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As requested by my fellow members I shall endeavour to read a paper on the Treatment of the Auriferous Sulphide Ores of Kalgoorlie from a metallurgical standpoint. Before going into the subject it will be necessary for me to make some slight explanations. As most of you are aware many of our London friends holding interests in some of these mines think it necessary that their doings should be shrouded in mystery. The result of this is that in some cases it is impossible to get any official figures from the mines for this paper. I must ask you not to lose sight of the fact that in treating the sulphide ores of the Kalgoorlie mines we had absolutely no data to start on, and that to-day. we are just beginning to get a fair grip of tbe subject; and though very high extractions were announced when the first plants were started on sulphide ore, it was well known that this was only to maintain the public confidence in the mines to allow time to make necessary adjustments; and, as showing the advance made in the treatment of the ore, I notice several of the mines have published the results of the final or re-treatment of the residues of their first sulphide treatment. I have also had the opportunity afforded me of thoroughly sampling the residues of several of the principal mines, and find the results as now published absolutely correct.

Jan 1, 1901

Shortly after Denny, Robson, and Irwin published their first paper in 1937, on the prevention of silicosis by metallic aluminium, experiments were begun on the practical application of the discovery.It was thought at that time that aluminium powder, to be effective in aluminium therapy, would have to be intimately admixed with siliceous dust at the latter's source. There followed several years of experimental work underground, during which the application of aluminium powder was tested in:(1) Speakers on machine columns, vibrated by drills.(2) Vials placed in drill holes to be blasted.(3) Both homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture with explosives.(4) Packages with tamping.(5) Compressed-air lines.(6) Special compressed-air ejectors for use while drilling and after blasting.(7) The discharge of ventilation fans.(8) The filters of respirators.It was concluded from this research that any adequate method of introducing aluminium powder into a mine atmosphere would require too much extra gear, supervision, and aluminium p;wder, and would interfere unduly with underground routine.Later, animal experiments by Denny, Robson, and Irwin2 showed that aluminium powder provided effective therapy when inhaled independent of silica dust. Therefore, some means of surface treatment was deemed more practical.APPARATUS USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINIUM PROPHYLAXIS SAMPLINGA basic requirement was a method of sampling to assess accurately the particle-size concentrations of dispersed aluminium powder. Konimetry, though regularly practised at McIrityre, was inadequate for the research in mind. On the other hand, the efficiency of the thermal precipitator was recognized as being very high. Accordingly, the latter instrument was chosen as best suited to our needs. Through the courtesy of the Ontario...

Jan 1, 1945

The physical setting and background to mining operations on Misima Island and the overall plant lay-out are outlined. Developments and changes made to each section of the plant are described as they were encountered during commissioning and initial operation.

Jan 1, 1991

By Finlayson EJ

Epithermal gold is hosted by late Middle Miocene Okiduse Volcanics on Woodlark Island. Dating of associated alteration minerals indicate mineralisation to be broadly contemporaneous with volcanism (12.2 - 12.5 m.y.) and is probably related to subduction of the Solomon Sea plate along the Trobriand Trench. Mineralisation is polymetallic and structurally controlled. Pyrite, sphalerite, galena and minor chalcopyrite occur in steeply dipping fracture zones and/or hydrothermal breccia bodies associated with mixed clay-pyrite alteration envelopes. These envelopes occur within a terrane of regionally propylitised high-K, calc-alkaline andesites and related epizonal subvolcanics. Gangue minerals include quartz, calcite, dolomite and minor anhydrite. High level advanced argillic alteration and siliceous cap rocks are not present but may have been eroded off the top of the system. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data suggest that the carbonates and paragenetically associated auriferous base metal sulphides probably deposited from an isotopically evolved (+8%. 180) reduced hydrothermal fluid sourced from underlying sedimentary rocks. The fluid was predominantly of low salinity (0-4 wt % NaCl equivalent) and had a temperature of about 270¦C at the time of boiling and mineral deposition.

Jan 1, 1987

By M P. Cipold, J F. Bachmann, C C. Bachmann, J Ha, H B. Wurst

In washability, the objective is to establish the set of maximum possible separation performance criteria for a given mineral feed. The method of choice for this has been the conventional sink–?float analysis. Using traditional sink–float method it is not possible to sample and automatically measure. This fact, as well as time, cost and safety aspects, as well as required and manageable sample size of the sink–float method have prompted the search for a new approach for establishing separation performance criteria. This is especially important as performance levels of separator plants can be maximised if reliable information based on an analysis of washability in conjunction with particle size distribution, elemental constituency becomes available in time. The new method to establish washability and associated performance information utilises at least two measurement technologies concurrently: single energy X-ray transmission and image processing. For porous or very inhomogeneous materials the results can be refined further by using dual energy X-ray transmission and image processing.If used as a standard laboratory device the continuous build-up of the washability curve allows to evaluate the statistical significance of the sample size during measurement.The measuring method can even be improved if it is combined with an automatic sampling system that feeds a continuous and representative particle stream to the analyser. Then the value of the collected data increases considerably since the washability data are additionally available in time to be considered in the control of the process plant. The washability curve can be derived and is continuously updated based on the particles measured during the past time interval. Older curves and results are stored in a database and can be retrieved for later reference. This technology now enables automated sampling and integrated automated measurement, which was previously not possible.This incorporation of an automated washability monitor at a representative sample gives near real-time data that would impinge positively on the profitability of the plant operation. The method was extensively tested using a range of samples with different densities, varying from 1 g/cm3 (coal) to 5 g/cm3 (iron ore).CITATION:Bachmann, C C, Bachmann, J F, Cipold, M P, Wurst, H B and Ha, J, 2017. Inline analysis of washability parameters for process control, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 213–218 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

The treatment plant at Martha Mine was upgraded from a nominal throughput of 110tph (O.93mtpa) to 150tph (1.25mtpa) late 1999. Post-upgrade performance did not meet expectations when treating either the competent primary ore or the clay-rich oxide ore.   ò Plant throughput is constrained by milling capacity when treating the competent primary ore. This is not an issue at present as current plant feed is oxide ore from the top of the open-pit, but will become so in future years as the pit deepens. To counter this future threat, ball mill power has been restored to 1100kW through modifications to the drive train. The addition of a crushing circuit may also be necessary.   ò Plant throughput was originally constrained by thickener and leach/adsorption tank issues when treating the oxide are. Changes to plant equipment and operations has seen the removal of these constraints and throughput on this material is no longer a problem.   The most significant issue facing plant staff at present is the high silver grade and its impact on gold recovery. These high grades impact upon recovery through losses caused by insufficient leach and adsorption capacity. To counter this, the geology, mining, and milling teams are working together to blend the high grade silver zones with lower grade ores - this is seen to be the quickest and most cost effective way to deal with the issue. The plant design has also been evaluated with a view to modifying it to cope with the higher silver grades. The viability of these modifications will depend on cost and time (that is, the length of time to implement any modifications versus the length of time to mine out the high silver zones).

Jan 1, 2001

A fundamental component of grade control at Tarmoola Mine has been the monitoring of assaying through quality assurance programs. The programs have concentrated on issues related to accuracy and precision of leachwell and fire assay techniques, sample preparation and grade variability within a sample. An outcome of monitoring has been identification of shortcomings in the application of assaying techniques to Tarmoola ore types that contain coarse particulate gold. Leachwell has shown satisfactory precision since introduction as the primary assay technique in October 1998 but leachwell accuracy and recovery through comparison with fire assay techniques has identified bias. A bias toward higher fire assays in grades above 2 g/t invoked an investigation into the cause of the discrepancy between leachwell and fire assay. Testwork evaluated Leachwell assay recovery by varying leach time duration, which showed that by increasing the leach time improved recovery significantly. Monitoring of leachwell against fire assay had shown that a leachwell (200 g) with a one hour leach has under-called grade when compared with fire assay by up to 18 per cent, on average, for Tarmoola ore types. Alternatively, optimisation of the leachwell assaying technique using a 200 g pulp and a two hour leach has returned, on average, higher assays than fire assay by up to eight per cent. Testwork on screen fire assays, duplicate assays and fire assay to extinction has demonstrated assay variability associated with coarse, particulate gold. The variability and distribution of gold in Tarmoola ore types has emphasised the importance of high quality sample preparation for leachwell assaying to ensure liberation of gold to leaching solutions. Assay quality assurance protocols are vital to assay data integrity and enable confidence in delineation of ore-waste boundaries and provide early recognition of problematic assaying periods and isolation of grade control practices, which depart from performance standards critical to the operation.

Jan 1, 2000

By C M. Hall

We report 40Ar/39Ar ages for adularia and illite from veins and wall rocks at the Waihi and Favona deposits, in the Waihi district. One sample of vein adularia from the Favona deposit yielded a plateau age of 6.04 ¦ 0.06 (la) Ma, and two samples of vein adularia from the Waihi deposit yielded plateau ages of 6.17 ¦ 0.03 and 6.17 ¦ 0.09 Ma. Two samples of wall rock adularia from the Waihi deposit yielded plateau ages of 6.07 ¦ 0.06 and 6.08 ¦ 0.03 Ma. Adularia ages overlap at the 2s level, and we do not consider them to be significantly different. Two samples of illite from wall rocks at Favona have total gas ages of 5.66 ¦ 0.04 and 5.65 ¦ 0.04 Ma, and retention ages of 6.57 ¦ 0.04 and 6.61 ¦ 0.04 Ma, whereas one sample of vein illite yielded a total gas age of 5.29 ¦ 0.17 Ma, and a retention age of 6.26 ¦ 0.19 Ma. The total gas ages of illite are minimum ages that are equivalent to conventional K/Ar analyses, whereas retention ages of illite are maximum ages. Although interpretation of the illite data is complicated, the adularia results strongly suggest that the Waihi and Favona deposits formed contemporaneously in the same fossil geothermal system at 6.0 to 6.1 Ma.

Jan 1, 2003

By N van Aarde, B A. Moore, S van der Merwe

Frequently materials handling operations are compromised by transfer chute problems ranging from high wear rates, blockages and ineffective loading of the downstream conveyor. This paper will present the design flow implemented to overcome problems in two case studies utilising discrete element modelling incorporating material characterisation.Material testing is relevant in achieving a valid discrete element method (DEM) simulation model and subsequently a valuable design tool for transfer chute assessment and design. It is well recognised that in the current growth and demand for mineral resources, leading to ever increasing conveyor capacities associated with export terminals and mineral processing facilities that transfer chutes are a key focus point. The successful performance of the transfer chute is also dependent on operating with a ærobust rangeÆ of material flowability and handling characteristics. This requirement is crucial in accommodating mineral ores from developing resources, which are often more friable and stickier than in past decades.This paper will include details of chute installations associated with iron ore and coking coal, from the DEM simulations through to the performance of the installed and commissioned plant.CITATION:Moore, B A, van der Merwe, S and van Aarde, N, 2013. Implementation of advanced transfer chute designs, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 445-450 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By P Mitchell, J Proffett, I Munajat

Batu Hijau is an island arc porphyry copper-gold deposit located in the southwest corner of Sumbawa Island in the Sunda-Banda archipelago of Indonesia. Southwest Sumbawa Island is underlain by Early Tertiary, low-K calc-alkaline to weakly alkaline volcanic and intrusive rocks. Within the mine area the oldest exposed rocks are medium- to thick-bedded, medium to coarse andesite volcanic lithic breccia, thin bedded, fine-grained volcaniclastic sandstones and mudstones and hypabyssal porphyritic andesite. In the eastern portion of the mine area there is a thick sequence of quartz diorite that postdates the andesites. A small stock of Equigranualar Quartz Diorite predates the Batu Hijau deposit and occupies the contact between the andesitic volcaniclastic sequence of rocks and the Porphyritic Quartz Diorite. Batu Hijau is a world-class copper-gold deposit that has a drill indicated mineable reserve of 914 million metric tonnes grading 0.525 per cent copper (10.58 billion pounds copper) and 0.403 g/t gold (11.8 million ounces gold). Mineralised material not in reserve accounts for an additional 580 million metric tonnes at 0.328 per cent Cu (4.19 billion pounds copper) and 0.171 g Au/T (3.19 million ounces gold), and including an oxide copper resource of 57 million tonnes at 0.37 per cent Cu and 0.12 g Au/T. Copper and gold mineralisation is directly related to quartz veining and wall rock alteration that developed with multiple tonalite porphyry intrusions. The tonalites were emplaced along the contact between the andesitic volcaniclastic rocks and quartz diorite intrusives. Copper and gold are zoned around the porphyry intrusions, which are designated by their contact-age relationships and other features as Old Tonalite, Intermediate Tonalite(s), and Young Tonalite(s). The Old Tonalite was the first copper-bearing intrusion, and although it is the smallest intrusion it has the highest quartz vein density, the strongest alteration and the highest grade. At least two tonalite porphyry intrusions followed the emplacement of the Old Tonalite. Each of these intrusions was associated with less quartz veining, weaker hydrothermal alteration and lower grade copper and gold than the previous intrusion. The intrusive cycle culminated with the emplacement of the Young Tonalite, which contains relatively few quartz veins, is weakly altered and mineralised. Hypogene hydrothermal alteration and sulphide mineralisation developed in five temporally and spatially overlapping stages. These stages consist of Early, Transitional, Late, Very Late, and I Zeolite alteration. Early alteration and sulphide mineralisation accompanied each tonalite porphyry intrusion, but with diminished intensity in each subsequent intrusion. Transitional and later stages of alteration and mineralisation postdate the tonalite porphyries and overprint Early stage alteration and mineralisation. Early alteration and mineralisation consisted of biotisation, secondary magnetite and plagioclase development, fine porphyry-style stockwork veining and ore mineralisation. Magnetite-biotite????quartz stringers and dark micaceous (biotite-sericite) veinlets were developed. The veinlets were accompanied by biotisation of magmatic mafic minerals and groundmass. Thin, irregular and discontinuous æAÆ type quartz veinlets and fine-grained chalcocite, digenite and bornite mineralisation accompanies the Early alteration. It is hypothesized that most of the copper mineralisation was originally deposited as bornite, digenite and chalcocite. Secondary plagioclase was added along the selvages of the early quartz veinlets. Early alteration is pervasive within and proximal to the tonalite porphyries. In the distal portions of the deposit, andalusite and anthophyllite formed at intermediate to shallow depths, and in the deeper portions of the deposit, respectively. The andalusite and anthophyllite probably developed at the same time as the early magnetite-biotite-quartz alteration in the core of the deposit. Transitional-age alteration consists of oligioclase/albite-sericite-chlorite- quartz-¦vermiculite and is associated with æBÆ quartz veins. Through-going planar æBÆ veins are thicker than æAÆ and æA-familyÆ veinlets and have chalcopyrite????bornite along vuggy centrelines and narrow oligioclase????albite alteration envelopes. Rare æCÆ chalcopyite¦quartz veinlets were also formed during Transitional alteration. During Transitional alteration early copper sulphide minerals (chalcocite, digenite and bornite) are converted to bornite and chalcopyrite. The majority of the copper (50 - 70 per cent) in the deposit is contained in ores in which chalcopyrite is the predominant sulphide. Late alteration consists of feldspar destruction and replacement by sericite and other minerals. The late alteration is accompanied by the development of æDÆ sulphide veinlets and veins. These veins consist of pyrite and quartz????chalcopyrite. Within the halos of the late pyritic veinlets biotite is replaced by sericite, quartz-sericite, quartz-andalusite, or quartz-pyrophyllite+kaolinite replace plagioclase, and magnetite is converted to specularite and/or pyrite. In the periphery of the deposit, the feldspar destructive alteration, together with outer zones of Transitional-age alteration, constitutes what is commonly referred to as a æpropylitic zoneÆ. Very Late hydrothermal alteration is also characterised by feldspar destruction, but differs from Late alteration in that feldspar is replaced by smectite in association with sericite and chlorite. Sulphide mineralisation in this stage consists of sphalerite, galena, tennantite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The last stage or I Zeolite alteration consists of low-temperature, open space filling consisting of stilbite or laumontite¦calcite. Supergene oxidisation of the orebody extends to a maximum depth of 210m. Isolated deep oxidation occurs along open fracture zones to depths of ~400 metres along æDÆ vein filled fracture zones. Weak supergene copper enrichment occurs in a thin horizon (15 to 60 m thick) that blankets the top of the deposit. The main supergene copper mineral is secondary æsootyÆ chalcocite replacement of sulphide grains and as veins.

Jan 1, 1999

By I Hustwick

New Zealand Steel Mining Limited operates two independent sand mining operations on the West Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Waikato North Head 30 km south of Auckland supplies ironsand concentrate as the raw feed for New Zealand Steel's works at Glenbrook and Taharoa 70 km further south, exports ironsand concentrate to Japan.   Taharoa uses two sets of six low pressure Warman centrifugal pumps in series to load bulk ore carriers 3 km off shore through two underwater pipelines. Waikato North Head delivers the ironsand to Glenbrook 18 km through a 200 mm ID buried pipeline using two stages of high pressure positive displacement (HPPD) pumping.   A high level of operating and maintenance expertise has been developed since commissioning the two systems which are proving to be reliable, efficient and of minimal impact environmentally.

Jan 1, 1990

Treatment of the Siirt-Madenk÷y Ores by Flotation

Sep 13, 2010

The Stawell Goldfield, the westernmost of the main Victorian fields, has produced over a million and a quarter ounces of gold from one and three-quarter million tons of ore. The lodes are quartz reefs and sulphide bodies occurring in sediments of lower Ordovician or upper Cambrian age. The lodes are confined to a relatively narrow suite of weak rocks lying between stronger ones above and below and there is a definite relationship between fold structure, pitch and strength of folding and ore.LOCATION HISTORY AND PAST PRODUCTIONThe town of Stawell, situated 150 miles north-westerly from Melbourne on the main railway and road to Adelaide, is the most westerly of the main gold areas of Victoria. Alluvial gold was found at Pleasant Creek (now Stawell West) in 1853 and the usual "rush" followed. Numerous alluvial leads, some surface, others buried under up to 100 ft. of Tertiary sediments were worked. The alluvial gold was soon exhausted, but in 1857 gold-bearing reefs were found on the slopes of a prominent ridge on the northern edgeof the present town. Early reef mining was by small working parties mining to shallow depths only and treating their ore at public crushing plants. Some of the early returns were very high grade. The next stage was the amalgamation of claims and the formation of companies, with their own treatment plants. This stage continued till the last mine closed in 1921. These companies had, by present standards, small holdings and far too many shafts were sunk, resulting in less efficient prospecting and operation.Since 1921 there have been one or two small scale attempts to revive mining but without success. Of recent years Gold...

Jan 1, 1960

Drilling in the south of the Rapahoe Sector at Greymouth Coalfield has demonstrated the existence of thick coal seams in the upper Rewanui Member. Seam correlation is handicapped by complex lithostratigraphy and laterally variable geophysical log profiles. An integrated investigation of coal measure stratigraphy, coal petrology, and proximate analyses, suggests a feasible model whereby most of the major seam intersections belong to a single horizon. Coal properties vary laterally in response to original swamp conditions, which are believed to have ranged from well-drained to ponded. A new model of peat accumulation is proposed for the northern Rapahoe Sector, whereby Upper Rewanui peat accumulation occurred on a flood plain between the levees of a major south southwest-flowing fluvial system in the east and the toe of a western alluvial fan.

Jan 1, 1985

Currently an Australian Standard for tunnel fire safety is being developed for road and rail tunnels. Other local guidance relating to tunnel fire safety that has recently become available includes publications by both the Roads and Traffic Authority and RailCorp of New South Wales. Internationally, the World Road Congress has completed its 2004 - 2007 cycle, which has resulted in a number of publications. International developments in rail guidance include a new European Standard regarding fire safety in railway tunnels that will come into effect in July 2008. In addition, the National Fire Protection Association committee NFPA 130 are in the process of revising their standard for fixed guideway transit and passenger rail systems, which is due for publication in late 2009. This paper outlines the status of these and other recently published relevant local and international fire safety guidelines and their implications for tunnel projects in Australia.

Jan 1, 2008

The mineralogy and textures of a portion oC ore from the 25 level northern orebody, North mine, Broken Hill are described. This ore, in places, contains up to 70 per cent cubanite (CuFe2S3 ) which has crystallized directly with other sulphides and associated gangue minerals.Several breakdown reactions involving the cubanite are also considered.

Jan 1, 1969

In November 1999 Waihi Gold Mining Company commissioned its new crushing and conveying plant used to transport both ore and waste from the Martha Mine to its ore processing plant and also its tailings dam construction area. To date, a record monthly throughput of 854 000 tonnes throughput has been achieved. This paper outlines the measures taken subsequent to the commissioning of the system to achieve greater than design throughput and to mitigate the environmental and safety issues associated with operating the system in the middle of a town.

Jan 1, 2001

By A B. Christie, R L. Brathwaite, A Swain

This study provides quantitative data on vein distributions within seven selected epithermal systems, four deposits hosted predominantly in rhyolitic rocks: Ohui, Wharekirauponga, Neavesville and Komata, and three major deposits mainly hosted in andesite: Martha Hill, Golden Cross and Karangahake. The technique of fractal analysis was used to help quantify vein distribution patterns. The fractal dimensions (D) obtained are related to the number of veins per metre, the degree of vein clustering, and vein thickness. An increase in any of these tends to increase the fractal dimension.   It is the relative relationship of these parameters that is important for the characterisation of vein distributions, and the comparison of different deposits. Within the same systems, the rhyolites are characterised by lower vein thickness and vein density, but have a higher degree of vein clustering compared to the andesites. Sections that are deeper and more centrally located within the epithermal system and/or close to major structures tend to have a greater degree of vein clustering, higher average vein thickness and density, and higher thickness to density ratios. This depth control is most pronounced in epithermal gold-silver systems because they have formed at shallow crustal levels where physico-chemical conditions change drastically both vertically and laterally. In addition to lithological and structural control at vein scale, deposit scale structure is of great importance in the deposition of economic mineralisation. Large open vein structures capable of sustaining high fluxes of hydrothermal fluid, favourable for the formation of large, high-grade gold deposits, are best developed in andesite sequences.

Jan 1, 1995

Operational effectiveness is fundamental to any operation, becoming highly topical in those experiencing less than optimal output from their fleets. It is all encompassing aiming to identify those factors that could be improved within production and suggesting solutions in order to optimise the existing fleet and obtain the greatest capital return on expenditure.Argyle Diamond Mine (ADM) is a large open cut diamond mine located in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia, approximately 180 km south of Kununurra. It is owned and operated by Rio Tinto on a two week on/two week off roster fly-in/fly-out from Perth or drive in/drive out from Kununurra. Through benchmarking the operation between January and June 2002, a study was undertaken allowing identification of areas falling below target. Following this, analysis of annualised hours and production downtimes were undertaken to quantify the potential gains of improvements in these areas. Strategies were then identified as stated in the 2002 mine plan, in operational effectiveness meetings, and by staff members. This project aimed to maximise direct working hours through determination of the main issues hindering performance. External and internal factors were considered and a continuous improvement program (CIP) was developed. The CIP aimed at internal site-based improvement teams to identify and implement solutions for improvement on a day-to-day basis.

Jan 1, 2003

Calculations of the temperatures of metal, coke, and gas at any level in the cupola furn~ce can be carried out by means of heat balances, using data obtained from experiments with an 18 in. experimental cupola. The results can, to a certain extent, be verified by means of heat transfer calculations.The curves thus obtained, showing the variation of temperature with height in the cupola, provide a valuable picture of the heat transfer processes in a shaft 'furnace.INTRODUCTIONThe Brown Coal Research Laboratory, of the University of Melbourne, has been engaged in recent years on a programme of iron-melting tests in an experimental cupola furnace.Although the ultimate aim of this work is to develop brown coal char as a cupola fuel, most of the experimental work so far has been with conventional coke. The testing programme was designed to provide information on the effect of variables such as blast rate, metal-coke ratio, and coke size on the overall melting process, e.g. melting rate, temperature of metal tapped, and stack gas composition.However, in many cases data were obtained on conditions inside the furnace by measuring temperatures and gas compositions. The aim of the work described in this paper was to qevelop a method for using this data to obtain information on the processes taking place in the cupola.Very little research has been done on the combustion of fuels in shaft furnaces. Early work on this subject, as well as the initial stages of the Brown Coal Research Laboratory's programme, has been discussed by Evans (1959). The use of probes for obtaining information on conditions in the interior of a shaft furnace was pioneered by Belden (1913)...

Jan 1, 1963