favourruble operating conditions were determined for each stage. Cement clinker then was made by calcining the slag from the second stage of smelting, with additional limestone and alumina. (This slag would normally be a waste material). The cement clinker produced had the composition of commercial Portland cement, and met the physical test requirements of the Canadian Standards Association Specification A5-1951 for normal Portland cement as well as could be expected for a material produced on .such a small scale.

Jan 1, 1958

By M. S. Badollet, N. W. Edgerton

"A study of the physical properties of long grades of asbestos fibers imported into the United States during the past eight years has disclosed information that will contribute materially to effective selection and use of fibers for electrical products. The study embraced fiber lengths, volume resistivity under three different conditions, total iron by chemical analysis, magnetic rating, conductivity of an aqueous ex-tract and its sodium chloride equivalent.The fibers examined included chrysotiles from Rhodesia, British Columbia, and Barberton area; marlime from Bechuanaland and Province of Quebec; amosite and crocidolites from Africa and Australia; and anthophyllites from Mozambique and from Georgia in the United States. Volume resistivity values provide a relative basis for estimating the electrical performance of end products; magnetic rating -an estimate of the quantity of iron compounds present in excess of those in the asbestos structure; conductivity of an aqueous extract; and an estimate of the ionizable impurities in fibers.Tests of these factors yield in-formation, not heretofore generally known, which may serve as a guide in the evaluation of asbestos fibers for electrical products."

Jan 1, 1960

By G. E. Agar, W. B. Kipkie, R. A. Tenbergen

"This paper describes the successful pilot plant testing of a flowsheet, developed at Inca Ltd.&apos;s J. Roy Gordon Research Laboratory (JRGRL), for improved separation of the constituent minerals in a bulk copper-nickel concentrate.The flowsheet utilized the fact that xanthate concentration on the mineral surfaces is the most important variable affecting the high lime separation and that reduction of the xanthate concentration could be affected by an oxidative conditioning stage.When the adsorbed xanthate was reduced to a suitably low level, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite could be floated to leave a high-grade nickel concentrate as the residue. Sodium cyanide was added to the froth product 10 depress pyrrhotite and any remaining pentlandite. The temporary depression of chalcopyrite by the sodium cyanide was overcome by introducing a conditioning step following cyanide addition . The advantages of the flowsheet; improved copper-nickel separation, operation without heating of the pulp, production of both high-grade nickel concentrate (29.5% Ni, .26% Cu) and copper concentrate (<0.5% Ni, 30% Cu) were all realized.IntroductionLaboratory test work undertaken at Inco and described previously(1) has demonstrated the importance of low xanthate concentrations on the mineral surfaces in the copper-nickel separation at the Copper Cliff mill.It was determined that oxidation of the separator feed (a cleaned bulk concentrate, grading about 11% Cu and 11% Ni) to lower the xanthate concentration on the mineral surfaces prior to separation significantly improved the quality of the separation (CI 4)*, particularly when no cyanide is used, but also when cyanide is added. As well, it was found that the oxidation permitted a pentlandite-pyrrhotite separation - the oxidation step brought about a decrease in the flotation-rate of pentlandite leaving pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite largely unaffected. Consequently, it was possible to produce a highgrade pentlandite product (30% Ni, 0.3% Cu) at ~83% Ni recovery , as well as a high-grade copper concentrate (0.5% Ni, 30% Cu at -96% Cu recovery)."

Jan 1, 1985

By Robert Lee

"International competition is presenting the Canadian steel industry with a major challenge. While Canadian companies have invested in new technology, research and development, activity by Canadian industry, in general, lags significantly behind that of its major competitors. While OECD countries increased their research and development spending during the 1980s, Canada&apos;s R&D funding levels have changed little since the early 1970s and have actually dropped since 1986, despite greater public discussion on the issue. This fact is reflected in the relatively slower pace of innovation in the Canadian steel industry, despite the efforts of both government and industry.In addition, there are a number of factors that undermine the competitiveness of the Canadian steel industry, in particular in relation to the United States. Among these are higher interest rates, labour costs and tax rates, as well as an overvalued Canadian dollar. Canadian steel companies are thus feeling the full impact of the current economic recession. This recession, combined with recent strikes, have, for example, caused serious losses for Algoma and Stelco.In spite of these objective difficulties, the Canadian steel industry has been able to survive and continues to strive for a leadership position in the world market. Since World War II, heavy investment in new technology has allowed the industry to upgrade its facilities and increase productivity, while at the same time improving quality and reducing pollution. This last point is particularly important in view of public insistence on improvements to the quality of the environment. Over the next decade, this technological innovation must be maintained and intensified if industry is to meet the challenge of international competition and attain a leadership position."

Jan 1, 1991

By P. T. O'Kane

The PLATSOL® process, initially developed for the treatment of the NorthMet Cu/Ni/PGM concentrate, has seen over the recent years its applicability extended to include numerous other Cu/Ni concentrates of the same type, as well as other precious metals-containing feedstocks. However, several concentrates were found refractory to the typical PLATSOL® conditions, more particularly so the platinum. Attempts to extend those conditions, such as higher temperatures (250°C), longer retention time, increased oxidation conditions, higher chloride additions, were not successful. Detailed mineralogical investigation of those PLATSOL® leach residues indicated the main refractory mineral to be cooperite (PtS). Further metallurgical investigations showed that a thermal pre-treatment of the concentrate effectively unlocked the refractory platinum minerals for the subsequent leach. Temperatures between 400 and 750°C were tested, with the optimum being found around 650°C. The kinetics of the pre-treatment process were fast, and one hour at temperature proved sufficient. Under those conditions, PLATSOL® extractions were re-established around 95% for both platinum and palladium. From a mineralogical examination of the calcine, it was shown that the effect of the pre-treatment was to transform the cooperite and other refractory sulphides into metallic platinum and alloys, amenable to the PLATSOL®. The implications of the pre¬treatment step for the processing of PGM concentrates arc briefly discussed.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. Marquis

The present paper consists of a survey of the literature on the problems of abrasion and wear of metals and materials by suspended matter. This problem is a very general one in industry, and is especially notice-able in the operation of cyclones and other types of dust collectors. The problem of abrasive dust in corrosive gas environments, such as commonly encountered in metallurgical industries, is particularly severe. Very little work has been done in the study of this type of abrasive wear, especially at high temperatures. However, a general review is presented here of all the work published on related subjects, such as that involving sand erosion in turbines and water wheels and the effect of temperature on friction wear. Topics in this paper include: blasting wear by sand, quartz, limestone, silicon carbide and other refractory particles; methods of investigation; effects of velocity, temperature and *Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment, Valcarter, P.Q. angle of attack; correlation between indentation hardness, scratch hard-ness and resistance to abrasion; the effect of protective coatings; resistance of various metals; etc.

Jan 1, 1962

By S. Power Warren

Introduction It is generally conceded by flotation men that the condition at the surface of a particle of mineral or gangue is the most important factor controlling its behaviour in a flotation cell. Much research work has been devoted to the study of the forces that are active at the surface of the particle and of the effect of the surrounding solution upon these forces. Study of the relationship between mineral or gangue particles and gas bubbles indicates that, in the main at least, flotation is a physical phenomenon. The important factor, that of mineral-gas-bubble attachment, is unquestionably physical; however, modifications may be effected by chemical means, whereby the nature either of the surface of the particle or of the surrounding solution may be changed. For example, the coating of lead sulphide that forms on lead-carbonate ore particles when sodium sulphide is added greatly aids the flotation of the carbonate particles. Without going into the question as to why, under certain surface conditions, mineral particles will attach themselves to gas bubbles whereas under other conditions they will remain unaffected, it may be stated that there are three general conditions in a flotation pulp which control the attachment of the particle and the gas bubble.

Jan 1, 1933

By A. F. Banfield

"IntroductionELEMENTAL sulphur occurs in three types of deposits: in salt domes in the Gulf Coast region of the United States and Mexico, from which over 90 per cent of world native-sulphur production is obtained; in sedimentary deposits such as those in Sicily, which are thought by some authorities to contain the largest world reserves of elemental sulphur; and as surface deposits, associated now or in the past with some phase of vulcanism, the type which bas the greatest world-wide distribution.Deposits of the volcanic type are the subject of this paper.From antiquity until the successful development of the sulphur-bearing salt domes at the beginning of this century, important sulphur production for local needs was obtained from volcanic deposits in many parts of the world. Due to technical and economic factors, however, producers could not compete in price with sulphur from salt domes. •The result has been that, except in Japan and Chile, little sulphur was produced from volcanic deposits from about 1910 until the start of the Korean war in 1950. Shortly after the outbreak of the Korean war, an acute world sulphur shortage developed and prices skyrocketed in many countries up to several hundred dollars a ton. Interest in volcanic deposits was renewed and exploitation of many was undertaken. Few of these operations have been successful, mostly due to inability of management to solve technical problems.While important volcanic deposits of elemental sulphur have not been reported ( 1) in Canada, and it is doubtful that any will be found, data presented in this paper may be of interest to students of ore genesis.This paper is based on field examination of numerous deposits of the volcanic type in North and South America."

Jan 1, 1954

By K. Winterton, Carruthers. J.

"Attempts have been made to produce hardened structures of a pseudomorphic type in various carbon and alloy steels. In order to obtain martensite with a fine distribution of cementite, an initial structure of fine lamellar or nodular pearlite is required; this may be obtained by conventional means. This is followed by partial austenitization and quenching.Two methods have been tried to induce partial austenitization:(a) A resistance (direct current) heating method involving rapid entry into the austenite field.(b) A new method, described as the ""threshold"" technique, involving homogenization of temperature just below A 1, followed by entry into the austenite field; two furnaces are required.The resulting structures have been examined for microstructures, hardness, tensile, and impact values. The tensile properties are comparable with those obtainable by conventional treatment methods. Impact values are disappointing, but this is explainable from the nature of the manifold changes occurring."

Jan 1, 1960

By Z. Yang, M. J. Collins, N. E. Tuffrey, R. J. Kalanchey, I. M. Masters

The high elevation of China Western Mining Company (WMC)&apos; s Ganhe refinery, and the high iron content of concentrates produced by the WMC mines, were key factors in the selection of pressure leaching by WMC for their new zinc refinery. This paper describes the results of pressure leaching test work conducted by Sherritt in Fort Saskatchewan with a sample of WMC concentrate from Qinghai Province in China. Results from batch pressure leach tests and a four-day pilot plant campaign are reported. The pilot plant campaign included continuous operation of a two-stage pressure leach circuit, as well as neutralization and iron removal steps, resulting in the production of iron-free zinc sulphate solution. Greater than 98% zinc extraction was achieved in pressure leaching, while producing solution containing about 9 g/L H2SO4 and 2 g/L Fe. Following neutralization and iron removal, the solution contained about 170 g/L Zn and less than 10 mg/L Fe. Overall recovery of sulphur in the zinc concentrate feed to elemental sulphur byproduct was about 85%, while 75 to 80% of the indium in the feed was recoverable from the neutralization residue. The test results highlighted the technical and economic advantages offered by the Sherritt Zinc Pressure Leach Process and provided the required data for the engineering design.

Jan 1, 2008

By A. Danaei, A. McLean, M. Barati, C. Ravindran

"The aluminum industry generates about 90 million tonnes of red mud each year. Previous research shows it could be utilized as a refining flux with a high capacity to absorb phosphorus and sulphur from hot metal in the steel industry. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the melting properties of such fluxes, as it affects the effectiveness of the flux. The results show that the melting behavior of red mud is strongly affected by lime addition and the characteristic melting/softening temperatures reach minimum VALUES (at 32.7 wt% CaO. From these findings, a correlation was established between melting behavior and optical basicity. This allows one to adjust the composition of the flux based on the process requirements. INTRODUCTIONThe aluminum industry generates about 90 million tonnes of bauxite residues each year. This residue is usually red in color because it contains a substantial amount of iron oxide. The red mud, as it is called, is a solid waste with a high concentration of sodium oxide, high pH (10 to 13), and high alkalinity, and thus is harmful to many forms of life. Traditionally, the material is stored in large tailings ponds within the plant’s vicinity (Power, Grafe, & Klauber, 2009). Development of solutions for safe disposal or preferably using this residue for other industrial processes or applications could help restore polluted locations and eliminate a negative impact on the environment (Haake, 1988; Power et al., 2009; Yan & Xuegong, 2010).The mineralogy and chemical composition of red mud depends on the quality of the bauxite and refining process parameters. In general, it consists of iron oxide (Fe2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), silicon oxide (SiO2), and calcium oxide (CaO) (Power et al., 2009). Like most ores and soils, bauxite can contain trace quantities of metals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and naturally-occurring radioactive materials, such as thorium and uranium. Most of these trace elements stay in the residue (Power et al., 2009)."

Jan 1, 2012

By G. M. Dunn

Pressure leach autoclave circuits are employed in the leaching of ores, concentrates, mattes, alloys and intermediates for the recovery of metals into solution. Once the metals are extracted into solution the value metals can be recovered by hydrometallurgical means such as by purification followed by electrowinning, hydrogen reduction, pyrohydrolysis, crystallisation and other unit operations. In many of these integrated flowsheets the pressure leach step is pivotal to the recovery of the value metals from the host material. In an expansion or a new project, a large component of the capital cost can be associated with the pressure leach step and process engineers frequently look for opportunities to mitigate costs. This paper examines a new route for increasing the capacity of an exothermic pressure oxidation leach for sulphide concentrates, sulphide and phosphide mattes and alloys.

Jan 1, 2004