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By Jinrong Zhang

Major components of soil were tested for their ability to attenuate cyanide. Feldspar, kaolinite, plagioclase and bauxite are found to degrade cyanide at an appreciable amount mainly through adsorption. A soil near a mining site in northern Nevada was studied in detail using a tall column. Many species of cyanide were anlyzed to determine the mechanisms of the reactions of cyanide with soil. Volatilization, adsorption, oxidation, precipitation and complexing were quantitatively identified, being 5 to 10, 11.7, 4.2, 7.3 and 4 per cent of the total cyanide added, respectively. It is found that the oxidation of cyanide to cyanate is due to the catalytic effect of nickel and copper leached from the soil. Precipitation of metal-cyanide complexes occurred at low pH values.

Jan 1, 1991

By J. Grogan

Leaching of galvanized steel coatings allows the steel substrate to be used as a zinc-free scrap source to steel and iron furnaces. In this study the behaviors of sulfuric acid leaching solutions are investigated. The ranked significance of the variables are shown to be acid concentration > temperature > zinc concentration. Examination of the leaching mechanism finds the rate-limiting step to be the cathodic hydrogen reduction reaction. This rate is not only influenced by acid concentration, but also by the hydrogen reduction exchange current density. Dezincing leaching rates are improved by taking advantage of the higher exchange current density of the iron substrate versus the zinc coating. This is accomplished in practice by increasing the exposed interfacial zinc:iron surface area through shredding. Also, a leach control mechanism is proposed through online monitoring of the zinc-iron couple mixed potential.

By G. L. Pedroti

With the development of industrial processes and the consequent emergence of numerous products that quickly become necessities, industrial activity has acquired an essential character today. Although its importance is unquestionable, industrial activity is responsible for generating quite a large number of residues, with different shapes and characteristics. It has been observed, in particular the grits (Kraft process in the cellulose industry) and the residue from the processing of granite. And, given the importance of Portland cement as a building material, its vast employment and waste properties that resemble components of the clinker, it was decided to produce cementitious compounds from these industrial wastes. The residues were subjected to mineralogical, chemical, physical and morphological. And, the mixing ratio between the residues in the 70% and 30% grits residue granite was sintered at 1250 ° C furnaces to burn threshold of 6 hours forming new compounds observing tri-calcium aluminate and di-calcium silicate that are compounds found in portland cement.

Jan 1, 2015

By Staff

The uninitiated, first-time visitor to the Copper Cliff Smelter of The International Nickel Company frequently finds it strange that the world's largest nickel producing works is located at a site seemingly named in honour of another metal. Industry-wise persons who know The International Nickel Company through its nickel producing, fabricating and sales organizations can be just as surprised to learn that Inco's annual copper production from the Sudbury area mines nearly equals that of nickel. But when the history of the mines and smelters of the Sudbury district is reviewed it is impossible to separate the stories of copper and nickel. In fact, going even further back in time (I), it was due to the similarity in appearance of the nickel bearing mineral niccolite (NiAs) to that of copper ore that led nickel to be tagged with the rather uncomplimentary name of kupfer-nickel or Old Nick's Copper - The Devil's Copper. This was in approximately 1650 and it would take another hundred years, until 1751, before Axel Cronstedt of Sweden obtained nickel in its pure form and permitted it to take its own place in the family of metals. One hundred more years passed before mining came to northern Ontario and approximately one hundred thirty before the beginnings of development of the Sudbury Basin.

Jan 1, 1976

By Anupam Madhukar

The essence of an atomistic unified kinetic model of strained thin film growth and defect initiation is presented along with a comparison of its consequences obtained from computer simulations with experiments. Within the competing kinetics of a strain dependent activated incorporation of atoms and an asymmetry between upwards and downwards inter-layer migration, the model provides a consistent description of 2D versus 3D morphology evolution accompanied by the appearance of surface vacancies and steps at no energy cost. The correlated migration of these precursor defects offers an atomistic mechanism for the emergence of surface half-loops from the growth front (thus accounting for configurational and thermal entropy) governed by activation energies closer to their correlated motion under the evolving strain fields and thus substantially less than those calculated with respect to the perfect crystal as the reference state. The essential mechano-chemical nature of the problem is compared and contrasted with the historical literature of such phenomenon as precipitation hardening and sintering in metallic and ceramic composites.

Jan 1, 1994

By Shenghui Guo, Ying Lei, Wei Li, Jinhui Peng, Libo Zhang, Yu Li

"In this work, the Panzhihua low grade ilmenite and graphite were milled for 1, 2, 4 and 8 h firstly, then the temperature rising behavior of milled sample in microwave field were studied. The average heating rate of samples milled for 1, 2, 4, 8 h were 1.86, 4.08, 2.82, and 2.32 K/s; Before optimize the microwave reduction process, several experiments were conducted in order to confirm the parameters range. After milled for 4 or 8 h and reduced above 930 oC, the Fe metallization are higher than 90%; Then the optimization was investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM), the significance of predict model and each terms were analyzed, and the optimization parameters were given as: milling time is 4 h; reduction temperature is 1001 or 1070oC; the holding time is 37.5 or 26.9 min. Under these conditions, the Fe metallization given by predict model is 91 or 92 %.IntroductionThere is about 9.66 billion tons of Vanadic Titan-magnetite deposits in Panzhihua, China. In this reserve, there is about 8.73×108 t of TiO2, accounting for 90.54% of the Chinese reserves, and 35.17% of the international reserves and ranking first in the world. [1] Titanium mineral deposits are classified into Rock type and Placer type. Rock type is the igneous mineral, which have high content of FeO (Relative to Fe2O3) and gangue. The Panzhihua ilmenite is a typical rock type ilmenite ore. The higher contents of MgO, CaO, SiO2 and the complex mineralogy are making its direct reduction progressively more difficult."

Jan 1, 2011

By C. H. Quan

Solvent extraction tests were carried out on a rare earth chloride solution derived from monazite processing to determine the effect of extractant and diluent on the distribution coefficients between organic and aqueous phases, and the separation factor between rare earths. The extractants were 20% by volume di-2-ethyl-hexyl phosphoric acid (DZEHPA) or 2-ethyl-hexyl phosphonic acid (Ionquest® 801). Four Shellsol diluents were tested ranging from nil to 100% aromatic content. D2EHPA gave the highest rare earth extraction for a given pH but was less selective than Ionquest. The geometric mean separation factor between adjacent rare earths varied from 2.41-2.56 for D2EHPA to 2.62-3.01 for Ionquest. The nil-aromatic diluents (Shellsol 2037 and 2358) gave better separation factors in Ionquest but, in D2EHPA, were slightly inferior to the 100% aromatic diluent Shellsol AB. Yttrium behaved as a pseudo-heavy rare earth with a distribution coefficient lying between Ho and Er, as expected from its ionic radius.

Jan 1, 1992

By Thomas K. Chow

For the well-being of all living creatures and in response to green-environment policy from governments around the global, it is essential to reduce SO2 emissions from mining / smelters as well as other industrial facilities around the globe. However, often times, these SO2 containing flue gases and smelter flash gases also include oxygen and SO3, which complicate the SO2 removal process and technology. There are many novel technologies recently developed for removing SO2 from such gases. Most of these, however, have not yet commercially demonstrated that they are technically viable and economically feasible. Many of these novel processes also generate undesired byproducts, which themselves then need to be disposed of in a safe and cost effective manner. Fluor has developed the Fluor SOx Cleanup Process with a wide variety of process configurations to customize removal of the undesired flue gas constituents in a cost-effective manner. The process removes practically all SO2 in the form of salable elemental sulfur and also reduces CO emissions. Successful operation of major components of the Fluor SOx removal technologies has been demonstrated in many commercially operating units. Besides their technical viability and economic feasibility, Fluor SOx removal technologies do not generate any undesired byproducts or encounter SO2 associated corrosion issues. Moreover, these technologies produce high-purity, saleable elemental sulfur. This paper discusses the merits of the Fluor SOx removal technologies, their technical and cost advantages, their simplicity in design and operation, and their readiness for implementation.

Jan 1, 2006

By Lijuan Li, Zheng Lu, Xin Xia, Qijie Zhai, Qingchun Li

"Pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field have been applied to the bainite transformation of Cr5 steel. Three groups of experiments were conducted. In the first group, ordinary resistance furnace was used for heat treatment. The Cr5 specimens were rapidly heated up to austenitization temperature 940 °C, held for 20 min, air cooled to bainite transformation temperature 350 °C, held for 10, 20, or 40 min and then air cooled to room temperature. The second and the third group shared the same temperature-time curve with that of the first group, but their heat resources came from the Joule heat produced by pulsed current. 1.5 T pulsed magnetic field was exerted on the third group specimens when they were held at 350 °C, but the second group specimens did not undergo the treatment of magnetic field. It was found that both pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field obviously retarded the bainite transformation. The phenomena were discussed in terms ofliterature results.IntroductionApplying pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field technology are very pronnsmg ways to change the microstructure of materials by affecting the phase transformation process. People had found that pulsed current dramatically influences the behaviors of materials, for example, electromigration effect [l], the solidification of metals and alloys [2, 3], electroplasticity [4, 5], crystallization of amorphous alloys [6], healing of metal materials [7] and so on. As to pulsed magnetic field technology, a lot of effort had been spent on grain refinement in solidification of metals [8, 9], recrystallization of cold-worked metals and alloys [10] and Fe-based alloys solid-state phase transformation [11, 12]. Though application of pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field technology have proliferated in recent years, investigation on their effects on solid/solid phase transformation, especially bainite transformation, is lacking. The aim of this paper is to show the effects of pulsed current treatment (C-T) and the combined treatment of pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field (CM-T) on bainite transformation of commercial Cr5 steel"

Jan 1, 2014

By Gerardo Fuentes

The stoichiometry and kinetics of the hydrothermal reaction of enargite in copper sulphate solutions was investigated in the range 140–300 °C, and particle size under 15 and 50 μm. The stoichiometric experiment was performed at 300 °C, using one gram of sample (96% enargite, 4% tennantite) and 100 mL of copper sulphate solution (10 gpl) at 1.2 pH. Enargite reacted completely after 80 min. A solid product was obtained and characterized by XRD. The main product was chalcocite (M) and some traces of djurleite and chalcocite (Q). Tennantite did not react under these conditions. The kinetic experiments were conducted at 140 °C, 190 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C. From fitted data and Arrhenius equation the calculated activation energy (Ea) was 51 kJ/mol. According to the hydrothermal transformations studied, the reactivity of different phases found in the copper concentrates was bornite > chalcopyrite > covellite > sphalerite > pyrite > enargite > tennantite.

By Peter Bauer, Klaus Gamweger

"Gas purging systems are well established in nonferrous metallurgy at multiple steps during metal production, including melting, converting, alloying, and metal cleaning. Since the kinetics of all of these stages are positively influenced by using gas purging systems the overall process benefits are substantial. In the aluminum industry, inert or reaction gases are blown into the melt using porous plugs to achieve improved metal grades, higher productivity, and more efficient energy utilization. To enable the most effective application of the process gases a complete package, termed AL KIN, was developed by RHI that includes porous plugs, refractory expertise, gas supply technology, and gas control equipment. This paper discusses the technological and economic advantages of this system and the specific benefits of fuel reduction, production time savings, decreased process gas consumption, and improved refractory service life and maintenance are illustrated using an aluminum slug plant in Austria.IntroductionIn addition to high quality production, increasing productivity is the main goal in many aluminum cast houses to maintain or even strengthen their market position. The Neuman Aluminium Group, based in Austria, North America, and based in Austria, North America, and China, is the largest slugproducer for tubes, cans, and automotive parts worldwide. Recently, a comprehensive improvement program was initiated at the Neuman Aluminium Austria slug plant in Marktl - the main factory and technological centre of the group. The principal goal of the optimization project was to increase the productivity of the strip-casting production. The investment included a gas purging system, ingot preheating equipment, a new insulated launder system, and optimized melting cycles. However, the introduction of the gas purging system was pivotal to the project and has accounted for approximately 50% of the benefits achieved. This paper describes the AL KIN gas purging technology and details the process benefits resulting from the improvements at Neuman Aluminium Austria."

Jan 1, 2009

By S. B. Breyner, A. Ressler, D. Gregurek, A. Spanring

"The changes in process conditions that frequently decrease the service life of refractory products provided incentive for RHI AG to develop high performance bricks, especially for non-ferrous metal applications. Innovative product development was required to determine suitable refractory products for improving lining life. At the Technology Center in Leoben, Austria, practical corrosion testing methods and facilities, including an induction furnace and rotary kiln, enable detailed comparative analysis of brick wear on a pilot scale. In tests that were carried out using a fayalite type slag, the newly developed RADEX VFG magnesia-chromite grade showed very promising results compared to the standard grades. Based on the test results, optimal refractory solutions can be recommended for this challenging industrial application and field trials can be performed directly at the customer's site.IntroductionThe complexity of metallurgical processes in the non-ferrous metal industry, and especially changes to the process conditions in combination with the diversity of metal processing furnaces ''', requires a precise understanding of each individual system for appropriate refractory product selection l2'. In addition, particular importance is focused on the specific refractory consumption being as low as possible.Another important aspect results from the global shortage of resources, which forces companies to invest in recycling processes. In the base metal industry, recycling operations have resulted in significant changes; for example, operating with two slag chemistries and process temperatures will influence the performance of previously suitable linings. The raw material mix for primary smelters has also changed, including higher levels of secondary raw materials in the smelter feed."

Jan 1, 2012

By David Ellis

The next generation of Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) will utilize regeneratively cooled combustion chamber liners in the engines. The current design calls for using a new Cu-8 at. % Cr-4 at. % Nb (Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb) alloy for the liners. Work is ongoing to characterize the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the alloy from - 253 to 800°C, the temperature range to which the alloy will be subjected during service. The alloy has been commercially produced in quantity for NASA. The powder size has been characterized and the microstructure examined. The powder was extruded into bar using a commercial extrusion press. In addition, samples have been hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) at NASA Glenn Research Center. Both processing methods produced fully consolidated material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed highly faulted Cr2Nb and some elemental precipitates. Cryogenic tensile testing showed the extruded specimens had significantly higher strengths than NARloy-Z (Cu-3 wt % Ag-0.5 wt % Zr) even after being subjected to a simulated braze cycle. The Young's moduli (Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb) were lower than NARloy-Z. The lower moduli is highly beneficial for reducing thermally induced stresses in rocket engine combustion chamber liners and similar applications.

Jan 1, 1999

By Wayne Bell, Xiaodi Huang, Matthew Andriese, Jiann-Yang Hwang, Zhiwei Peng

"The equations for determining microwave field attenuation length and half-power depth in magnetic materials were derived from Maxwell’s equations. The microwave field attenuation length and the half-power depth for a magnetite concentrate were calculated and the temperature dependence of them was determined. It is demonstrated the microwave field attenuation length and the half-power depth highly depend on temperature and decrease with increasing temperature up to 900 °C. The variations of field attenuation length and the half-power depth with temperature indicate the microwave power attenuates much faster than the field strength in materials. The evaluations of field attenuation length and microwave half-power depth can be used to characterize the microwave dissipation behaviors in the sample and optimize the dimensions of the material in microwave heating.IntroductionMicrowave has been applied in materials processing for its distinguished advantages including rapid heat transfer, volumetric and selective heating [1,2]. However, most research work involving microwave heating are confined to non-magnetic materials (e.g. ceramics), with limited attention paid to the heating of mixed property materials (e.g. magnetite and other ferrites) under microwave irradiation [3-5]. Since many magnetic materials exhibit good and even better microwave absorption capability than non-magnetic counterparts, it is quite necessary and deserved to take advantage of this property and then improve the heating efficiency. To achieve this aim, further understanding on the microwave heating mechanism, especially the microwave propagation/dissipation behaviors in magnetic materials is required.The dissipation behavior of microwave in materials has been identified as one of the key factors that affect the efficiency of heating under microwave irradiation and this behavior can be characterized by several parameters. Apart from traditional penetration depth (TEM power penetration depth, Dp = 1/(2*a), where a is the TEM field attenuation factor), two other parameters, field attenuation length (Df) and half-power depth (Dh), are also applied to indicate the microwave dissipation in materials [6].The accurate determination of such parameters can help in optimizing the dimensions of the load in a microwave furnace, producing more uniform heating under microwave irradiation and avoiding thermal runaway."

Jan 1, 2011

By James P. Bennett, Jasper Kwong

As concerns about the environment and the disposal of industrial wastes increase, the utilization of spent refractories from electric arc furnaces (EAF) is receiving more attention. Longer service life of refractories in an EAF can be achieved by foaming MgO saturated slag. The refractory wastes removed from a melt shop can be utilized as a part of these slags. The Albany Research Center is conducting research on recycling spent basic refractory materials as EAF slag conditioners. A good foaming slag should be a creamy, MgO saturated slag, which contains some solid particles (MgO-FeO). A computer model was developed to calculate the dual saturated slag chemistry with respect to CaO and MgO, the MgO saturated slag chemistry, and the solid content in solution. The effects of C/S ratio, AhO3 and temperature on the MgOsaturated slag as calculated by the model will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2000

By Isabella Lancellotti, Fabrizio Passarini, Luisa Barbieri, Fernanda Andreola, Ivano Vassura, Luciano Morselli

"The techniques able to incorporate wastes by means of a heat treatment present the advantage to fix the residue with chemical bonds. Among these techniques there are vitrification and sintering which are characterised by different operating temperatures in the range of 950-1500°C and the involved raw materials develop silicatic crystalline phases and glassy matrices capable to immobilize heavy metal contents in the waste matrix. In this work incinerator bottom ash, polishing and glazing ceramic sludges have undergone to thermal treatments in order to valorise the waste as secondary raw material for the obtainment of re-products. The chemical efficiency of the process adopted has been evaluated by comparing the results of release tests applied to the as-received wastes and to the thermally treated materials in order to verify the effectiveness of the different matrices to fix the waste components.IntroductionVitrification is one of the most promising technological options for the treatment of some kinds of waste. The high temperature involved in the process (1200-1500°C) leads to the complete destruction of organic pollutants, such as dioxins, and glassy network formed can incorporate heavy metals. Some vitrification processes naturally occur: glasses produced by volcanic eruptions, such as obsidians (Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2) and basaltic (CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2) rocks, are basically inert materials even when they contain toxic elements, because these are embedded in an extremely stable glassy matrix. The disadvantage of vitrification is that it is an energy-intensive process involving relatively high costs, therefore its use is better justified if a high-quality product with optimised properties can be fabricated. The most effective way to improve the properties of the vitrified material is the transformation into glass ceramic. This is a fine-grained polycrystalline material (typically from 50% to 98% of the volume may be crystalline) formed when a glass of suitable composition is heat treated and hence undergone to controlled crystallisation (phenomenon named devitrification). The three key variables in the design of a glass-ceramic are: glass composition which controls glass viscosity related to the effectiveness of nucleation and rapidity of crystallisation; glass-ceramic phase assemblage (that is, the types of crystals and the proportion of crystals to glass) which is responsible for many of the physical and chemical properties; nature of the crystalline microstructure (crystal size and morphology and the textural relationship among the crystals and glass) which is the key to many mechanical and optical properties. In particular, a partly crystalline material can be obtained by powder sintering."

Jan 1, 2008

By Zhihe Dou, Yan Li, Qiuyue Zhao, Guozhi Lv, Yan Liu, Hongliang Zhao

"Abstract: How to reduce carbon dioxide emissions has become a vexing problem, meanwhile, there exist high energy consumption and low efficiency problems in the existing CO2 capture and storage technologies. For CO2 comprehensive Utilization, this paper researches a new technology of absorbing the CO2 emission with high alkaline calcium or high alkaline wastewater sludge mineralization of calcium and invent a core device for multi-level jet carbonation. The industrial test has been carried out in China Xinyu slag Engineering Co., Ltd. The wastewater flow is 150m3/h in the pilot scale. The prepared calcium carbonate has a whiteness greater than 90%, particle size less than 150nm. The mineralization of aluminum exhaust with waste carbide indicates that the CO2 absorption rate is greater than 99.0%, CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas is lower than 0.08%, the purity of mineralized calcium carbonate is greater than 99.0% and particle size is less than 100 nm.InstructionAccording to the statistic data from IEA (2009), the carbon dioxide discharge from fossil fuel consumption in China has exceeded it in the US by the year of 2007, China, has become the largest emitter of carbon dioxide all over the world. Meanwhile, the economic scale is still on an increasing trend in the next 50-100 years, leading to a continuous increment in carbon dioxide discharge. According to the international energy agency forecasts, the energy-relative CO2 discharge in China will rise to 11,615 million tons, 91.3% higher than it in 2007. In the year of 2012, the CO2 gross discharge has reached 10,000 million tons, obviously higher than the predicted value. It is a tremendous task to reduce the emission. Non-ferrous metals industry is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide among the industrial circle, the whole industry might discharge a huge amount of carbon dioxide (over 600 million tons), in which the electrolytic aluminum industry is the largest energy consuming industry and CO2 emitter. At present, the CO2 discharge has focused by the whole world due to the environmental problems it causes; meanwhile, supplement of new carbon source is needed due to the exhausting oil and coal resources, so that various countries in the world are attaching importance of the recycle and purification of CO2. Many countries are studying on the cyclic utilization of carbon dioxide. Gas CO2 is mainly applied in chemical, pharmaceutical raw materials, beverage filling agent, refrigerant, inert medium, solvents, pressure source, the welding protective gas, antioxidant and fire extinguishing agent, etc. Solid CO2 is mainly applied in penicillin production, fish, cream, ice cream and other food storage and transportation at low temperature, etc. nowadays, such methods as absorption method, membrane separation, adsorption, etc. are widely used to recycle CO2, with such problems as high investment cost and technical constraints etc."

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Galvan

High rate compressible media filter (CMF) tests produced exceptional total suspended solids (TSS) removal at hydraulic loading rates ranging from 97.8 to 122.2 m/h. The compressible media is manufactured from a robust resin fiber that can withstand low pH and temperatures up to 149 °C. The media porosity can be varied by applying compression onto the media. At 40% compression, the CMF can remove particles greater than 4 μ. Three synthetic test-samples were generated by Hazen Research Inc., (Golden, Colorado) to simulate the copper Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS), Raffinate and Electrolyte solutions used for the testwork conducted at their facility. The preliminary results showed that the CMF was very effective in removing TSS without the use of chemical conditioning from the above test-solutions with efficiencies of 98%, 97%, and 96%, respectively. Given the remarkably high hydraulic loading rates, the industrial equipment footprint would be minimized appreciably over conventional clarification and alternative filtration systems.

By C. M. Acuña

At the Chuquicamata Division of Codelco-Chile high arsenic concentrates are produced, which at the smelter are processed via the Outokumpu Flash Furnace and Teniente Converters to obtain copper mattes. In the case of the Teniente Converters the production of matte grade near white metal composition is a common practice since the eighties and provided in the pyrometallurgical route no appropiate measures are taken, penalties have to be paid because of arsenic content in the anodes. During smelting huge volume of slag is produced and elimination of arsenic by slagging at this step is not economically attractive. Although during fire refining is possible to eliminate arsenic by use of mixtures of calcium and sodium carbonates this alternative is expensive, takes long process time and decreases the lifetime of the refractory lining. In spite of these facts a reasonably way to control arsenic in metal, and therefore in the anode, is taking, action in the converting step. The effects of oxygen and arsenic content in metal, arsenic in white metal and basicity index of the slag upon the distribution coefficient of arsenic between metal and slag were investigated at pilot and industrial levels. The best results are obtained for metals around 7,000 ppm oxygen and 0.3 basicity index slag, which results in a 5.7 distribution coefficient for a 5,800 - 7,100 ppm arsenic content in white metal, 18%-24% CaO slag at 1473 - 1523K. Furthermore, no significant/visible refractory wear has been realized.

Jan 1, 1999

By Fumito Tanaka

The Mitsubishi process is the sole pyrometallurgical process for the continuous production of blister copper from copper concentrates and has been successfully operated around the world. The development of calcium ferrite slag (CaO-FeOx-Cu20), the so-called "C-slag", has enabled continuous converting from matte to blister copper in the commercial scale operations. Commercial interests in the slag led to many papers over the CaO-FeOx slag. However, CU2O- bearing slag has not been studied well due to experimental difficulties. The authors have quantified the thermodynamic properties ofthe CaO-FeOx-Cu2O system. The results have been utilized to analyze various issues related to the converting furnace, such as the magnetite precipitation from the slag or from blister copper and to develop better controlling criteria for the continuous converting operation.

Jan 1, 2003