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By Sergey Dyachenko

"Following the adopted strategy for making the production modern, efficient and environmental friendly the Company completed a stage of the integrated program aimed at reconfiguration of its processing capacity.Upgrade of the Talnakh Concentrator with commissioning of two start-up facilities (SF) allowed an increase of 30% in its ore processing capacity up to 10 mtpa. In addition to a new high-tech equipment installed, a new concentration process was adopted offering the main advantage of 25-30% reduction of sulfides in concentrate. New concentration technology enabled the total amount of produced nickel concentrates (from Norilsk and Talnakh Concentrators) to be processed at upgraded smelting facilities of Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant and allowed decommissioning of smelting capacities of Nickel Plant resulting in emissions reduction by 30%.Nornickel plans to boost the capacity of Talnakh Concentrator to 18 mtpa by 2022, after commissioning of the 3rd SF. This will provide a shorter route for ores transportation from Talnakh mines along with improvement of cost/performance ratio of ore processing through the usage of the modern equipment and optimized concentration flow scheme. Total capacity of Talnakh Concentrator will be sufficient to process ores from Talnakh deposits with planned upstream assets development taken into account. Volume of ore mined from Norilsk deposits to be processed at Norilsk Concentrator will be also increased.Upgrading the crushing section at Kola MMC Concentrator in 2015 provided finer particles of the crushed ore, resulting in 6.6% increase in specific capacity of ore mills as well as 1% higher recovery of non-ferrous metals due to improved liberation of ore minerals.In 2015-2017 the Company was actively engaged in optimization of existing process flow schemes and parameters of Kola MMC, new high-performance reagents were adopted for concentration process, namely, collectors, depressors, flocculants. These measures allowed the Concentrator to reduce its annual operating unit costs and ensure sustainable production of concentrate with the lower grade of the incoming feedstock.Launched in October 2017, Bystrinsky GOK’s Concentrator was 3D designed and received a range of advanced technological solutions.All design process procedures and technologies rolled-out at the Company’s concentrators were developed by Russian R&D institutes, with the key role of Gipronickel Institute, R&D Service of Kola MMC and Polar Division's in-house Engineering Support Centre."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. M. Bradshaw, V. Rocher, L Kabondo, B. Combrink, C. A. Snyders

Media losses are a significant contributor to the operational cost in a dense media separation (DMS) circuit. Of these losses, up to 80 wt% can occur on the drain and rinse vibrating screens. Although these screens are an integral part of any DMS circuit, surprisingly little work can be found in open literature regarding the effect of aperture configuration on the drain rates (draining water and medium). To establish the effect of slot aperture size, experiments were conducted on a 0.6 x 1.2 m vibrating screen with polyurethane (PU) panels at slurry densities between 1.6 – 2.8 kg/L, and volumetric flow rates of 19 – 25 m3/h for both ferrosilicon and magnetite. Results showed that an increase in the volumetric flow rate led to an increase in drainage rate, moisture content and medium carryover. Once an optimum volumetric flow rate was exceeded, a further increase in flow rate resulted in a decrease in drainage rate with a sharp increase in moisture and medium bypass to the oversize stream. An increase in ferrosilicon slurry density led to a decrease in drainage rate with an increase in moisture and medium bypass with each of these rates increasing as the slurry density increased. For magnetite, a gradual decrease in drainage rate was observed with increase in slurry density and volumetric flowrate beyond the screen optimum point. It was found that an increase in aperture size from 0.63 x 8.8 mm to 0.8 x 8.8 mm to 1.0 x 13 mm resulted in an increase in ferrosilicon drainage rate of between 1.3 - 1.8 m3/m2/h depending on the flow rate and slurry density with a reduction in moisture and medium carryover of between 1.0 – 1.2 % and 14.1 – 20.2 kg/t/m respectively. For magnetite, the drainage rate increased between 1.0 - 1.4 m3/m2/h as the slot width increased from 0.63 x 8.8 mm to 0.8 x 8.8 mm while an increase in slot length from 0.63 x 8.8 to 0.63 x 12 mm only resulted in an increase in drainage rate of 0.1 - 0.5 m3/m2/h.

Jan 1, 2018

By Ana Elisa Casas Botero

The Rhodococcus opacus microorganism was evaluated as a biocollector for flotation of barite. The electrophoretic behaviour of the mineral, before and after R. opacus interaction, was evaluated and showed that the cells adhesion shifted the mineral zeta potential curves. Adhesion tests were suggested a high affinity of the bacteria for barite. The experiments of the adsorption rate of the R. opacus on the mineral surface showed fast kinetics, achieving a maxim of cell adsorption after 5 minutes. Adsorption isotherm curves for barite could be categorized as Langmurian (L) type II. The best bioflotability results for barite achieved values around 75% for a R. opacus concentration of a R. opacus concentration of 250 ppm in the pH around 5.0. The studies were compared with the flotation of barite using a traditional collector. The bioflotation experiments were discussed considering the obtained adhesion tests. The results were supported by the Thermodynamic approach for selected pH values. The fundamental flotation studies showed the paramount potential that R. opacus presents as a biocollector and its possible application in the mineral flotation industry.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. K. Pan, M. P. Srivastava, N. Prasad

"Dalli mines of Bhilai Steel Plant, India is fully mechanized iron ore mine having wet processing system. It has a capacity to treat 5 Mt of ROM. In processing circuit of Dalli mines, scrubbing, wet screening and classification operation is being carried out. Average slime generation for the last five years is about 14% of ROM. As the mining has reached to the lower benches, fines generation is more. As a result, very fine and heavy particles, which settle fast, are being discarded with the slime to tailing pond. These heavy and faster settling particles were causing jamming in the thickeners.Laboratory investigations were carried out at Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS) to suggest a suitable scheme to recover high quality fines so that the availability of thickener can improve. The slime samples were first treated in a floatex density separator. The concentrate obtained from the floatex density separator was treated in hydrocyclone. Laboratory investigations indicated that the slime with 49% Fe, 12.7% silica and 10.7% alumina can be upgraded to 62.1% Fe, 3.3% silica and 2% alumina with 36% material recovery. Based on the laboratory studies ,a system was installed at Dalli minesThe general arrangement of the system is shown in Fig. below."

Jan 1, 2003

By D. Pirouzan

It is customary to use more than one stage of flotation to obtain an acceptable level of separation of valuables. Flotation circuit design is usually accomplished by applying empirical rules which usually results in operations not working at their optimum conditions. Given the capabilities of genetic algorithms (GA) in finding an optimum solution in a very disturbed search spaces, they can be used to obtain the desired flotation circuit configuration. In flotation circuit configuration and optimization problem, a combination of metallurgical parameters such as yield and concentrate ash content could be used as the fitness function for the genetic algorithm. The multi-objective nature of the problem justified to use Pareto method to arrive at a set of solutions. The appropriate configuration based on technical or economical considerations could then be chosen. To obtain the fitness function for any given configuration, it is necessary to model every flotation stage. The proposed method was used to find the optimum circuit configuration for a coal washing plant. The objective was to arrive at the highest yield while producing a concentrate with a certain ash content (< 11%). The feed to the flotation circuit was characterized based on the size fractions and their flotation rate constants. Results showed that with a 95% confidence, the absolute difference between the modeled and measured values were 2.9-5.5% for yield and 0.4-1.1% for concentrate ash content. When the proposed GA-based circuit configuration was implemented in the plant, the yield increased from the original value of 57.6% to 65.7% while producing concentrate ash content (10.9%) within acceptable limits. By adding one stage to the current three-stage circuit, it was predicted that the yield could further increase by 3.8% while keeping the quality of the concentrate within the appropriate level. Keywords: modeling, optimizing, flotation circuit configuration, genetic algorithms

Sep 1, 2012

By I. Govender, M. C. Richter, N. Mangadoddy

"We present an analysis of trajectory and time averaged data of near gravitational material (NGM) representative coal tracer particles within a magnetite medium passing through a 100mm diameter hydrocyclone imaged with PEPT (positron emission particle tracking) at iThemba labs, Cape Town. The tracking of neutrally buoyant tracers as well as the other NGM allows an empirical study of the approximate dynamical behaviours of both the dense medium as well as the range (size and density) of particles around the separator’s cut size within a partially imaged volume of the cyclone body lying within the field of view of the detector. The study was commissioned as part of a CFD validation study using empirical data from a real-world lab-appropriate system in order to shed light on the inner workings of hydrocyclones and their separation mechanisms. We employ various optimisation and noise reduction techniques within the analysis and follow a detailed investigation of the velocity fields derived from the raw spatial positions with an emphasis on the velocity profile within the forced and free vortex zones. Challenges encountered with this high velocity particle tracking experiment within a highly attenuating environment are also discussed. Various important velocity distributions are shown and compared to theoretical predictions. The power law decay profile of the free vortex and radial velocity scaling with regards to the Froude number are reproduced in line with the static particle approach. INTRODUCTION Cyclones have long been a vital industrial tool for the separation of different classes of particles. These cyclonic separators (with either gas or liquid medium) operate by forcing the solids-bearing fluid at high pressure into a cylindrical vessel causing high tangential velocity fluid rotation as well as, in the case of an “open” (with exit channels open to the atmosphere) cyclone, a central vortex air column spanning from underflow to overflow exit. The fluid is forced to exit the cyclone at two locations, the spigot and the vortex finder, generating the underflow and overflow respectively. The body of the cyclone usually terminates in a conical shape to focus the underflow stream. This geometry and large incident fluid velocity force high density materials toward the wall of the vessel where they are most likely to move along and down the inside wall away from the inlet to exit via the underflow while lower density materials traverse the cyclone body closer to the central vortex and are buffeted by the upward-moving column towards the overflow exit. This separation mechanism is selective of density and size in an interplay between the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the fluid and a drag force acting on the particles."

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Das

Waste water produced from coal preparation plants posses several problems during dewatering and solid/liquid separation. The natural sedimentation rate of the particles present in colloidal and finely divided suspended form is very slow. Flocculation technology is being applied in most of the coal washeries to recover water which is being accomplished through the use of inorganic salts, polymeric flocculants or both depending on the chemical and physical characteristics of the pollutants present in the waste water. The waste tailing water from Piperware coal preparation plant, Central Coalfield Limited (CCL), India, is highly turbid containing ~ 16000 NTU with negative surface charge in the pH range of 2 to 10. Polymeric flocculants in conjunction with fine magnetite is investigated to achieve faster settling rate with lowest level of water turbidity. The conditions affecting the interaction between the reagents and the turbid particles present in the tailings water are investigated. It is possible to bring down the turbidity of the water to < 90 NTU from very high turbid tailing water by using 2 mg/L of the polymeric flocculent in combination with 0.1 g/L of magnetite at natural pH of the tailing slurry. It has been found that finely divided positively charged magnetite particles in combination with the flocculent selectively coat the negatively charged impurities present in water and thereby increase the settling rate under the influence of a magnetic field.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. K. Sharma, R. Markandeya, G. Venkateswara

"In this study, a three level Box- Behnken factorial design combined with Response surface methodology (RSM) for modeling of process parameters of Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) for recovery Iron values from sub grade iron ore, Deposit No. 5, Bailadila complex has been developed. The three significant operational parameters of MGS, Drum rotational speed (RPM), Drum inclination (degrees) and quantity of wash water (LPM) were considered in the experimental work. Other parameters like feed percent solids, shake frequency and shake amplitude were maintained constant. The ‘as received’ sub grade iron ore sample is admixture of lump and fines and chemically assayed 40.80% Fe, 40.90% SiO2, 0.24% Al2O3 and 0.22% Loss on Ignition (LOI). The obtained results were evaluated with the Box-Behnken factorial design, RSM and also Quadratic programming(QP). Second order response functions were produced for Fe in terms of grade (%) and recovery (%) of the concentrate fraction. Taking advantage of QP, it was observed that maximum grade of 62.21% Fe achieved at an inclination of 4.3degrees, 2.7LPM of wash water and at a drum speed of 198 RPM. Similarly a maximum Fe recovery of 65.37% weight can be achieved at 4.3degrees inclination, 2.6LPM wash water and at a rotational speed of 212 RPM Predicted values of responses obtained using model equations were in good agreement with the experimental values. The influence of the process variables of the multi gravity separator concentrator on grade and recovery of concentrate fraction were presented and discussed."

Jan 1, 2014

By H. R. Zhang

In this paper two optional production processes are presented for reasonable utilization of primary sylvinite in Qinghai province, China. The two kinds of products as chlorine-free potash fertilizers; potassium sulphate or potassium magnesium sulphate can be obtained. In the course of potassium sulphate production, using primary sylvinite from Qinghai salt lake as raw material with impurities such as sodium chloride and insoluble in primary sylvinite, it must be prepared by flotation before being converted into potassium sulphate. This final product has found wide use in tobacco industry in China. However, in some cases Chinese farmers would rather buy the fertilizer of potassium magnesium sulphate than high quality of potassium sulphate. With flotation process which is a little different from above mentioned, the potassium magnesium sulphate fertilizer may be produced by washing one of the flotation concentrate presented as picromerite, while another concentrate containing potassium chloride is treated as by-product.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ofra Damm, v du Preez, D. van Vuuren, L. Simpson, H. Chikwanda

"South Africa is the world?s second largest producer of titanium bearing minerals, but apart from producing titanium mineral concentrate to form TiO2 slag, little further value is added in South Africa to mined minerals. Various studies were undertaken by both government and the private sector in an un-coordinated manner until 2007 when the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST) planned and adopted a national strategy to establish a local titanium metal industry through the research and development of key technologies that would provide a competitive advantage to such a local industry. The strategy entailed a two-pronged approach in the development of this capability, viz. simultaneous investments in the development of high-level human capital and technology in the fields of titanium metal powder production and downstream titanium metal powder processing technologies. To date significant progress has been made to establish research and/or pilot scale facilities in the following technical areas: TiCl4 production technology, titanium powder production technology, high energy milling of titanium powder, metal injection moulding facilities, rapid production of large components using laser additive manufacturing technology, investment casting of titanium, resource efficient machining of titanium and friction stir welding of titanium. Supporting technologies are also at an advanced stage through investments in titanium powder spheroidization and direct rolling of titanium powder. The intent with investment in some of these areas is not to develop new technology per se, but rather to establish local capability that will position South Africa to collaborate with other organisations in the world so that technologies can be acquired and transferred when needed in the future."

Jan 1, 2014

By B. Gorain, O. A. Bascur

"The advent of digital revolution has now enabled us with numerous tools that could be leveraged to transform our operational data into actionable insights. Key opportunities with digitization include better visualization, transparency, integrated planning and execution for value-chain optimization, that results in smarter production, intelligent response to changes in ore, process and equipment conditions, reduce energy and waste along with prevention of asset breakdown, safety and environmental issues. It is important to realize that these digital tools have limited value, from a metallurgical operational context, if we cannot bring-in the appropriate domain expertise along with getting the basics right. The focus within Barrick is to ensure that there is adequate depth of different disciplines built into our platforms along with breadth to integrate other disciplines such as geology and mining for an effective Mine-to-Mill integration. A gold recovery improvement strategy based on optimal Gaudin size distribution, leaching performance monitoring and guidance via feed grade maps is discussed. Simultaneous identification of process and equipment constraints enable finding the best overall conditions for Gold recovery. This paper discusses the methodology, findings, and challenges in the ongoing journey of implementing a Metallurgy Analytics platform that evolves from being retrospectively descriptive to anticipatively prescriptive.INTRODUCTION The last few decades have seen some remarkable advancement in information technology, but recently various digital technologies have resulted in several synergies to deliver innovation in diverse applications. The mining industry has been relatively slow in adopting these technologies compared to the other industries, but this scenario is changing fast. Mining companies globally are going through a series of challenges such as declining ore grades with complex metallurgy, increasing depth of ore bodies, high capital and operating costs, lower productivity, shortage of technical resources, significant pressure from stakeholders to deliver, along with growing environmental and corporate social responsibility issues. Improvement in profitability would need significant improvements in operational performance."

Jan 1, 2018

The energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis technique is a rapid and accurate method for describing sample?s element component and percentage composition. On the base of profound research for the national and international development and research condition, the author researched the EDXRF analyze technique and the EDXRF analyzer?s principle in depth, the difficulties and the key points for research and development of EDXRF analyzer; gave a scheme for re-search of bench EDXRF analyzer; researched some algorithms used in energy spectrum analysis; developed the energy spectrum analysis software based on the Visual C++ 6.0; together with the energy spectrum analysis software, the author designed and processed the structural of the bench XRF analyzer and integrated the import X-ray tube, thermoelectrically cooled Si-PIN photodiode X-ray detector and pulse amplitude analyzer as a model machine. The result shows: The model machine can be used in multi-element analysis at the same time for different types of dry mineral samples, with fast analysis speed, accurate model and high stability.

Jan 1, 2014

By Herman D. Mendoza

A rapid recovery/recycling process was introduced utilizing the surface-chemical properties of finely dispersed mercury and alumina (Al2O3) fibers in aqueous environment. The conventional method of amalgamation or .ball milling. involves the mixing of a substantial amount of mercury to collect free gold during the grinding stage. In effect, a portion of the mercury is transformed into minute droplets that readily float and disperse in the amalgamation effluent. The fine droplets of mercury in the dispersion readily attached onto the positively charged macroscopic alumina fibers (i.e. = pH 9.8) at conditions pH 3 to 10. When an effluent from settling procedure after an amalgamation-grinding stage is passed through a column-bed packed with alumina fibers, maximum collection of negatively charged finely dispersed mercury occurred at pH 3 to 6. The collection/attachment efficiency was 99.5%. The collected droplets of mercury, which are left in the column-bed of alumina fibers, were subsequently rinsed with alkaline solution at pH 10 to 11.5. At these conditions, both mercury and alumina fibers carry negative surface potentials and resulted in the partial detachment of mercury from the alumina fibers. The detachment efficiency was only 30-35%. The attachment/detachment mechanisms in this study were analyzed using the DLVO theory.

Jan 1, 2003

By Shibayama A.

In this research, an investigation of a process to selectively remove arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) contained in enargite (Cu3AsS4) and tennantite/tetrahedrite ((Cu1,Fe)12(As,Sb)4S13) copper resources by leaching and precipitation were performed. First in the leaching process, the target was to selectively leach As/Sb and reduce their contents in the ores to <0.5 wt% followed by a second process to remove As/Sb dissolved in solution for environmental control. Enargite ore contained 3.65 wt% As while tennantite/tetrahedrite ore contained 5.40 wt% As and 4.85 wt% Sb. Alkaline leaching using NaHS?NaOH media at varying experimental conditions (temperature, pulp density, time, reagent concentrations) were performed to investigate the process. As/Sb precipitation studies were also performed to control high As/Sb concentrations in leach solutions by using elemental sulphur (So). Results from leaching studies showed that over 99% of As/Sb in the impure copper ores can be removed and their contents in the final solids reduced to <0.5 wt%. It was also established that such very high leaching could be achieved at 80°C within 1?6 h and pulp densities as high as 1000 g/L. The study also revealed that leach solution containing very high As/Sb concentration ranging from 5 to 20 g/L can be used as fresh solution for leaching of fresh ores until concentrations exceeding 35 g/L when it was sent to precipitation circuit for As/Sb removal. Addition of elemental sulphur at 90°C and fast cooling to 30°C allowed over 60% As/Sb precipitation and removed as Na3AsS4 and solution with reduced As/Sb concentration to leaching circuit for continuous use. Keywords: Enargite; Tennantite/Tetrahedrite; Selective Leaching; Precipitation; Sodium hydrosulfide;

Sep 1, 2012

By M. M. Yahyaei

The Sarcheshmeh new concentration plant uses a 32 ft×16 ft constant speed (10.5 RPM) SAG mill with two 5500 hp motors which could rotate in two directions. The mill liners are chrome-molybdenum steel casting type with a Brinnell hardness between 325 and 375 with the lifter face angle of 14° and lifter height of 152 mm. The shell liner consists of 120 (two 60 rows) pieces with a High-High configuration in a rail design. A specially designed liner wear profile measuring device enabled fast and accurate measurements inside the mill during the mill shut-down periods. The measurements indicated that the liner wear profile along the liner length is non-uniform and the highest wear occurs between 1.25m and 2.75m of the mill length. The average weight of liners at the time of removal was 47% of the original weight indicating a significant metal loss. The modification of liner shape was undertaken with the aim of having a uniform profile at the liner removal time. The proposed liner unlike the pervious type did not have a uniform shape with a lifter height of 187mm at the section where the wear rate was high. It was believed that this new profile could arrive at a uniform profile at the liner change out time. A study was also directed to the possible change of charge motion due to the liner profile modification. The dynamic behaviour of charge was investigated through the analysis of forces acting on a single ball using mill characteristics such as mill diameter, rotational speed, lifter height and release angle. The simulation of charge motion with this method and Milltraj TM software indicated that the impact position of charge will change only one degree due to the maximum increase of 35 mm in the lifter height. This assured that the installation of the modified liner would not have any adverse effect on the mill because of ball impacting the mill shell. It was predicated that the amount of scrap metal will reduce to 30% from the current value of 47% beside 1500 h increase in the liner life time.

Jan 1, 2014

By X. Y. Zeng

Most Chinese titanium bearing minerals are the composition of magnetite vanadium and ilmenite. All of such mineral processing plants use low intensity magnetic separators to recover magnetite and vanadium goes with magnetite. In the past years most of the plant tails containing about 10% TiO2 were abandoned. Now many of these plants use SLon magnetic separators to recover ilmenite in the roughing stage, which can throw away most of the gangs and slimes with very low cost. The new development of applications of SLon magnetic separators in Chinese ilmenite processing industry is introduced in the paper.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Cagirici, Z. Öztürk, A. Hassanzadeh

Many flotation kinetics models have been studied in the literature. Their applicability was extensively investigated and argued in detail. However, model selection criteria were not adequately discussed from the statistical points of view. In this investigation, the kinetic behavior of a complex copper sulfide ore was studied in a mechanical Denver flotation cell focusing on flotation kinetics of chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite. Different flotation kinetics models including nine common empirical models and four mathematical models namely Hill, Chapman (Sigmodial function), single rectangular (Hyperbola equation) and exponential were applied to the experimental data. In addition to assessment of the goodness of fit criterion for each model, a factor of model complexity was considered using information criteria (IC) (i.e. Bayesian information (BIC), low of iterated logarithm (LILC) and Akaike information (AIC) indices). The obtained results showed that the IC indices could simply manifest the best-fitted model to the experimental data. Whereas, the coefficient of determination values (R2) were relatively same for all models. By taking the R2 and model complexity criteria into account, the exponential model was chosen as the best representative mathematical model to demonstrate chalcopyrite kinetic behavior. However, Chapman model was selected as the best one for the flotation of pyrite and molybdenite. In case of the common first-order flotation kinetics models, fast and slow flotation kinetic model (Kelsall) was reasonably fitted the best to the given data of chalcopyrite. However, the gas/solid kinetics adsorption model was chosen as the best-fitted one for pyrite and molybdenite. Furthermore, it was found that mathematical models represent better results in association with flotation kinetic behavior of chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite due to the consideration of more parameters in modeling. Finally, it was concluded that the IC indices must be applied to the process of model selection due to consideration of goodness of fit, complexity of a model and model consistency.

Jan 1, 2018

By C. Kleine

Coal sorting with an x-ray-transmission (XRT) sensor has experienced a lot of development since first described by Jekinson et.al. in 1974. Powerful computers and increasingly sensitive X-ray scintillation counters enabled the development of high-performance sensor-based sorting machines. The first industrial installation of a belt-type XRT-sorting for coal is in operation since 2004. It is upgrading high quality coal from 1% ash to 0.7% ash for cathode production. In comparison to the high quality coal which is treated with a belt-type sorter, the chute type sorter has been successfully optimized for high volume coal treatment of lower quality coals. This project was funded by the German Environmental Fund (Project Nr.244444). In cooperation with the RWTH Aachen University and Isambane Processing, CommodasUltrasort(now Tomra Sorting Solutions) conducted extensive pilot test work under production conditions in 2010 for the destoning of power station coal at Arnot Power Station in South Africa. The experience gained during this pilot test phase led to an optimized, redesigned PRO Secondary XRT Chute sorter which is now in operation at a South African coal mine. This flexible semi-mobile modular destoning plant is treating a size range of -120 mm +30 mm at a throughput of 150 tph. The implementation of this plant not only reduces the ash content, abrasiveness index and sulfur content significantly, but also reduces royalties, water treatment and transport costs.

Sep 1, 2012

By Sumantra Bhattacharya

The per capita energy consumption in India is 510kgoe/year, the global average being nearly 1818kgoe/year. Correspondingly low is the per capita CO2 emission at 1.25t against the world average of 4.39t.65-70%, at times more, of India?s power generation from about 190,000 MW installed capacity, is however coal fired.India therefore has to secure diversified sources of energy and solar power is increasingly being looked as the real alternative to the existing over dependence on coal. To ensure sustainable solar power it is essential to secure its raw material base that is ?silica?, hitherto considered as ?minor minerals?. That calls for immediately addressing the issues of land availability, solar power cost, developing a dynamic inventory of silica containing minerals, appropriate processing technology and strong regulatory framework for sustainable mining and processing of all silica rich minerals. Keywords: silica, silicon, Thar, power generation, India, quartz, solar power

Sep 1, 2012

By E. V. Konoplev

Russia is one of the largest manufacturers of potash fertilizers in the world. Processing of potash ores basically is carried out by a flotation way. Potash ores of the Verhnekamsky potash deposit contain sylvite (KCl), halite (NaCl) and water insoluble impurity (up to 8 %), presented silicate- carbonate minerals, easily slimed by ore crushing in rod mills. Ore of some deposit sites, developed by ?Uralkali? Co, contains a significant amount of a carnal-lite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O). Work practice of flotation potash plants has shown, that increase of car-nallite content in ore leads to increase magnesium ion content in a circulated plant brine (saturated salt solution of potassium and sodium chlorides-sylvite brine) and to deterioration of indicators of ore processing. In the Paper we present results of researches of floatability of various size sylvite and influences silicate-carbonate slimes on sylvite flotation in brines with the various magnesium chloride content. It is established, that with increase magnesium chloride content in the brine mainly decreases the flotation of coarse sylvite and amplifies adverse effect of silicate-carbonate slimes on sylvite flotation. In this connection deterioration of potash ore flotation is caused not only decrease sylvite floatability but also strengthening adverse action of water insoluble impurity on potash flotation. It is shown that the application of frothing agents, which render the stronger dispersive action on the colloidal-micellar structures of amine in the salt solution increases the absorption of collector on the sylvite and improves the flotation of sylvite into magnesium the containing salt solutions. The application of an organic depressor to the greatest degree of decreasing the absorption amine on the slimes and to the smallest degree possessing anionic properties proves to be most effective with the flotation carnallite of the containing potassium ores. It is offered the application the frother on a basis of glycol ethers and organic depressor on a basis of urea-formaldehyde resin. Results of industrial tests developed reagent modes for flotation treatment of ores with the raised carnallite content (to 6 %) on ?Uralkali? Co plant have shown that their application has allowed to receive equivalent indicators potash flotations at change of magnesium chloride content in the brine from 0.7 % up to 2.4 % .

Jan 1, 2014