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By J. E. Johnson

IT is the purpose of the present paper, while not excluding chemical considerations, to deal more extensively with some of the physical and mechanical aspects of the blast-furnace process, and to point out its dependence in these respects on well-known laws. The quantity and cost of ore and flux required to make a ton of iron being determined by circumstances over which the furnace-man, under given conditions as to quality and quantity of product, has commonly little control; the principal item of cost, apart from the saving of labor, which he can aspire to reduce, is that of fuel. To determine the limits of possibility in this direction is clearly the first step in d practical inquiry; and this step is represented herewith in Fig. 1, a diagram showing the total useful effect obtained from a pound of fuel under various conditions, and thus permitting direct comparison, under any given conditions, between actual results and the maximum possible results. The following statements will explain the basis upon which this diagram has been constructed. One pound of fuel, containing 90 per cent. of fixed carbon (which represents average conditions), is taken as the unit. The degree of oxidation of the carbon is measured by the ratio of the two oxides of carbon contained in the top-gases. It is necessary to remember that a considerable quantity of carbon is brought in as carbon dioxide by the flux, and to take account of it and of its condition. It is here considered that the carbon dioxide liberated by the limestone does not affect the analysis of the toll-gases, and that the ratio of CO to CO., will remain unchanged by the addition of limestone; enough CO, being reduced by the solution

Sep 1, 1905

By F. E. Cash

The Holmes Safety Association was organized and named in honor of the late Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, first director of the United States Bureau of Mines. The association is a national organization and operates through local, sectional, or State chapters in mining, petroleum, and allied industries. The National Council of the Holmes Safety Association consists of representatives of State councils and local chapters, with the Director of the Bureau of Mines as president.

Jan 1, 1929

The Black Hills Mineral Atlas briefly summarizes all important data available on the mines and mineral deposits in the Black Hills that have been explored, developed, mined, or located. The purpose of the atlas is threefold; First, from available data the general potentialities of the Black Hills region can be determined, although it is not possible to calculate actual ore reserves; second, it will provide the necessary basic information regarding a given property or commodity for further detailed study; and third, the compilation is a comprehensive directory of Black Hills deposits.

Jan 1, 1955

By Michael A. Piepenburg

The East Side Access (ESA) Project will extend Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) into midtown Manhattan via 11 km of tunnels, a new terminal station and associated support facilities. In addition to the hard-rock tunneling currently underway in Manhattan, soft-ground tunnels in Queens will traverse beneath Amtrak?s Sunnyside Yard and Harold Interlocking, the busiest rail interlocking in North America. This paper details ESA?s coordinated approach to interfacing with both Amtrak and LIRR with regard to the planned tunnels, shafts and related construction beneath or adjacent to the operating railroads. This interface includes integration of railroad staff, extensive presentations, reviews and agreements with the railroads regarding settlement mitigation, real-time automated geo-instrumentation monitoring, ground improvement, and geotechnical/environmental controls.

By J. F. Barkley

Smoke abatement is a subject of which fuel technology, although absolutely essential, is only a part. Its successful accomplishment starts and ends with human factors that must be given thorough consideration; between this "start" and "end" fuel technology is applied. Smoke abatement usually starts from the desire of some person or persons to be free from uncleanness caused by the stack of someone else and ends with the sincere desire of the operator of the fuel-burning equipment to maintain a clear stack. Although "smoke abatement been discussed for many years, it is only recently that the public has been mindful of such expressions as "air pollution" and "air hygiene." The subject has duel in common with that of supplying pure water but is more complicated. The public desires pure water, expects pure water, is willing to pay for pure water, and expects to continue to pay for it indefinitely; it is a development of civilization. It is doubtless correct to say, however, that people in general do not et realize the detriment of air pollution to their well-being or give the question enough serious consideration. This is illustrated by the fact that in city smoke abatement it is the mass of small householders that sins the most and is the hardest to handle. It is rather difficult to assemble a group of people in a room without the air becoming contaminated with smoke. Smoke abatement will lag with the lack of desire for pure air - probably the biggest human factor involved in its accomplishment.

Jan 1, 1939

By Dean. R. S.

The work of the copper metallurgy section during the year was devoted to laboratory studies of sulphur recovery from smelter smoke and combination smelting of copper and manganese. Both of these subjects were new this year. Combination Smelting of Copper and Manganese According to published work, the affinity of manganese for sulphur is greater than that of iron for sulphur, so that if a suitable mixture of com-pounds of iron, copper, and manganese be smelted to form a matte and slag, manganese should concentrate in the matte, together with copper.

Jan 1, 1937

Our mission is help ensure our country has an adequate, dependable supply of minerals and mate al to meet its national security and economic needs at acceptable social, environmental, and economi[c] costs. We do this by promoting and encouraging private enterprise in the development of viable and stable mineral industries through the transfer of innovative extraction, processing, recycling, an environmental technologies; our use of cooperative partnerships with industry, academia, an government; our timely, authoritative worldwide mineral intelligence; our advocacy of public policies based on good science and sound economics.

Jan 1, 1994

By Oliver Bowles

Accidental explosions in coal mines are due to various causes, but many of them can be directly attributed to coal dust; others that probably in no way depend on dust as a primary cause are propagated, greatly intensified, and made more disastrous by the presence of coal dust. The fact that coal dust in a bituminous mine will explode as a result of a fire-damp explosion has been generally accepted for many years, but the belief has also been held by many that coal dust is not in itself dangerous when unmixed with an explosive gas. Therefore, in past years little attention was given to dust in mines free from fire damp, and many disastrous explosions have resulted from lack of knowledge of the danger from coal dust. In the explosives gallery and experimental mine of the Bureau of Mines experiment station, Pittsburgh, Pa., it has been proved repeatedly and conclusively that coal dust will explode violently when no inflammable gas is present. PROPAGATION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS A coal-dust explosion is an extremely rapid burning or combustion of the coal particles. Their burning consists essentially of the combination of the hydrocarbons in the coal with the oxygen of the air, a process that generates heat and flame and produces hot gases and water vapor. These gases and vapors have a volume many times that of the original coal particles; thus they exert an outward motion and pressure which constitute the explosive wave. When fine particles of coal are suspended in the air, each particle is surrounded by the oxygen of the air, and thus is well placed to oxidize or burn rapidly whenever the temperature is high enough. If some particles are ignited from any cause they will fire others, and the combustion will extend from particle to particle with extreme rapidity wherever enough coal dust of sufficient purity is present.

Jan 1, 1925

By William Gleason

"Komatsu has been on the cutting edge of autonomous mining for the past 30 years and the company remains at the forefront of the technology that is changing from concept to a full-fledged reality.In 1996, Komatsu America Corp. (KAC) purchased a controlling interest in Modular Mining Systems; a move that enabled both companies to expand their product lines. It was through this effort that Modular helped to deploy the first autonomous haulage system (AHS) — the Komatsu FrontRunner system. In January 2008, the first commercial implementation of the FrontRunner system occurred at Codelco’s copper mine in Chile. Since then, Komatsu has put more than 130 haul trucks into seven sites on three continents to haul copper, iron ore and oil sands and its equipment has moved 1.8 Gt (2 billion st) of material with zero lost time incidents attributed to Komatsu’s autonomous trucks. The 1.8 Gt (2 billion st) is the most of any commercial mining autonomous haulage system and there is more to come. In November, Komatsu announced that an additional 150 autonomous haul trucks will be deployed to the Canadian oil sands over the next seven years.Komatsu has continued to pioneer autonomous haulage development, creating a range of autonomous options that includes semiautonomous and teleremote options all the way up to a haulage vehicle that stole the show at the world’s largest mining equipment trade show.In 2016, Komatsu advanced the concept of driverless haul truck to a new level when it displayed its Innovative Autonomous Haulage Vehicle (IAHV) at MINExpo in Las Vegas, NV. The concept vehicle is the first mega class haul truck designed to be fully autonomous, without an operators’ cab included on the vehicle.Unlike other haul trucks, the vehicle was developed exclusively as an unmanned vehicle designed to maximize the advantages of unmanned operation. Among other advancements, it was designed to distribute equal load to the four wheels, both when the vehicle is loaded and unloaded, and adopt four-wheel drive, retarder and steering. Komatsu said it is aiming for high-performance shuttling of this vehicle in both forward and reverse travel directions, thereby eliminating the need for K-turns at loading and unloading sites."

Dec 1, 2018

By Daryl R. Tweeton

This Bureau of Mines publication provides information to assist in selecting a lixiviant (leach solution) for in situ uranium leaching. The cost, advantages, and disadvantages of lixiviants currently used and proposed are presented. Laboratory and field tests are described, and applications of geochemical models are discussed. Environmental, economic, and technical factors should all be considered. Satisfying environmental regulations on restoring groundwater quality is becoming an overriding factor, favoring sodium bicarbonate or dissolved carbon dioxide over ammonium carbonate. The cheapest lixiviant is dissolved carbon dioxide, but it is not effective in all deposits. Technical factors include clay swelling by sodium, acid consumption by calcite, and the low solubility of oxygen in shallow deposits. Laboratory leaching tests can provide useful data. However, they can be misleading if, for example, the ore is allowed to oxidize before testing or if distilled water instead of formation water is used for making solutions for permeability tests. Geochemical models presently are more useful for indicating trends in solubility than in reliably predicting concentrations.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. Budac, R. Krentz, P. Cordingley, G. Freeman, M. E. Chalkley, H. Scheie

Pressure hydrometallurgical unit operations have been in commercial use at the Fort Saskatchewan refinery of Sherritt International Corporation for fifty years. This paper traces the history of Sherritt from its origins in northern Manitoba, and the development of the first hydrometallurgical nickel-cobalt refinery in 1954, utilizing pressure hydrometallurgy, to the modern day refinery. Sherritt's involvement with pressure hydrometallurgy during the past 50 years has included the operation of the refinery, the development and licensing of technology, incorporating pressure hydrometallurgical unit operations, to more than 30 companies worldwide, the joint venture at Moa, Cuba involving both leaching and precipitation at elevated temperature and pressure, and the production of specialty metal powders. Developments in each of these areas are reviewed.

Jan 1, 2004

By S. K. Ash

In arriving at economic losses in coal mining due to accidents, a statistician is confronted with many difficulties on account of the lack of information relative to nonfatal accidents. For comparative purposes the ex¬ perience of those countries, States, or companies that keep complete records can be drawn upon and an extimate can be arrived at whereby one State can be compared with another, or one mine compared with another in the same district. Such a comparison for the United States has been compiled by the United States Bureau of Mines. It will be observed in Table 1 that the cost per ton for accidents in the State of Washington for the year 1927 is higher than for any other State, with the exception of Georgia and North Carolina, with a small combined tonnage of 130,089 tons. (The figures for coal production in Table 1 are taken from Bulletin 319, 1930, of the United States Bureau of Mines.) The reasons why the cost of accidents in Washington might be higher than the average are on account of physical conditions such as steep pitches, faults, igneous intrusions, highly explosive coal-dust, extremely friable coals, presence of gravel and water, very gassy coal beds, rugged topographic conditions, inherently bad roof and floor, thick beds, and heavy cover. The nature of the coal beds requires the use of preparation machinery. The mines are often deep, and topographic conditions are such that long and fast haul¬ age becomes necessary. All of these factors not only tend to cause high cost of production, which is manifested largely in a. lower than average daily pro¬ duction, per man, but..they.also affect to some degree a tendency toward a higher than average cost for accidents.

Nov 1, 1931

By J. R. Alldredge

This Bureau of Mines report presents a computer code that has been developed for describing and testing the statistical distribution of general continuous data sets. The statistical distributions used include the normal, lognormal, exponential, chi square, gamma, and uniform. Histograms for observed and expected values are plotted for each distribution. An example using geologic data obtained from a study of the geometric properties of natural fractures in oil shale rock illustrates the use of the computer program, GDIST.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. A. Baicker

A prototype borehole probe for ore grade determinations by means of in-situ neutron activation analysis was designed, built, and tested in a two-phase program. Phase I dealt with the design and fabrication of a borehole logging system for operation in 7.6 cm (3 in.) diameter or larger boreholes. It consisted of a 5.06 cm (2 in.) diameter borehole probe containing an intrinsic germanium detector, a canister-type solid cryogen cooling system, cooled FET preamplifier, linear amplifier, high voltage supply, analog-to-digital converter, microprocessor-based multichannel analyzer, buffer memory, bi-directional cable link, power supplies, and a Californium-252 neutron source. A surface support vehicle was designed and outfitted. A minicomputer system was constructed and software developed and tested. In Phase II the system was field tested at several mine sites. The system was calibrated, tested, improved, and demonstrated in a variety of applications. Tests were performed at sites pertinent to uranium, iron, coal, copper, silver and gold. Technical feasibility was demonstrated for all these applications except gold; the gold results were inconclusive. In-situ neutron activation analysis using high resolution gamma ray spectrometry was found to be a potentially viable logging method for are grade analysis under certain conditions.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. R. HULL

FOLLOWING the discovery of a body of ore that appears to have commercial possibilities there is a period of development work to determine its extent and grade and the most economical method of mining it. Laboratory tests are made in an effort to determine the most practicable and economical treatment for the extraction of the valuable constituents of the ore and these tests are carried farther and checked in a pilot or test mill. The rate at which the ore is to be mined and the daily capacity of the plants that are to treat it will depend on a number of important factors such as: The size of the orebody; the capital available for building the plants; the market or demand for the final product; the supply of skilled and common labor available for the construction, operation and maintenance of the plants; the quantity and quality of available water, and the amount and cost of power that can be purchased or that can be economically developed. Having decided on the treatment that is to be given to the ore and after full consideration of the above factors the management decides to erect a reduction plant of a given capacity.

Jan 1, 1926

MR. McKEEVER: I think we had to start some- where. The proceeds of the beltbuckles and hard hat stickers will certainly be a beginning in a scholarship for some of our young people. And maybe, you know we might even get one of them sometime to go to the University of Oklahoma. A few years ago the luncheon speaker for tomorrow, Brooks Mitchell, got a few of the mine presidents together and we spent a full five hours of just dedicated listening to Carl Terzian. We listened basically on three subjects: how to work with the media, how to work with image, and how to identify with our political systems and those who are in them. I remember that as one of the turning points in my perspective on how our system really works. This gentleman who will be addressing you today, Mr. Terzian, will be conducting about a three-hour session tomorrow. And it's a shame that our other activities will not allow some of the golfers to probably be there. Those of you who can come to the session tomorrow morning will find it most rewarding. A little bit later on we will also have a panel session. And I see all of the panelists are here except for Bob Golten, but I understand that he is registered. We should have a full afternoon session with Charlie and his panel. When we started working on this, we naturally went back to Carl Terzian to give us some guidance. If there is anything wrong with your session, it's my fault because he knows how these should be done and he guided us along the way. One thing that I am sorry, it wasn't his fault necessarily, is that Harry Reasoner will not be with us for lunch tomorrow. Brooks Mitchell is going to make all of the PR he can out of the fact that Harry got scratched and he got in place for him. Brooks gave me one comment along that line. He said, "Do you know what you get when you cross a gorilla with a computer"? Of course I bit on that. He said. "Well, you get a Harry Reasoner." A little over a month ago I was invited out to California to Woodbury University at Carl Terzian's insistence. I happened to be sitting by one of his vice presidents. It was a formal affair. We had to wear tuxedos and everything and Mr.Green was sitting there and he said, "You know," he didn't know who I was at that time, but he said, "You know Carl really didn't want this formal affair. Said he had a couple of friends coming from the coal mining industry and they wouldn't know what to do with tuxedos." So with that Carl, we will start this little session and it's your mike. MR. TERZIAN: Thank you very much Ira. Let me begin by expressing my appreciation to the men and women of the Institute for allowing me to be here. I'm deeply concerned about my reputation, my image and don't want you to get the inference that I am responsible for Ira McKeever's image. Nobody could be responsible for that! But it is a great case in point that we all should be concerned about our images. I guess tomorrow morning from about 8:30. a.m. to about 11:30 a.m. we are going to do a? hopefully, a productive and very pleasant expertence for all of us in this growing field and great interest that people have in the area of image. I happen to be from Los Angeles. I have a national firm which has handled about 600 corporations', over the years through the areas of public relations,' community, civic involvement all built around a strengthening and safe guarding our precious, free enterprise system. And the message that I hope to give you, as you will be eating your lunch today, is really not so much about the image of individuals but as the attitudes built on what Bill Banowsky

Jan 1, 1982

By AIME AIME

BESIDES commanding increasing importance as an alloying element in combination with ferrous and other nonferrous metals, the variety of uses for pure nickel continues to widen. For coinage it is growing in popularity. These coins have been minted for 27 countries in 72 issues representing 69 denominations. Approximately 3,000,000,000 pieces have been struck, the aggregate weight, of which amounts to nearly 14,000 tons. . Danzig, Iraq and Japan are the most recent governments to adopt, pure nickel coinage. France is adding the denomination of five francs to its other nickel currency; they replace silver pieces. Germany is now minting a new issue of one Reichsmark coins of pure nickel. The Japanese program for 1933 called for the issue of 35,000,000 10-sen pieces and 30,000,000 5-sen pieces. In radio tube manufacture the consumption of pure nickel was approximately twice that of 1932. During 1.933 the nickel plating process by which bright deposits may be plated

Jan 1, 1934

By S. Y. Tshipeng, A. T. Kaniki

"RÉSUMÉ La lixiviation acide d’un minerai oxydé cupro-cobaltifère en milieu non réducteur et en milieu réducteur en utilisant le Fe2+ et le métabisulfite de sodium (SMBS) a été étudiée et les résultats ont été comparés. Les tests de lixiviation ont été effectués à température ambiante, dans une pulpe à 30 % solide, avec une vitesse d’agitation de 600 tr/min, un potentiel redox de 350 mV pour les tests en milieu réducteur, et un pH de 1,8. Les tests de lixiviation avec usage du SMBS comme réducteur ont donné la meilleure cinétique de lixiviation du cuivre. Pour le cobalt, c’est l’usage du Fe2+ qui a donné la meilleure cinétique de lixiviation. L’augmentation de la dose du fer dans la solution au-delà de 5 g/L a influencé négativement les rendements de lixiviation du cuivre et du cobalt. ABSTRACT Acid leaching of a copper-cobaltiferous oxide ore in a non-reducing environment and in a reducing environment using Fe2+ and sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) was studied and the results compa¬red. The leaching tests were performed at room temperature, in a 30% solids pulp, with a shaking speed of 600 rpm, a redox potential of 350 mV for the tests performed in the reducing environment, and a pH of 1.8. The leaching tests using the SMBS as a reducing agent produced the best copper leaching kinetics. As for cobalt, the best leaching kinetics was achieved using Fe2+. An increase in the amount of iron in the solution above 5 g/L negatively influenced copper and cobalt leaching yields. INTRODUCTION La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est un pays reconnu dans le monde pour son sous-sol qui regorge d’énormes quantités de cuivre et de cobalt (USGS, 2014; Palisade Research, 2016). La technique qui semble être la plus recommandée pour extraire à la fois le cuivre et le cobalt des minerais oxydés cupro-cobaltifères est la lixivia-tion acide en milieu réducteur. Cette technique est appliquée par la majorité des sociétés minières qui exploitent ces minerais dans l’ex-province du Katanga en RDC, à savoir: Tenke Fungurume Mining, Mutanda Mining, Kamoto Cop¬per Company, Sicomines, Gécamines, Boss Mining, Chemaf, Ruashi Mining et Somika. L’usage d’un agent réducteur est indispensable pour l’obtention d’un bon rendement de lixiviation du cobalt. En effet, plusieurs chercheurs s’accordent sur le fait que le cobalt trivalent de l’hétérogénite (CoO·2Co2O3·6H2O) est insoluble à l’action de l’acide seul; il ne devient soluble qu’après réduction en cobalt bivalent (Mwema, Mpoyo, & Kafumbila, 2002; Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Ndalamo, & Mamba, 2007; Ferron, 2008; Seo, Choi, Kim, & Tran, 2013; Stuurnam, Ndlovu, & Sibanda, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2018

By D. J. Parker

On Thursday, March 18, 1937, the country was shocked by news of a terrific explosion at the New London, Tex., school, which caused the death of 280 pupils avid 14 teachers. The explosion occurred at about 3:05 p.m. in the largest of the 11 school buildings on the campus. Fire 1 shows this building, marked "Main high school building", with respect to other buildings, pipe lines, oil wells, and gas lines or the property.

Jan 1, 1937

By Peter C. Jones

The paper gives a broad view of the maintenance procedures at the Cassiar Asbestos Corporation property. Comparisons are drawn to indicate the changes in facilities and approach that have evolved over the last 25 years while coping with the northern British Columbia climatic conditions. Special emphasis has been placed on the importance of the support groups providing services for both the mine site and the town.

Jan 1, 1978