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NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of Apr. 10, 1917, to May 10, 1917. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Supt., Iron Ore Mines, The Low Moor Iron Co. of Va., Longdale, Va. AVERY, DAVID, Met Collins House, Collins St., Melbourne, Vic., Australia. BATES WILLIAM T., Shift Foreman, American Zinc Co. of Tenn., Mascot, Tenn. BIRD, ELMER, Min. & Civil Engr P. O. Box 1483, Boise, Idaho. BLACKBURN, JOSEPH R., Vice-Pres. & Genl. Mgr., Austen Coal & Coke Co., Austen, Preston Co., W. Va. BOTSFORD, FRANK P., Asst. Genl. Supt., Eastern Mesaba, Pickands Mather & Co., Gilbert, St. Luis Co., Minn. BRADEN, SPRUILLE, Min. Engr., Andes Exploration Co. of Maine, Casilla 83-D, Santiago, Chile South America. BROWNE, DAVID G., Mill Designer, New Jersey Zinc Co., 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. BRUDERLIN, EMIL J., Met. Engr., Ohio & Colorado Smelt. & Ref. Co., Salida, Colo. CAMPBELL, DONALD C., Min. Engr., Campbell Wells & Elmendorf, 114 James St., Seattle, Wash. CARRIGAN, J. J., Asst. Genl. Supt. of Mines, Anaconda Copper Min. Co., Butte, Mont.

Jan 6, 1917

By David Cole

AT the time flotation appeared upon the metallurgical horizon in Arizona, the writer, under the direction of Dr. Ricketts, was engaged in remodeling and enlarging the No. 6 Concentration Plant of the Arizona Copper Co. at Morenci, and the work had been in progress nearly a year before the Inspiration experiments with flotation had disclosed the revolution in concentration that was at that timè impending. The simplified flowsheet worked out for the remodeling of the Morenci plant had been based upon the removal of the freed metal in a minimum number of stages by treatment upon tables equipped with Butchart riffles, the latter being adapted to accomplish both classification of feed and removal of the metal at one operation, substantially as described in my previous paper.1 The scheme of treatment for the slime was based upon the well-known fact that after copper sulphides, such as chalcocite and chalcopyrite, etc., are reduced to a certain extremely fine state of comminution they are definitely beyond the reach of separation upon any of the concentrating devices then known. By using drag-belt classifiers (which served as conveyors as well as separators), the overflow would be of the usual "slimes" class. Experiment had shown that when these drag-belt overflows were, properly diluted (that is, to about 5 to 7 per cent. solids in the feed under treatment) . the very fine sand, and especially the very fine but still granular sulphide particle's, would, if given a short distance to fall, quickly settle out in prime condition to yield an excellent recovery on vanners; a further valuable feature would be that the very fine non-separable final overflow tonnage might be discharged direct to tailing, thus conserving space requirements so as to permit within the old building, without embarrass-ment, the increase of capacity required.

Jan 9, 1916

G. M. TAYLOR,* Colorado Springs, Co1o.-I do not think the plan outlined in this paper would work at Cripple Creek. Most of our men have had a pretty good education. The Cripple Creek district is a lessee district-I do not think there is one mine operating in Cripple Creek to-day that does not have the leasing system. We have as many men leasing on our property as we have mining and every plan who is working for wages is looking for n lease-everyman has mined for him- self, he has been his on7n boss on n lease, either on our own property or

Jan 1, 1919

By M. A. Roche

AST fall over half a million tons of ore and rock were broken in one blast at the open pit of the Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Company's operation, at Flin Flon, Manitoba. The following particulars of the blast, and details of the preparatory work, indicate how an operation of this scope is carried out. The data given, in essentially the present form, were first published by The Canadian Mining Journal. The area blasted was 150 ft. wide and about 700 ft. long. A total of 123 tons of 50 per cent forcite gelatin, in 5 by 16-in. cartridges, was used for the charge. Drilling for the blast was started on May 29, and was completed late in August, requiring 1297 machine shifts for drilling only. Total footage drilled for the shot was over 5 miles of 6-in. hole. The main blast consisted of 232 holes spaced on 17.5-ft.

Jan 1, 1934

By AIME AIME

THE CHAIRMAN of the fast growing Petroleum Division is not only a graduate of the University of California, but a third generation native son. After a few years spent in hard-rock geology, his professional efforts were transferred to the sedimentaries and to petroleum investigations, as a consulting geologist. For ten years these investigations covered the Rocky Mountain, Oklahoma, Texas, and eastern districts. After the war he returned to Casper, Wyo., as chief geologist for the Consolidated Royalty Oil and Western Exploration Companies. This employment afforded him the opportunity to study particularly the economic relationship between the lessor-lessee interests in development and production, a somewhat unusual type of petroleum specialization.

Jan 1, 1939

By AIME AIME

TUESDAY afternoon the annual meeting was devoted to a general session, in the auditorium, on production control. George Otis Smith presided and in opening the meeting recalled that the session in 1920 on the stabilization of the coal industry was the first time this subject had been discussed by Institute members in a general session and then introduced Carl Snyder, of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who spoke on "Long-time Growth and the Factors In Its Variations." He spoke without notes and a full presentation of his views must be deferred until the stenographer's report is available. He said that of the total production some 80 to 90 per cent represents goods for consumption and the other 20 to 10 per cent for construction. He discussed various indices of production, concluding that bank clearings are the best, and showed by charts that when they are plotted, allowing for various disturbing factors, they are seen to increase quite regularly at the rate of about 4 per cent per year. The production curve rises at only 3y2 per cent per year, because agricultural production does not in- crease as fast as manufacturing postal revenues in- crease at the rate of 5 per cent per year while the use of electricity increases twice as fast.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

FELIX E. WORMSER was born in Santa Barbara on Oct. 31,1894, so is one of the youngest members of the Board, only H. D. Wilde t 39) and W. M. Peirce (43) being his juniors. After graduating from the Columbia School of Mines as an E.M. in 1912, he went West and worked for the Snake River Mines, the Baker Mines Co., and the Cornucopia Mines CO., all in Oregon. Then for a year or two he was the youngest U. S. Mineral Surveyor in Oregon. In 1918 he was in the Army from which he was honorably discharged as a Second Lieutenant. Early in 1919 he joined the staff of the Bureau of Mines, at Washington, assisting in compiling reports and in War Minerals Relief work. His acquaintance there with J. E. Spurr led to his joining the staff of the Engineering and Mining Journal as assistant editor in April, 1920. He specialized in market studies and assisted in the compilation of the Journal's metal quotations until June, 1925, when he resigned to engage in active mining examination and consulting' work in the Northwest for H. H. Armstead. Three years later he returned to New York at the time of the formation of the Lead Indus- tries Association, becoming its Secretary and Treasurer, a position that he has since held.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

EVER since his college days at the University of Iowa, the professional interest of Morris Morgan Leighton has centered on geology, and he now heads the State Geological Survey of Illinois. Just 52 years ago--on Aug. 4, 1887-he was born at Wellman, Iowa. He remained at the State university for his Master's degree, awarded in 1913. A two-year fellowship at the University of Chicago led to a Ph. D. degree, after which Dr. Leighton went out to Seattle as instructor in geology at the University of Washington during 1915-'16. He returned to Iowa as assistant professor of geology at Iowa State Teachers' College for a year, followed by another year at Seattle, after which he returned permanently to the Middle West, first as acting professor of geology at Ohio State and then, from 1919 to 1923, as assistant professor of geology at the University of Illinois and geologist for the Illinois Geological Survey. Of the latter organization he has been chief since 1923, with no present teaching duties. As a result of the successful work of the Survey, notably in non-metallics and in the initiation and stimulation of the recent oil activities in the southern part of the State, it is soon to have a new building with modern laboratory facilities.

Jan 1, 1939

By AIME

Lewis E. Young, who will formally assume his duties as President of the AIME at the Annual Meeting in San Francisco in February 1949, was born in Topeka, Kansas, Oct. 1, 1878. Dr. Young received his engineering education at the Pennsylvania State College, where he received the degree of B.S. in Mining Engineering in 1900. In 1904 he received his E.M. degree from Iowa State College, and in 1915 a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. In 1947, the University of Missouri conferred on Dr. Young honoris causa the degree of Doctor of Engineering. His active career began in the educational field as instructor at Iowa State College, and following that, as professor of mining at the Colorado School of Mines, 1903-1907. While he was at Golden he launched hi: career as consulting mining engineer for various Western companies. Leaving the Colorado School of Mines, Dr. Young returned to Missouri, serving the University of Missouri as director of the School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla, 1907-1914. Leaving Missouri he went to the University of Illinois as assistant professor of business organization, 1915-1918, during which period he wrote exhaustive treatises on mine subsidence and mine taxation, which won for him the degree of Ph.D. before mentioned.

Jan 1, 1949

By Leo Behr

RECENT years have seen important practical advances in the construction of recording instruments for use with thermocouples. The difficulties of the problem will be appreciated when it is remembered that a 10° F. change in temperature of a base-metal couple at 1500° means a change in the electromotive force of about 0.00035 volt. In a circuit having a resistance of 350 ohms, this means a change in the current of 0.00000,1 amp.; and despite this requirement of great sensitivity the instruments must be sufficiently robust to withstand the rough usage which is so often their lot. Two methods are in common use for the measurement of the electromotive force produced by a thermocouple: 1. The milliammeter method, in which the current produced by the thermocouple in a circuit of known resistance is measured and from. this the electromotive force is deduced by Ohm's law. 2. The potentiometer method in which a known potential difference is opposed to the thermocouple electromotive force. The use of thermocouple and milliammeter for measuring temperature introduces some possible sources of error, for the reading depends on a number of factors, including the following: (1) Electromotive force set up at the hot junction, (2) electromotive force set up at the cold junction, (3) resistance of the circuit including thermocouple, lead wires, and meter, (4) field strength of magnets, (5) strength of controlling springs in meter, (6) friction at pivots, of pointer on paper, etc. It is obviously necessary to so design and maintain the installation that the reading is independent of all the factors except the first. The electromotive force set up at the cold junction can easily be taken care of provided it is constant. This has been approximately accomplished by burying the cold junction in the ground or actually secured by locating it in a container, the temperature of which is kept constant by means of a thermostat.

Jan 9, 1919

By Arthur Glance

MINE safety is of the utmost importance to all operators and most operations have a safety organization, or safety inspector, whose job it is to be continually on the alert to detect and correct the hazards of mine operation. Reports from the Bureau of Mines show that next to roof falls, gas presents the greatest hazard in mining. The Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6680 shows that 162 explosions occurred in the United States during the five-year period ending June 30, 1932. Deaths resulting from these explosions amounted to 984, with a great many disabled and disfigured. A fatality rate of 6.07 persons shows the ex¬treme severity of this hazard to the industry. Various mine appliance companies have put on the market instruments for methane detection, which record in direct percentages the amount of methane present in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, few mining companies are using these instruments, however. Those available include the Burrell methane detector, the Wolf, the Martienssen, the Mine Safety Appliance detector, and the Union Carbide Company methane detector, which last I have used extensively in making mine inspections.

Jan 1, 1936

By G. E. Keller

In connection with the work of Committee D5, Coal and Coke, of the American Society for Testing and Materials in developing new standards and improving old standards, series of tests were made to check the variance of sample preparation and analysis of American coals. Table I in the "Tentative Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis - 02013-62T" is rather complicated, and the tests were designed to develop data for the simplification of this table. An allowance of 20% of the total variance of sampling and analysis for the sample preparation and analysis steps was used. Also, instead of coals being grouped into ash ranges, they were grouped as washed and raw (unwashed) coals. As a result of these tests, a simplified Table I for Tentative Standard 02013 has been proposed. A standard test for laboratories to check their variance of sample preparation and analysis has been developed. Committee D5 on Coal and Coke of the American Society for Testing and Materials has been making a study of all standards applying to coal for the purpose of improving and bringing them up to date and for breaking some of the existing standards covering a number of tests into single standards. As an illustration, sample preparation is now partly covered in ASTM Designation D492-48, Sampling Coals Classified According to Ash Content, and partly in ASTM Designation D271-58, Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. The latter contains, in addition to parts of sample preparation, methods for determining Moisture, Ash, Volatile Matter, etc. Although revision of sampling methods and sample preparation methods are now assigned separately, it is possible that they may end up as one standard. One of the first new Tentative Standards developed as the result of these studies was ASTM Designation D2013, Tentative Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis. Although this method is quite an im- provement over that in the old standards and gives very specific instructions, Table I (attached) is quite complicated and rather hard to understand. In order to take advantage of reduced quantities or weights, it is necessary to know the ash content within rather narrow limits before sample preparation and no distinction is made as to whether the coal is cleaned or uncleaned. No limits of accuracy are assigned to the sample preparation and analysis. The total over-all accuracy of sampling, preparation and ash determination as given in D492-48 has been specified for commercial sampling procedure as follows: "This procedure is intended for an accuracy such that if a large number of samples were taken from a single lot of coal, the test results in 95 out of 100 cases would fall within ? 10 per cent of the average ash content of the sample." Although Appendix 11, Method for Determining the Over-All Variance of Reduction and Analysis in the Tentative Methods for Mechanical Sampling of Coal, ASTM Designation D2234-63T, does give a method for determing the over-all accuracy of preparation and analysis expressed as variance and also the F test, it does not permit the determination of the variance at the various stages of reduction or of the ash determination. It was decided in 1961 to ask a number of laboratories to run a series of tests for the purpose of determining the variance at various stages of reduction and analysis with the view of simplifying Table I of the Tentative Standard D2013-62-T. This paper is a record of this series of tests with recommendations which resulted from the tests. At the same time and preceding these tests the International Organization for Standardization under Committee TC/27 WG 7 was studying the same problem. Tomlinson1 of England and Dr. paul2 of West Germany had made studies giving quite a bit of information. Also Schwerd and coryel13 published some information which was the main basis for the Mechanical Division provision in ASTM Tentative Standard D2013-62T, Table I. In checking with the various laboratories which offered to cooperate in these tests, none was found which used mechanical division through the entire preparation procedure. It was then decided to use riffles at all stages with the thought that if riffles gave satisfactory variances, approved mechanical

Jan 1, 1965

An old philosopher once said, "God grant me the serenity to accept those things I cannot change, the courage to change those which I can, and the wisdom to know the difference." It is time to take stock of how the human race has progressed-whether the trend now points toward greater evils or finer things. It is time that we stop fooling ourselves and put into effect a program of "real" conservation. By this it is not meant that we limit our concept to planting new forests, preserving wild life or preventing soil erosion, but rather taking stock of the expectancy of our resources, expanding human resourcefulness and effecting careful utilization and replacing of, or producing substitutes for, material resources. Man is still dependent upon energy and matter in certain usable forms, despite the fact that energy is inherent in all matter. Until such progress is made that the energy contained in all matter can be controlled, man must continue to utilize the common fuels. Advancement of research in atomic energy has cast a gleam of hope for future use of the tremendous energy contained in the atom. Use of atomic power for industrial pursuits would open up limitless resources of power. This energy, of course, is a two-edged sword, since man's progress and his means of destruction have always evolved parallel to each other. Thus it is estab-

Jan 1, 1950

The Raymond Memorial Volume, which the Members of the In-stitute have been so anxiously awaiting since the beloved man's death, is nearly ready for publication. It will contain about 45,000 words and some illustrations and a frontispiece portrait. This book promises to fill every expectation of the contributors to the volume and the host of admirers of the genius who so long guided the destiny of the Institute. It will contain one of Doctor Raymond's best stories, entitled "James and Jim;" his famous article on "Job on Mining;" and one of his poems entitled "The Grand Canyon." A biography of Doctor Raymond has been written by his daughter, who is the wife of a member of the Institute. The memorial addresses delivered by Dr. Henry F. Drinker and T. A. Rickard at the annual meeting in New York in 1919 will be included. There will also be very interesting reminiscences by H. M. Howe, A. S. Dwight, C. W. Goodale, R. W. Hunt, Lyman Abbott, J. F. hemp, T. A. Rickard. The volume has been edited by T. A. Rickard, which promises all that can be wished for the volume from a literary standpoint. The edition will he limited so that it is very desirable that orders for this volume be sent in to the Institute as promptly as possible. The price will be $5.00.

Jan 12, 1919

By Alf Holmelid

Until recently the only automatic control of electric parameters in submerged-arc furnaces has been electrode control with electrode current or electrode impendance as controlled variables. Elkem Research and Development Centre has delivered this kind of control for a long time, both stand- alone controllers and control algorithms incorporated in an integrated computer control system. In recent years we have noticed increasing interest in more sophisticated electric control. Results both from pilot-plant experiments and from production furnaces show that proper electric conditions in the furnace are more important to the furnace operation than was assumed earlier. Optimal electric conditions lead to lower power consumption per ton of metal and allow use of cheaper raw materials Besides, power contracts and the market situation lead to more frequent change of load on the furnaces. Therefore it is important to vary the load in a way that allows proper electric conditions to be maintained. Based on this renewed interest in electric control, Elkem Research and Development Centre has carried out a project, starting with analysis of existing electric instrumentation and control algorithms for electrode control, and ending up with an integrated electric control strategy including power-demand control as shown in Figure 1. In this paper we will give a resume of this work and present a new integrated control strategy put into operation for the first time in June 1983. [ ]

Jan 1, 1984

By T. M. Berry

In the past few years changes have taken place in shaft sinking. Progress has been made with types of machinery designed, developed, and made available to shaft sinking contractors. This is particularly true of drilling and mucking equipment. Compared with conventional clamshell loading, mucking or loading with a crawler-mounted overshot loader is a new technique for shaft work. There are several methods of clamshell loading. Dravo Construction Co. mounts an air tugger on the clamshell to operate the closing line. The load, or holding line, is attached to the hoist of a crane or whirler at the shaft collar. The clamshell is raised or lowered by the hoist when a signal is given by a bell or light system operated by men at the bottom of the shaft. Two men control the drift of the clamshell with tag lines, pulling it to any position in the shaft for loading, or over the shaft muck bucket for emptying. One man operates the air tugger to open and close the clamshell by means of two lines attached to the operating air valve, just as reins are used to drive a horse. One man operates the signal telling the hoist operator when to raise or lower the clamshell. This method requires two hoisting lines in the shaft-the line from the mine hoist that lifts

Dec 1, 1956

By E. P. Bucklen

Simulation is a tool useful in the evaluation of the probable effect which various changes may have on the performance of time-dependent systems. This is especially true as far as rail transportation in mining is concerned. The VPI-OCR RAILSIM program is a computer program designed specifically for solving a broad range of problems encountered in the design of haulage systems of new mines as well as in the operation of haulage systems in existing mines. This program is one of several computer applications for evaluating mining systems developed at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under contract with the Office o f Coal Research of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. The RAILSIM program uses Monte Carlo techniques to introduce variability in the occurrence of events such as would be observed in real systems. Data are required to describe the haulage network, locomotives, stationary facilities, and other miscellaneous parameters. Output from the program lists measures of performance that are useful in assessing the capabilities and limitations of given system configurations. The output information may cover many shifts of operation to indicate the broad range of variation and interaction which can occur as the system responds to varying levels of demand for service. The RAILSIM program was tested extensively in mining operations. The results of some of these tests are used to illustrate the usefulness of this program.

Jan 1, 1972

By E. Gybbon Spilsbury

In the course of the persistent and rapid advance of our country towards the goal she has set for herself, of commercial and manufacturing supremacy, there stand out certain periods or cycles of prosperity or depression, succeeding one another with a comparative regularity as to their ultimate trend, but of varying lengths and intensities. I might compare this course to that of a railroad between two points at different levels, with intervening mountain ranges and valleys, the up-grades climbing towards the final upper terminal of prosperity, while the down-grades retard the ascent, and tend to return to the valleys below. Just at the present time we are evidently at the bottom of one of these valleys, and, before starting to climb the next divide, it may be prudent for us to look into the condition of our rolling-stock, and especially into that of our brakes, and see what the experience of our downward journey has taught us, and whether we are properly equipped for the new upward advance which now lies before us. Probably no previous period of the same duration has produced in all branches of mining and metallurgy improvements SO many and so various as have the last ten or twelve years. Not that they have brought forth any such startling and revo-

Jan 1, 1898

By John A. Emery, Frank G. Snyder

Mining geology has a threefold objective: to guide prospecting for new ore, to evaluate known orebodies as development risks, and to supply the detailed knowledge of ore structures necessary for more economical extraction. The role of geology in exploration is well established. This article will deal solely with orebody evaluation and the application of geology to development and mining problems as practiced by St. Joseph Lead Co. in the southeast Missouri district, which for many years has supplied approximately 30 pct of U. S. lead production. The primary concern of the present discussion is geology in the district, not geology of the district. The southeast Missouri district, locally called the Lead Belt, includes parts of St. Francois, Madison, and Washington counties. The first recorded mining was about 1720 at Mine La Motte in Madison County on surface showings of lead ore. Later discoveries near Bonne Terre, twenty-five miles to the north, led to extensive prospecting and underground mining. To date the district has yielded well over 8 million tons of pig lead, valued at more than $1 billion. By far the greater part of the lead production has come from an area of 50 sq miles, centering Fig. 1-Central portion of southeast Missouri on the city of Flat River, as shown in Fig. 1.

Dec 1, 1956

By C. R. Austin

IN a recent paper1 the authors presented information on a refinement of the Rohn type of creep test with data on pure iron that exemplified the behavior of the apparatus. The present paper extends that work to nickel and cobalt and to the examination of the comparative high-temperature properties of two widely used commercial alloys. Careful attention has been given to the effect of plastic deformation in decreas-ing creep rate, using the elementary metals iron, nickel and cobalt for purposes of analysis. In any, endeavor to develop new materials for high-temperature service one soon encounters a real problem as to the sort of test to be employed in evaluating the commercial possibilities of the alloys. At one time it was considered satisfactory to determine the tensile strengths at elevated temperatures and to use these values as a criterion for the commercial application of the alloys. More recently the proportional limit has been used as a means of classification. Data obtained from a form of bend test has also shown promise as providing a "merit index" of high-temperature serviceability.2 Koerber and Pomp3 state that since the influence of testing time is small, the high-temperature yield point of steel furnishes sufficiently reliable and concordant values up to about 350° C. (and a maximum of

Jan 1, 1934