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By G. P. Holmes

"IntroductionThe copper-molybdenum property of Brenda Mines Ltd. is located 18 miles north west of Peachland in the Okanagan Valley of the Southern Central interior of British Columbia. The actual site is 50 miles north of the international boundary and 150 air miles east of Vancouver at an elevation of 5000 feet above sea level. The earliest written mention of the prospect is found in the Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir No. 243, issued in 1947 by Dr. H.M.A. Rice. In 1954 the area was staked by a prospector, Bob Bechtel, who interested Bern Brynelsen of Noranda Exploration in examining the claims. A joint Noranda - Kennecott program resulted but since the grades were so low the property was not taken up until in 1964 a re-examination by Chapman, Wood and Griswold produced recommendations leading to the construction of the Brenda Mine as it is today.The rounded, timber covered mountains of the area are composed of the tuffs, argillites and limestones of the Upper Triassic Nicola Group, which is intruded by a Jurassic quartz diorite, called the Brenda stock0 The actual orebody occurs in a strongly fractured zone within the Brenda stock, approximately 1500 feet from the contact with the Nicola group0 The ore minerals, .chalcopyrite and molybdenite, associated with pyrite and magnetite of lesser importance, occur as fillings within the fractures 0 The grade of the ore decreases outwards from a central higher grade core and in January 1971 total reserves were estimated at 165 million tons assaying 0,182% Copper and 0,049% Mo."

Jan 1, 1972

By Maureen E. Lipkewich

Education builds long term awareness, acceptance and support for responsible mineral resource development. The MABC Education Program is an award winning education partnership with British Columbia classroom teachers that has helped over 5400 teachers with resources and other learning opportunities. Each year, thousands of students begin, and continue, to learn about our modern mineral industry as a result of this teacher-written program. The CIM network has an integral role in the future of mineral education in today?s classrooms in Canada and programs of this caliber are vital to our future. The industry needs help in raising awareness of the benefits of modern mining and teachers need help in acquiring that information.

May 1, 2002

By C. J. Farrow, M. J. Smith

"Bechtel has managed a number of test programs to establish autogenous grinding circuits and size mills for a variety of ores.This paper outlines the procedures whereby bench scale and pilot plant tests are used to select the most efficient circuit to grind the range of ore types likely in the mill feed.Five examples are given. One example traces the development of a pilot plant program; it shows how bench scale Work Indices provide a target for the grinding power requirement of an ore and relates how pilot circuits are changed as a result of interpreting the results from preceding tests. The other four examples relate the interpretation of the test results to provide design data; they illustrate a number of phenomena which have been observed.INTRODUCTIONConventional crushing and grinding circuits can be specified from bench scale test data such as Bond Work Indices. Bond Indices have been correlated to a large number of rod and ball mills and by applying appropriate factors, mills can be sized from the Work Index.For autogenous or semi-autogenous grinding circuits, bench scale tests are not sufficient to be able to specify the circuit and size of the mills for a commercial plant. It is necessary to run a series of pilot plant tests to determine how the ore behaves."

Jan 1, 1982

By D. P. Tripathy

A supply chain encompasses all the activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw materials stage(extraction), through to the end user. Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of these activities through improved supply chain relationship, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and it rests on its ability to provide the right goods and services when and where needed. The supply chain is the vital component of any company?s value chain which links the operating processes to its supplier and customer. The globalization of business promises to offer new and unique challenges for the supply chain competencies of most firms. Challenges will also increase in the environmental aspects of supply chain often referred to as ?Green Issues?. The supply chain of mining industry comprises of the flow of material and information from the mine site, to processing and loading for transport, to the customer. However, due to recent changing environmental requirements affecting mining and mineral processing operations, increasing attention is given to developing environmental management (EM) strategies for the mineral supply chain. This paper focuses on: ? Environmental factors leading to the development of an extended environmental supply chain, ? Additional challenges presented by the extension, ? Performance measures appropriate for the extended supply chain, ? Developing a general procedure towards achieving and maintaining the green supply chain.

May 1, 2006

By W. J. Cherones

This paper describes the history of the development and application of the electric mining shovel in open-pit mining, dea1ing particularly with far-reaching advancements in three primary areas: metallurgy, mechanical design and electrical systems. Hoist drives and crowd drives, including the Magnetorque and Electrotorque systems, and the integral propel drive are given close attention.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. H. Walton

"In recent years the recovery of copper from low grade oxide ores has received widespread attention. The cost of treating such ores using conventional technology, such as milling and flotation, is frequently prohibitively high and copper recovery is generally low. The introduction of heap leaching, solvent extraction (SX) and electrowinning (EW) has resulted in high recoveries, good copper cathode quality and low production costs. This technology has now been successfully applied on a worldwide basis.This paper reviews the various process and design options and gives approximate capital and operating costs for a 1.0% copper ore.INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the low copper prices that prevailed for much of the last two decades, aggressive attempts were made by the industry to cut operating costs. Under such circumstances heap leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning, to recover low cost copper from oxide ores, has received particular attention and ultimately widespread acceptance.Low grade copper ore (typically containing less than 1.0% Cu), which could not be economically treated by other methods, is placed on heaps and leached with dilute solutions of sulphuric acid. The copper rich, pregnant solution, drains from the heap into a collecting pond and is pumped to a solvent extraction plant where it is purified and upgraded. The resulting solution, termed the pregnant electrolyte, passes to the electrowinning section where the copper is recovered as high grade cathodes and sulphuric acid is regenerated, (Figure 1).This paper specifically describes the processing of copper oxides. Other copper minerals such as chalcocite and chrysocolla are also leached by dilute solutions of sulphuric acid. In practice the oxide minerals are frequently associated to varying degrees with less easily leached sulphides, such as chalcopyrite. In some cases, once the oxidized capping of the ore body is removed, the oxides are totally replaced by more refractory sulphides. Under these circumstances the leaching recovery is significantly reduced. However the principles described here for solvent extraction and electrowinning are also applicable to solutions received from heaps containing sulphide minerals, which are leached more slowly and involve bacterially induced reactions."

Jan 1, 1990

By Pierre Gaucher

It is possible to selectively mine an orebody by combining the use of the SSW probe with any bulk mining methods as well as narrow vein exploitations. In other words, thanks to the use of the SSW probe, mining operators will be able to reduce and control dilution that is generally associated to every mining operation. Already, quick and substantial savings have been obtained. Falconbridge mines have demonstrated in Sudbury and Raglan operations, that the SSW probe can log nickel, copper and iron sulphides in blast holes. They have raised the grade and reduced dilution by outlining the limits of the ore zones before selectively loading explosives in the blast holes. By lowering the probe in a blast hole, a profile of the ore content is instantly measured and recorded. Logging cored diamond drill holes at the mine have demonstrated that the ore content (nickel, copper, cobalt, PGM) as assayed is proportional to the intensity of the probe?s electromagnetic response (EM), probably because the nickel / pyrrhotite ratio is uniform within a given orebody. The probe also measures the intrinsic conductivity of the sulphides and the percentage of magnetite. All probe readings are displayed and automatically stored at a 10-cm interval within the same reading unit. A 30-meter blast hole takes less than 2 minutes to survey. The whole instrument is light (12 kg) and very simple to use. One operator can carry the SSW system and survey either down or up-holes. The probe works from ?40°C to +50°C. Plotting the measurements of the SSW probe in blast holes (2-3-4-6-10 inches in diameter) before blasting allows to determine the exact shape of the orebody within the waste rock and uneconomic low-grade ore. Thus, only the portion of the holes that contains ore is blasted. The dilution is then much reduced and, by leaving the waste and low-grade ore in place, the mine saves on transportation, blasting, crushing, backfilling, milling, etc. Thousands of dollars are thus saved. Some savings may also be achieved during the development of stopes by guiding development drifts and by replacing diamond drilling by percussion drilling. In some circumstances, when the probe shows that some of the rich ore was not drilled-off, additional blast holes will allow to recover pockets of rich ore that otherwise would have been abandoned in the walls of a stope.

Oct 1, 2001

By N. Kuyucak

"Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. It occurs as a result of natural oxidation of sulphide minerals contained in mining wastes at operating and closed/decommissioned mine sites. AMD may adversely impact the surface water and groundwater quality and land use due to its typical low pH, high acidity and elevated concentrations of metals and sulphate content. Once it develops at a mine, its control can be difficult and expensive. If generation of AMD cannot be prevented, it must be collected and treated. Treatment of AMD usually costs more than control of AMD and may be required for many years after mining activities have ceased. Therefore, application of appropriate control methods to the site at the early stage of the mining would be beneficial.Although prevention of AMD is the most desirable option, a cost-effective prevention method is not yet available. The most effective method of control is to minimize penetration of air and water through the waste pile using a cover, either wet (water) or dry (soil), which is placed over the waste pile. Despite their high cost, these covers cannot always completely stop the oxidation process and generation of AMD. Application of more than one option might be required.Early diagnosis of the problem, identification of appropriate prevention/control measures and implementation of these methods to the site would reduce the potential risk of AMD generation. AMD prevention/control measures broadly include use of covers, control of the source, migration of AMD, and treatment. This paper provides an overview of AMD prevention and control options applicable for developing, operating and decommissioned mines."

Jan 1, 2002

By E. A. Lowe, J. W. Smith, C. W. Overton

"The operations of Bethlehem Copper are situated in the south-central interior of British Columbia at an elevation of 4900 feet above sea level. Main road and rail transportation systems pass through Ashcroft in the Thompson Valley, which is 28 miles by road from the minesite. The operation was the first low-grade open-pit porphyry copper mine in British Columbia.The minerals are chiefly chalcopytite and bornite, while the rock is principally feldspar and quartz. In the outer fringes of the orebodies some pyrite is present. Average grade of mill feed is 0.55% copper.History of Milling Operations Production commenced in December 1962 at a rate of 3,000 tpd in a plant that comprised two-stage crushing followed by rod and ball milling. Production ratings were increased to 6,000, 10,000 and 12,000 tpd by the addition of a further stage of crushing and more rod and ball mills. When the last expansion was completed tonnage throughput exceeded the 12,000 ton designed rate and was stabilized at 15,500 tpd.However, recovery did not meet expectations at the expanded rate because of coarse flotation feed. Capacity in the rod mill circuits exceeded the subsequent fine grinding capacity, resulting in poor liberation. Studies were initiated to improve recovery without decreasing throughput.Description of Operation Prior to Pebble Milling Crushing with primary, secondary and a closed tertiary stage proceeds at a scheduled 20.5 shifts per week. Fine ore screened on 1/2"" x 4"" apertures is stored in a 30,000-ton bin ahead of two 12.5' x 15' rod mills. Rod mill discharge joins secondary ball mill (one 10.5' x 14' and one 11' x 14') discharge for classification in a single 50"" cyclone which closes the secondary mills. Overflow from this cyclone is split between three third-stage ball mill-pump-cyclone circuits (two 11' x 14' and one 12.5' x 15'). Prior to addition of the two pebble mills the flotation feed was produced by this three-stage grinding system. Grinding criteria are shown in Table I."

Jan 1, 1975

By P. Lin, S. G. She

"In June 1985, Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering (CSRME) was established. During the past 30 years, various major achievements are made in the discipline of rock mechanics and rock engineering field, especially in the last ten years. This paper will discuss the main rock engineering progress in association with China National Science and Technology Awards, “973 Program”, and “Tan Tjongkie Lecture”. The current status of rock engineering in China and some hot problems are summarized. Furthermore, some suggestions are given for addressing those problems. INTRODUCTIONThe modern concept of rock mechanics and engineering was initiated and developed after the Second World War. In this regard, the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) was established in 1962, subsequently further promotes its development. In June 1985, the Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering was established. Various chief scientists, including professors Tan Tjangkie, Pan Jiazheng, Sun Jun, Wang Sijing, Qian Qihu, have made their huge efforts to the development of Rock Mechanics and Engineering in terms of the large-scale rock engineering projects in China.The achievements in the last 30 years significantly promote the development of China in different fields, such as energy, transportation, national defense and other national economy and major infrastructure facilities (Wang et al. 2004; Qian 2010, 2011). In other words, these projects also promoted the science and technology progress in rock mechanics and engineering across the world. Reviewing and analyses of the experiences on those key rock projects are beneficial to its technological development. She and Dong (2013), in view of literature statistical analysis, discussed the status and research progress in rock mechanics field associated with the last 30-year China's developments, including the rock strength and deformation theory, rock fracture and damage mechanics, the constitutive relation of rock dynamics, rock field coupling, rock reinforcement and stability analysis, etc. The challenging issues in rock mechanics were also proposed, which are the main concerns in rock engineering practices, engineering exploration, design, construction and operation."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. J. Yeomans

"The Kidd Creek metallurgical site is situated twenty-six kilometres east of Timmins, Ontario. The site consists of a 4.5 niillion tonne per year concentrator, a 127,000 tonne per year electrolytic zinc plant and a 79,000 tonne per year copper smelter/refinery complex.The concentrator commenced operations in 1966 and was expanded to its present capacity in 1978. The zinc plant commenced operations in 1972, and the copper smelter/refinery in 1983.The concentrator tailings, and both liquid and solid waste products from the other plants are disposed of within a 1215 hectare tailings disposal area. Here, a method known as centraljzecl thickened discharge is used to form a stable cone-shaped hill. A low permanent perimeter dyke structure encloses the cone and directs cone run-off and thickener overflow to a treatment pond. After treatment with lime slurry, this neutralized effluent is recycled to the metsite and also discharged into the Porcupine River system.The tailings system has been in operation in its present form since 1972, upon completion of dykes and a 110 metre thickener unit. Underflow densities were continuously increased until thickener overloading became a serious problem. This necessitated the construction of a second 110 metre thickener, which was completed in 1983. Target densities have been achieved without difficulty since then.This paper discusses the operation of the tailings system, reviews past performance, and outlines future operations."

Jan 1, 1986

By X. S. Yuan

With the production increase of Oil Sand in Fort McMurray Alberta, more efficient tailings disposal has become a priority for Syncrude Canada Ltd. A lot of work on tailings research and development has been compiled to determine the most effective deposition to increase reclamation options, water re-use and thermal energy recovery. Efficient flocculation of fine oil sand tailings is the key technology for thickening. It was identified that flocculation of fine transition/marine ore tailings using a single flocculant was not effective. The thickener overflow contains 1-4% solids content compared with the target solids content of <0.5% obtained with Estuarine ore. As a result, novel processes for treatment of fine transition/marine ore tailings have been developed at Syncrude Bitumen Production Development since June 2004. While the conventional processes using a single flocculant, a single coagulation, or a coagulant-flocculant combination was ineffective for transition and marine ore tailings, the new processes including Coagulation-Flocculation-Coagulation (CFC), Flocculation-Coagulation (FC) and Flocculation-Coagulation-Flocculation (FCF) were acceptable options. The key components of these technologies consist of the recipe of chemicals and their adding sequence. With these technologies, almost all sub-micron clay minerals are aggregated together and settle as a whole, resulting in a clear supernatant of less than 0.1% solids.

Jan 1, 2006

By L. K. Daneshmend

"Competitive pressures dictate that the mining industry moves to larger mobile underground haulage equipment with more advanced equipment mechanization, higher levels of autonomous operation of machines, and longer periods between access by maintenance personnel. Since such new machines will of necessity be more complex than existing designs, machine reliability has become a key issue in progressing toward advanced mobile underground haulage equipment. Reliability and maintainability models of such equipment are practically non-existent in the literature. This paper addresses the issue of reliability and maintainability of mobile underground haulage equipment on two fronts: reliability modelling to enhance decision making for maintenance planning; and reliability simulation to enable evaluation of more rigorous production planning scenarios. A case study from a gold mine in the Chilean Andes is presented, for which reliability models of mobile underground haulage equipment, specifically load-hauldump vehicles and underground haul trucks, are developed, and a reliability-based simulation implemented. IntroductionMaintenance accounts for 20% to 35% of the overall operating budget for a typical underground operation, and hence represents the largest portion of the mine’s controllable operating costs (Cutifani et al., 1996; Campbell, 1997; Goddard, 1998). This, coupled with the fact that industry today is faced with an ever more complex and demanding marketplace, has led to an increasing interest in methods to reduce maintenance costs.Although significant effort has gone into developing effective maintenance strategies for industry in general, application of these to the"

Jan 1, 2003

Ground support audits are sometimes necessary in ageing underground mines. Usually, the purpose of such audits is to assess the state of the ground support in various parts of the mine, identify areas that require attention and establish rehabilitation requirements. In 2005, Brunswick Mine, located in Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, completed a comprehensive mine-wide ground support audit. The areas examined included excavations in several mining blocks, as well as ramps, shaft stations, garages, shops, etc., throughout the mine. A vast amount of data was collected over a period of two weeks by multiple auditing teams. The audit was followed by a data digitisation exercise, and the creation of a data management system to store audit results and keep track of subsequent rehabilitation activities as they occur. One aspect of the data management system was the incorporation of a function for reporting on ground rehabilitation progress, along with the capability of updating mine level plans for easy visual presentation of this progress. This article describes the approach implemented at the mine to carry-out the audit, as well as the database constructed to manage the results.

May 1, 2009

By A. F. Banks

"Potash processing in Canada commenced on a commercial scale in 1962. Over the last 25 years it has grown into a world-class industry with many advances in processing technology. As it is a relatively young industry, many more advances can be expected. Unlike much of the mineral production in Canada, potash is sold as a range of finished products. The processing involves potash recovery and finishing in about equal amounts in terms of the effort of processing. Environmental concerns are not insignificant and are being treated uniquely in some areas. Research and development efforts, while not carried out on a large scale, are attacking industry problems on a wide front.THE INDUSTRYThe Canadian potash industry has 12 producing mines, 10 in Saskatchewan and 2 in New Brunswick. The total productive capacity of the industry is 18,300,000 tonnes of products per year. At capacity, the industry 1•ill process the equivalent of about 53,000,000 tonnes of ore per year. Plants range in size from 8,000 tonnes to 24,000 tonnes of feed per operating day. In product terms this is from 2,500 to 3,500 tonnes of products per day.Of the 12 mines, 11 are conventional underground mining operations with potash recovery principally by flotation supplemented by crystallization and one is a solution mine where mining is achieved by dissolving the potash and salt in underground caverns and then treating the solution in an evaporator/ crystallizer circuit. In all plants there is commonality of unit operation in the product screening and compaction sections. There are three principal ores being treated in the conventional plants. These may be characterized in general terms as follows:"

Jan 1, 1987

The importance of understanding the behaviour of cemented paste backfill (CPB) within the framework of the effective stress concept is highlighted in this paper. Only through an understanding built on this concept can problems such as barricade loads, the rate of consolidation and arching, be fully understood. The critical importance of the development of stiffness during the hydration process, and its impact on factors such as barricade loads, is used to illustrate why conventional approaches that implicitly ignore the effective stress principle are incapable of capturing the essential components of CPB behaviour.

May 1, 2007

By R. H. Colquhoun, A. W. Bolland, H. J. H. Pieterse

"American Barrick Resources Corporation acquired the goldstrike property in north eastern Nevada in early 1987. Since that time, the company has undertaken an extensive development program. This paper will overview the milling, autoclaving, and heap leaching facilities which are part of the $400-million Betze development plan. Gold production at the Mine has increased from 40,000 ounces per annum in 1987 to more than 500,000 ounces in 1991. And in 1992 Goldstrike will be the single largest North American gold mine when it produces 1,000,000 ounces.1. SUMMARYAmerican Barrick Resources Corporation acquired the Goldstrike property in northeastern Nevada in early 1987. Since that time, the company has undertaken an extensive development program. This paper will overview the milling, autoclaving, and heap leaching facilities which are part of the four year, $440- million Betze Development Plan. Gold production at the Goldstrike Mine has increased from 40,000 ounces per annum in 1987 to more than 500,000 ounces in 1991. In 1992, Goldstrike will be one of the largest North American gold mines, when it produces appro approximately 1,000,000 ounces.2. INTRODUCTIONAmerican Barrick Resources Corporation is in the process of developing the Betze gold deposit, located on Barrick's Goldstrike property in the Carlin area of Nevada, U.S.A.The Goldstrike Mine has 17.9 million ounces of proven and probable reserves and an additional 460,000 ounces of possible reserves. Additionally, the Purple Vein deposit, one mile north of the Mine, is expected to add at least 4 million ounces of reserves by year end 1991.The Goldstrike ore body contains both oxide and sulphide ore. The largest part of the reserves are contained in the high grade, deep sulphide ore. Mining of the sulphide ore contained in the Betze deposit involves the removal of large quantities of overlying oxide ore. Oxide ore is treated through one of the following processes:-"

Jan 1, 1992

By Christopher F. Gleeson, Roger D. Thomas

"Abstract - Wawa has long been a center of mineral exploration activity and diamonds have been reported in the area since the 1930s. However, diamond exploration did not begin in the area in earnest until 1991. In 1993, Sandor Surmacz and Marcelle Hauseux of Saminex began a prospecting program in the area which culminated in their discovery of the "Sandor" diamond occurrence in an outcrop on the east side of the Trans-Canada Highway. They subsequently optioned the property to Spider Resources Inc. who obtained the necessary exploration permits from Algoma Central Corporation and undertook an exploration program. The diamonds at the "Sandor" diamond occurrence are hosted in the matrix of a spessartite dike composed of actinolite, biotite, and albite. Of the 64 similar dikes that have been sampled and analyzed to date, eight have been found to contain a total of 231 diamonds. Most of the diamonds are of high quality, although they are small.The dikes are non-magnetic and do not have any other geophysical characteristic that can be used to differentiate them from the adjacent country rock. All of the dikes discovered to date have been found by prospecting or by geological mapping by the Ontario Geological Survey. The dikes do not contain pyrope garnet or chrome diopside, two of the commonly used kimberlite indicator minerals. Instead, low Mg, high Cr, Zn-rich chromite, and ilmenites of variable composition, some of which lie within the field of kimberlitic Mg-ilmenite compositions, characterize the diamondiferous dikes. A regional-scale till sampling program for heavy minerals, and geochemical analysis of the <0.177 mm fraction, was used to further define the areas of occurrence of the spessartite dikes and to indicate additional areas for diamond prospecting. Heavy minerals in till that were most useful include: actinolite, chromite, and ilmenite. Geochemical analyses of the dikes show them to contain elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr and to be enriched in Ba, Co, V, Ca, Fe, and Mg relative to the surrounding rocks. Elevated concentrations of Ni and Cr in till occur overlying and down-ice of known lamprophyre dikes."

Jan 1, 2000

By Philippe Angers

This article analyzes the social acceptability process of a mining project located in an existing city. It will explore how the principles of sustainable development have been integrated in the project of the Canadian Malartic open pit mine held by the Osisko Mining Corporation, and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives proposed to strengthen the social acceptability of the project. This mine is located on the ancient south quarter of Malartic and has required the displacement of hundred of houses and five institutions. The location and the inherent social impacts generated by the relocation of the citizens of the south quarter makes this case particularly interesting to understand social dynamics in an era of environmental consciousness. These major constraints of the mine generate high expectations within the urban population with regard to the social and economic benefits it will receive from the project. In a context where society demands higher CSR from the corporation, Osisko is closely followed regarding their actions toward the sustainable development principles to see if they respect the environment and the desires of the community. From the beginning, the company had to be a model of sustainable development in various aspects reflected by the manifold interest of the population. To understand the endeavor made by the company to fulfill the demand of CSR, we will analyze how the company understood sustainable development principles and what CSR initiatives Osisko company put forward. We will explore the involvement of the company in various social aspects like employment, employee satisfaction, and the level of commitment to non-discrimination policy in employment, notably with the native populations. We will also take a closer look at the relationship built by the company with the community and the level of commitment with the various stakeholders of the community. In this way, we will be able to seize the level of involvement of the company in the fulfillment of the principles of sustainable development toward a higher CSR, and to specify the trajectory adopted to build social acceptance.

Aug 1, 2013

By Natasha A. Essar

Nevsun Resources Ltd. Bisha Mine Project is a gold and base metal development project in the Gash Barka region of west-central Eritrea. The project has the potential to be one of the largest industrial developments in the country, and Eritreans have no experience in modern mining. Nevsun recognized early that the success of the Bisha Project would require meaningful consultation and engagement with all levels of Eritrean society. Meaningful engagement required not only full disclosure, but also capacity building from government officials at all levels to other stakeholders who live in the nearby communities. This paper describes the approach used to develop capacity and to help introduce a modern mining culture in a country without previous experience in mining.

May 1, 2007