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ALABAMA. Anniston.-Noble, A. E., 20th St. and Wilmer Ave. Auburn.-Brown, R. L., Box 0. Belle Ellen.-Hutcheson, W. C. Bessemer.-Abbott, C. E., T. C., I. & R.R. Co Dobbs, G. G., Box 97. Ferguson, V., U. S. C. I. Pipe & Fdy. Co. Williams, E. P., Tenn. C., 1. & R. R. Co. Birmingham.-Aldrich, T. H. Aldrich, T. H., Jr., 406 Woodward Bldg. Allen, A. W., 1616 S. 14th Ave. Bowron, J., 1401 S, 20th St. Burbidge, T. A., Brown-Marx Bldg. Coxe, E. H. Tenn. C., I. & R. R. Co. Crawford, C. G., Tenn. C., I. & R. R. Co. Crockard, F. H., Brown-Marx Bldg. Ellis, E. E.,1515 Brown-Marx Bldg. Fairbairn C. T., Woodward Bldg. Fies, M. H., 2316 Highland Ave. Geismer, H. S., Keiser-Geismer Engrg. Co.

Jan 1, 1917

By P. K. Kaiser, C. Mackay

A circular shaft with a diameter of 6m was excavated by the conventional drilling and blasting method to a depth of 235m through 60m of glacial till, 1 Om of water bearing basal sand, 1 1 Om of clay shale (Bearpaw Formation) and finally a strata of coal, mudstone, siltstone and sandstone (Oldman Formation). The lined shaft was instrumented at three levels by multipoint extensometers to determine the displacement field near the shaft bottom, embedment strain gauges to measure the strains in the liner and IRAD-stress change gauges to observe the radial and tangential stress changes in the rock mass. The data from these gauges were used to determine the in situ stress field. An attempt to measure in situ stresses by overcoring was also made at a higher elevation. The performance of the shaft and its support was then evaluated by use of the "Convergence-Confinement Method". For this purpose the measurements of stress changes and displacements were combined to determine by extrapolation the displacements ahead of the shaft and after the liner installation. The convergence curves calculated in this fashion were then used to evaluate the performance of the cast-in-place concrete liner and of an alternate shotcrete shaft support system.

Jan 1, 1983

Prof. J. W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa. (in reply to several questions):—The cut representing some of the round briquettes which were under test shows that, at the brcaking-stresses, they break into lumps, and do not disintegrate into powder. The process is simplicity itself. I have followed the different processes for sintering iron-ores and flue-dust, am interested in all of them and wish them all success; but this process appealed to me strongly by its simplicity. It is in line with a method which I once tried to work out myself, but which never came to anything, namely, the agglomeration of fine iron-ores by means of Portland cement. As small an amount as 5 or 6 per cent. of Portland cement will enable fine ore to agglomerate and set into a briquette, but when I came to estimate the cost, I found it was a little too high. The Schumacher process, curiously enough, does not work well on iron-ore, but flue-dust thus treated does harden and give a strong briquette. In my attempts to find a reason for this difference, it has occurred to me that possibly the particles of flue-dust had been coated over with some sublimed silica, which might be an agent in the setting. But I found by experiment that neither sublimed silica, nor ordinary silica, nor ordinary alumina, would briquette. Chemically pure iron oxide briquetted quite hard; but the application of pressure is a necessary part of the operation. If simply moistened with the solution and allowed to stand it does not set hard, but the more pressure applied to it the hardcr it sets. Evidently the flue-dust particles must be pressed very close together in order to get the small proportion of active material wet, so that the particles shall act at their points of contact; for it is evident that only at the points of contact does the cementing action take place. The reactions are facilitated by considerable pressure, bringing the acting particles close together, and may go on with

Jan 1, 1913

By Eugene H. Cowles

The German silver industry of the United States amounts in value to upwards of $6,000,000 or $8,000,000 annually. Several thousands of people earn a livelihood pursuing it, and the beautiful goods and articles manufactured from this time-honored and valued alloy are everywhere visible. German silver enters largely into our street signs, harness and house hardware, and all manner of table-ware, solid or plated. There is scarcely an hour in the day that German or nickel-silver is not before our eyes. The composition of this alloy is a very uncertain thing, and depends largely on the honesty of the manufacturer and the price the purchaser is willing to pay. It is composed of copper, zinc and nickel in varying proportions. The best varieties contain from 18 to 25 per cent. of nickel, and from 20 to 30 per cent. of zinc, the remainder being copper. The more expensive nickel-silver contains from 25 to 33 per cent. of nickel, and from 75 to 66 per cent. of copper. The nickel is used as a whitening element; it also strengthens the alloy and renders it harder and more non-corrodible than the brass made without it, of copper and zinc. Moreover, it reduces the odor emanating from brass, which is so disagreeable if it occurs about the dining-table. Of all troublesome alloys to handle in the foundry or rollingmill, German silver is the worst. It is unmanageable and refractory at every step in its transition from the crude elements into rods, sheets or wire. As a white-headed furnace-man recently said to the writer, in one of our large mills, " you can put eight crucibles into the fire, each containing exactly the same mixture of German silver, and when you take them out and pour them into slabs for rolling, seven will be a mass of scum or slag, or the stuff will swell up like rising bread and overflow the moulds, and be so full of blow-holes that it will look like a sponge. The eighth crucible will contain perfectly good metal. On remelting the next day, the bad stuff will, in nine chances out of ten, come out just as good metal as the eighth pot the day before, and under apparently the same conditions." With nickel at seventy or eighty cents per pound, German silver

Jan 1, 1890

By K. J. Anusavice, R. T. DeHoff, A. G. Guy, T. B. Lindemer

As one oi the approacizes to understanding multicorn-ponent dimsion, an expevinzental sturly is being jnade of tracer diffusion in the copper corner of the CLI-Ni-Zn syste?n, out to 30 at. pct each of nickel and zinc, and in the 150°C range oJ temperature just below tlze solidts te?rlperature. The reslts obtained using the Znm isotope are reported heve, while studies with nickel and copper isotopes are planned for a future paper. The fifteen alloys investigated were melted in sealed wear lubes, sroaged, homogenized, and then analyzed, using the conventional isotope-plating plus lathe- sectiorzing teclzniqlte. The data obtaiued show that the difJusion coeflcient of the zinc isotope increases titlz increase in zinc content, and decreases t'itlz incease in nickel content. The correlation xith solidus temperature is particularly strong. Diffirsiui-ties ranged fro u sq cm per sec nt tlze Iiigh-zinc, low-nickel compositions. The activation energy /or tracer diffusion ravied j.or 31.000 to 54,000 calper mole. It is now generally recognized that diffusion data and theories are needed for multicomponent systems, where extensive practical developments and even some theoretical studies have already been made. For example, much recent work on precipitation from solid solution has been concerned with ternary solid solutions such as A-M-Z' while Zener relaxation has been studied on Au-Ag-Zn alloys,' although adequate diffusion data are available for neither of these systems. Actually, the only ternary systems for which systematic diffusion studies have been begun, in addi- tion to the one reported here, are CO-i-cr3 and Cu-A-Au. Since the theory of multicomponent diffusion is still in the stage of active development5 it is important to distinguish the various kinds of diffusion data that can be determined. An oversimplified approach, widely used prior to 1950, was to determine the influence of a third element, such as nickel, on the diffusion behavior of a binary alloy, such as CU-Z. Later it was recognized7 that four diffusion coefficients can be used to describe ordinary interdiffusion in a ternary system, while as many as six coefficients may be required to include the Kirkendall effect. It is likely that the number of independent coefficients will be shown to be less than four and six, respectively, through the application of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.5 The simplest type of diffusion in a multicomponent system is tracer diffusion, since each component is characterized by its own tracer-diffusion coefficient in an alloy of a given composition. Thus, in a ternary alloy there are three tracer-diffusion coefficients, each a function of composition and temperature. The present research program is a study of tracer diffusion in the copper corner of the Cu-Ni-Zn system out to 30 at. pct each of Ni and Zn in a 150°C range of temperature just below the solidus temperature. The

Jan 1, 1967

By R. B. Gavert, David J. Mack

ROOM- and elevated-temperature compression tests were made on the binary 3/2 electron compounds AuZn, CuAu, AgZn, AgMg, AuCd, and NiA1. These compounds possess either the B2 CsC1-type ordered structure or the A2 bee disordered structure represented commonly as ß and ß on equilibrium phase diagrams. In testing at room temperature, cylindrical specimens 0.508 cm by 0.330 cm diam were seated directly on an instron compression load cell (CF 0 to 10,000 lb). At elevated temperatures, testing included a special apparatus with a furnace heat source and a protective atmosphere.' The specimens were strained at a rate of 1 pet per min. The compounds were prepared from 99.99 pet or better high-purity elements. Vacuum and/or argon cover gas was used throughout the mixing, melting, and specimen drawing processes. The generally equi-axed specimen grains varied in size from 0.5 to 1.5 mm for the five different compounds. The stress-strain curves in compression showed

Jan 1, 1968

By Park Wright

THE fact that granite has been encountered by the drill by those in search of oil and gas in Kansas is becoming more and more a matter of interest, not only to the oil producer but to everyone directly and- indirectly connected with the oil business. It is, therefore, time that someone should offer an explanation for its presence and form a definite opinion based on all the data available in regard to the effect it will have on the future prospects of the area affected as probable oil- and gas-producing territory. At present there seems to be no consensus of opinion. To the writer's knowledge, only one attempt has been made to explain; by Erasmus Haworth, State Geologist of Kansas, in a paper entitled Bulletin, Number Two on Crystalline Rocks in Kansas. The purpose of the present paper is to offer a theory for the presence of the granite and to draw conclusions which will aid in determining the prospective oil and gas value of the area in question. In taking up this question it will be well to consider first the tests in which granite has been reported, with a general history of each. The accompanying map (Fig. 1) shows the location of all wells described. The first well in which granite was reported was that drilled just south of Zeandale in section 27, township 10 south, range 9 east, by a local company which had taken up a block of leases in that vicinity. At a depth of 958 ft. (291.99 m.) granite was encountered. Drilling was continued to a depth of 1,093 ft. (333 m.) in the same formation, at which depth the hole was abandoned. Another well was started 1 mile east of the first well and the same rock was found at a depth of 945 ft. (288 m.). Drilling was continued to a depth of 1,200 ft. (365.76 m.) with the bit in the sane formation. Samples of the drill cuttings have been examined and they are undoubtedly crushed granite. The next well in which granite was found was that drilled by DeLaat and Shepard, independent wildcat operators, in section 34, township 19 south,. range 7 east, near the town of Elmdale. Granite was struck at 1,707 ft. (520 m.) and the hole was abandoned in the same formation at 2,525 ft. (769 m.). Mr. DeLaat watched the drilling of this well very closely and he has described to me in some detail the formation immedi-

Jan 8, 1917

POSITIONS VACANT (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons.) Assayer and chemist with experience in gold and silver work and refining; used to handling a force of men. Large property in Northern Ontario. Send reference, record of practice, age, married or single, and salary expected. Apply Position 54. Metallurgical chemist wanted, competent to make the following analyses: cupola, gray iron; air:-furnace iron; pig iron of various kinds; coal; coke; sand of all descriptions; materials used in modern foundry practice; steel, and bronzes of all kinds; oils for fuel in Diesel engines and lubricating purposes; materials used in a modern machine shop, in fact, all materials likely to be used in a foundry, machine shop and forge shop. No. 55.

Jan 12, 1915

By Albert H. Fay, William B. Plank

In practically all rock-excavation problem there is need for a careful study of the rock structure, its fault, cleavage or bedding planes, and even the texture of the rock itself. These studies should form the bases upon which an excavation method is selected and they should be carefully considered in predicting the amount and extent of the excavation. The need for such studies was forcibly illustrated in the problems involved in a cut made in 1929, along and underneath a 200-ft. high rock projection for a State highway near the City of Easton, Pennsylvania. The rock mass was badly faulted and also contained a number of cleavage planes at approximately right angles to the fault planes. Much of this structure was visible and could have been studied and analyzed before the work was begun. The State had rigid specifications as to finished grade and slope of cut, which apparently were made without reference to the geologic structure. The contractor complied with the specifications, under the close inspection of the State engineers. A tunnel blast was placed in the base of the cliff, with the result that 65 per cent more rock was broken than was intended by the specifications. About four years after the blast, the writers of this paper studied the circumstances surrounding the operation, to determine the cause of this excess excavation. Scope of Work The section of the roadway involved was about 200 ft. long and on a 6' curve. It was necessary to relocate points on the curve, from which all faults and cleavage planes were located and measured by the use of transit and clinometer. A plan (Fig. 1) showing the blasting tunnel, the roadway, and traces of the faults and cleavage planes on the level of the roadway, was prepared; also 13 cross-sections at varying intervals, showing the original face of the hill and the face after the blast. The original and final profiles of the rock face, taken from the plans of the State engineers, are shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4.

Jan 1, 1937

Jan 1, 1888

By J. P. Savely, D. E. Nicholas, R. D. Call

Progress in the technology of slope design over the past 15 years now permits the selection of rational slope angles if suitable data on geology, hydrology, and rock properties are available for a specified project. Although a full-scale slope design study remains the best course of action, there are situations where an extensive study is not feasible due to time or budget constraints. Two typical examples are: (a) selecting pit slope angles for a preliminary feasibility study at the exploration stage; and (b) coping with a slope failure in an operating mine. In both instances, slope angles must often be chosen on the basis of data that are currently available or can be readily obtained. All too often during exploration programs, a feasibility study is initiated shortly before the decision deadline to drop the property or proceed to purchase. If the only existing data at this point are a few cross-sections at odd angles showing ore and waste contacts or a dog-eared map of the surface geology, there may not be time to collect and organize sufficient information for the design of slope angles. On the other hand, if during the drilling program geologic cross-sections were constructed and the structural data compiled in tabular form, rational slope angles could be computed within the allotted time.

Jan 4, 1977

By R. G. Webber, F. C. Langenberg

During the course of some magnetic investigations which the authors have under way, six bars of 0.43-carbon steel were tested, a permeameter designed after the Hopkinson yoke type being used. The results obtained were of some interest and although far from complete serve at least to show the necessity for a careful investigation of the previous history of the samples under study as well as the chemical composition. A steel of given chemical composition may assume a great variety of structures, depending on its treatment. Professor Sauveur has devised a very clear and effective means of illustrating this point. The accompanying microphotographs show some of the possible structures assumed by a 0.30 carbon steel (Fig. 1). It is now a well-established fact that a structural change is accompanied by changes in the tensile strength, elastic limit, hardness, etc., and it seems reasonable to assume also, a change in the magnetic properties. Six bars of a 0.43-carbon steel were used, all the bars being taken from the same rod and treated as follows: Bar 1. Heated to 1,100° and cooled in the furnace. Bar 2. Heated to 1,000° and cooled in the furnace. Bar 3. Heated to 900° and cooled in the furnace. Bar 4. Heated to 1,000° and cooled in air. Bar 5. Heated to 900° and cooled in air. Bar 6. Untreated. The bars were then turned to 13 mm. diameter and tested by the Hopkinson yoke method. After testing, three specimens were taken from each bar, one from each end and one from the middle. The homogeneity of the bars was tested in this manner and in no instance could any difference in structure in the three specimens1 be detected. Bars 1 to 3 inclusive are pearlitic in structure. The white areas are ferrite (iron with certain impurities in solution) and the dark areas pearl-

Jan 1, 1915

By Park Wright

The fact that granite has been encountered by the drill by those in search of oil and gas in Kansas is becoming more and more a matter of interest, not only to the oil producer but to everyone directly and indirectly connected with the oil business. It is, therefore, time that someone should offer an explanation for its presence and form a definite opinion, based on all the data available, in regard to the effect it will have on the future prospects of the area affected as probable oil-and gas-producing territory. At present there seems to be no consensus of opinion. To the writer's knowledge, only one attempt has been made to explain ; by Erasmus Haworth, State Geologist of Kansas, in a paper entitled Bulletin Number Two on Crystalline Rocks in Kansas. The purpose of the present paper is to offer a theory for the presence of the granite, and to draw conclusions which will aid in determining the prospective oil and gas value of the area in question. In taking up this question it will be well to consider first the tests in which granite has been reported, with a general history of each. The accompanying map (Fig. 1) shows the location of all wells described. The first well in which granite was reported was that drilled just south of Zeandale in section 27, township 10 south, range 9 east, by a local company which had taken up a block of leases in that vicinity. At a depth of 958 ft. (291.99 m.) granite was encountered. Drilling was continued to a depth of 1093 ft. (333 m.) in the same formation, at which depth the hole was abandoned. Another well was started 1 mile east of the first well and the same rock was found at a depth of 945 ft. (288 m.). Drilling was continued to a depth of 1200 ft. (365.76 m.) with the bit in the same formation. Samples of the drill cuttings have been examined and they are undoubtedly crushed granite. The next well in which granite was found was that drilled by DeLaat and Shepard, independent wildcat operators, in section 34, township 19 south, range 7 east, near the town of Elmdale. Granite was struck at 1707 ft. (520 m.) and the hole was abandoned in the same formation at 2525 ft. (769 m.). Mr. DeLaat watched the drilling of this well very closely and he has described to me in some detail the formation immedi-

Jan 1, 1918

By John P. Goheen

Considerable work has been done in developing a pyrometer to measure the temperature of molten brasses, bronzes, and aluminum in the crucible. On account of the high melting points and the amount of zinc and sulfurous fumes given off from molten brasses, the conditions are somewhat severe for a thermocouple of standard design; but satisfactory results are obtained with a portable pyrometer, 3 ft. (0.9 m.) of connecting lead wire, and a special 5-ft. nickel-nickel chromium thermocouple, composed of rods 1/4in. (6.35 mm.) in diameter. The lower 12 or 24 in., as desired, may be made detachable so that new tips may be connected at little trouble or expense. The portable instrument need not be of the extreme high-resistance type, as the movable parts of the galvanometer of a lower resistance instrument may be better constxucted to withstand the continuous handling such an instrument receives. Platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouples, protected with porcelain and graphite tubes, have been used, but the lag in registering the temperature is too great. It has been found that the range of temperature for various brasses is as follows: Red brasses...............2200-2250" F. (1205-1234" C.) Yellow brasses............2250-2400" F. (1234-1318' C.) Bronzes..................2300-2550" F. (1260-1400" C.) A recent test with a portable pyrometer having a range of 2600" F. with a bare 1/4 in. heavy exposed couple 5 it. long and a handle attached at the upper end showed that the temperatures of molten aluminum under varying conditions in an oil-fired crucible furnace and one of the Simplex type were as follows: CRUCIBLE, OIL-FIRED FURNACE SIMPLEX FURNACE Temperature of metal in furnace....... 1540" F. (837" C.) 1530" F. (834" C.) Temperature in ladle after skimming at furnace......................... 1480" F. (805" C.) 1440" F. (784" C.) Temperature in ladle after skimming at floor near mold................... 1440" F. (784" C.) 1430' F. (778" C.)

Jan 1, 1923

By John P. Goheen

Considerable work has been done in developing a pyrometer to measure the temperature of molten brasses, bronzes, and aluminum in the crucible. On account of the high melting points and the amount of zinc and sulfurous fumes given off from molten brasses, the conditions are somewhat severe for a thermocouple of standard design; but satisfactory results are obtained with a portable pyrometer, 3 ft. (0.9 m.) of connecting lead wire, and a special 5-ft. nickel-nickel chromium thermocouple, composed of rods 1/4in. (6.35 mm.) in diameter. The lower 12 or 24 in., as desired, may be made detachable so that new tips may be connected at little trouble or expense. The portable instrument need not be of the extreme high-resistance type, as the movable parts of the galvanometer of a lower resistance instrument may be better constxucted to withstand the continuous handling such an instrument receives. Platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouples, protected with porcelain and graphite tubes, have been used, but the lag in registering the temperature is too great. It has been found that the range of temperature for various brasses is as follows: Red brasses...............2200-2250" F. (1205-1234" C.) Yellow brasses............2250-2400" F. (1234-1318' C.) Bronzes..................2300-2550" F. (1260-1400" C.) A recent test with a portable pyrometer having a range of 2600" F. with a bare 1/4 in. heavy exposed couple 5 it. long and a handle attached at the upper end showed that the temperatures of molten aluminum under varying conditions in an oil-fired crucible furnace and one of the Simplex type were as follows: CRUCIBLE, OIL-FIRED FURNACE SIMPLEX FURNACE Temperature of metal in furnace....... 1540" F. (837" C.) 1530" F. (834" C.) Temperature in ladle after skimming at furnace......................... 1480" F. (805" C.) 1440" F. (784" C.) Temperature in ladle after skimming at floor near mold................... 1440" F. (784" C.) 1430' F. (778" C.)

Jan 1, 1923

By P. E. Demmler

The apparatus in which the process of bright annealing of copper wire was carried out consisted of a section of iron pipe, 6 ft. long and 3 ft. in diameter. The pipe was provided with flanges to which were bolted the end plates for sealing, also with inlet and outlet tubes to allow for the displacement of the air in the pipe by natural gas. After charging with copper wire, sealing and displacing the air, the pipe was heated to 350' C. (662" F.). It was expected that the natural gas would furnish a neutral atmosphere which would prevent oxidation and give a satisfactory bright-annealed product. It was found, however, that the outer layers of wire were discolored and not suited for the use for which they were mtended. To obtain an idea of what was taking place in the annealing furnace, skeins of the hard-drawn wire were placed in a glass tube so that all changes in appearance could be observed as they were heated to different temperatures and under varying conditions. The temperature in each case was determined by means of a thermocouple placed in the tube close to the wire. Following is a summary of the results of these experiments: 1. When the wire was heated for 1 hr. in a current of natural gas at a temperature of 350") 400") or 500" C. (662", 752", or 932" F., respectively), there was a marked darkening of the wire throughout the skein. 2. When heated for 1 hr. in natural gas at a temperature of 600" C. (1112' F.), there was no coloration, the wire remaining clean and bright. 3. When heated in natural gas to 350" C. until darkened and the treatment continued with the temperature raised to 600' C., the coloration disappeared and the wire became clean and bright.

Jan 1, 1923

By P. E. Demmler

The apparatus in which the process of bright annealing of copper wire was carried out consisted of a section of iron pipe, 6 ft. long and 3 ft. in diameter. The pipe was provided with flanges to which were bolted the end plates for sealing, also with inlet and outlet tubes to allow for the displacement of the air in the pipe by natural gas. After charging with copper wire, sealing and displacing the air, the pipe was heated to 350' C. (662" F.). It was expected that the natural gas would furnish a neutral atmosphere which would prevent oxidation and give a satisfactory bright-annealed product. It was found, however, that the outer layers of wire were discolored and not suited for the use for which they were mtended. To obtain an idea of what was taking place in the annealing furnace, skeins of the hard-drawn wire were placed in a glass tube so that all changes in appearance could be observed as they were heated to different temperatures and under varying conditions. The temperature in each case was determined by means of a thermocouple placed in the tube close to the wire. Following is a summary of the results of these experiments: 1. When the wire was heated for 1 hr. in a current of natural gas at a temperature of 350") 400") or 500" C. (662", 752", or 932" F., respectively), there was a marked darkening of the wire throughout the skein. 2. When heated for 1 hr. in natural gas at a temperature of 600" C. (1112' F.), there was no coloration, the wire remaining clean and bright. 3. When heated in natural gas to 350" C. until darkened and the treatment continued with the temperature raised to 600' C., the coloration disappeared and the wire became clean and bright.

Jan 1, 1923

By Lo-Ching Chang, K. M. Goldman

The kinetics and mechanism of transfer of a constituent across a slag-metal interface are fundamentally important because many metallurgical processes involve the existence of a slag phase and a metal phase. Industrial processes seldom proceed to equilibrium, and information of the rates and modes of reactions are therefore often of greater practical importance than equilibrium data. A study of the kinetics of sulphur transfer across a slag-metal interface under reducing conditions will contribute a great deal toward a better understanding of desulphurization in the blast furnace process. The general principles existing in the transfer of a constituent, such as sulphur, across a slag-metal interface can be extended to similar transfer phenomena in other metallurgical processes. The present paper will demonstrate how such studies will lead to fruitful results from both the practical and theoretical standpoints. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The apparatus used was, simple. A graphite crucible 15/8-in. id, a wall 1/8-in. thick, and a depth of 4 in., was packed in an outer fused silica tube with powdered magnesia. The crucible assembly was rotated at a speed of 235 rpm inside an in- duction coil. A charge of 250 g of Armco ingot iron was introduced into the graphite crucible and melted by induction heating. The melt was held at a desired temperature for 3-5 "'in., aftcr which 7.5 g of granular ferrous sulphide was added and the bath was held for another 3-5 mi11. A metal sample was then taken by means of a fused silica tube and a rubber suction bulb. Immediately after the metal sample was taken, 30 g of a prefused and crushed slag were introduced. The slag reached the ternperature of the furnace in 1 to 1 1/2 min. Slag

Jan 1, 1949

By K. M. Goldman, Lo-Ching Chang

The kinetics and mechanism of transfer of a constituent across a slag-metal interface are fundamentally important because many metallurgical processes involve the existence of a slag phase and a metal phase. Industrial processes seldom proceed to equilibrium, and information of the rates and modes of reactions are therefore often of greater practical importance than equilibrium data. A study of the kinetics of sulphur transfer across a slag-metal interface under reducing conditions will contribute a great deal toward a better understanding of desulphurization in the blast furnace process. The general principles existing in the transfer of a constituent, such as sulphur, across a slag-metal interface can be extended to similar transfer phenomena in other metallurgical processes. The present paper will demonstrate how such studies will lead to fruitful results from both the practical and theoretical standpoints. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The apparatus used was, simple. A graphite crucible 15/8-in. id, a wall 1/8-in. thick, and a depth of 4 in., was packed in an outer fused silica tube with powdered magnesia. The crucible assembly was rotated at a speed of 235 rpm inside an in- duction coil. A charge of 250 g of Armco ingot iron was introduced into the graphite crucible and melted by induction heating. The melt was held at a desired temperature for 3-5 "'in., aftcr which 7.5 g of granular ferrous sulphide was added and the bath was held for another 3-5 mi11. A metal sample was then taken by means of a fused silica tube and a rubber suction bulb. Immediately after the metal sample was taken, 30 g of a prefused and crushed slag were introduced. The slag reached the ternperature of the furnace in 1 to 1 1/2 min. Slag

Jan 1, 1949

By E. G. Leonardon, C. Schlumberger, M. Schlumberger

Last year the authors presented a paper that discussed the various electrical measurements they perform in drill holes, which they name "electrical coring."' The object of the present paper is to give a brief account of the points of scientific interest that have been elucidated by further field work and laboratory research, as well as the economic results that have been attained recently. The practical examples given in this paper are drawn, for the most part, from the field work performed in Russian oil fields during the years 1931 and 1932. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the comprehensive cooperation of the Russian geologists and scientists, the authors are allowed to make public a large amount of recant information. In other countries in which the authors are engaged in similar work, the competition between private companies makes it imperative, for a considerable lapse of time, to avoid publication of the results obtained. The following points will be discussed successively, under separate headings: 1. Electrochemical phenomena in drill holes. 2. Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic studies. 3. Relations' between the productivity of oil horizons and their electrical resistivity. 4. Location of coal seams. 5. Summary and conclusions. Electrochemical Phenomena in Drill Holes Technical Publication 462l described the author's discovery concerning the existence of important differences of potential spontaneously gener-

Jan 1, 1934