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I-institute of Metals Division S. SKOWRONSKI, Chairman ZAY JEFFRIES, Vice-chairman WILLIAM M CORSE, Secretary Executive Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR, Local Section G E JOHNSON R S ARCHER, Non-ferrous Data Sheets P. D. MERICA EDGAR C BAIN, Journal Committee L W SPRING SAM TOUR, Papers Committee F. L. WOLI H. C. JENNISON, Membership Committee Local Section Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR., Chairman R. J. ANDERSON, Cincinnati R L. DOWDELL. Minneapolis R. S WILLIAMS, BostoI G. H. CLAMER, Philadelphia W. A SCHEUCH, Chicago R. F. WOOD, New York

Jan 1, 1923

By Donald Barton

THIS paper outlines a time-saving graphical method of calculation for application to the interpretation of observations with the Eötvös torsion balance. Preliminary to the treatment of this short cut method which has been found practicable, the principal formu-las by which the student of interpretation can calculate the gradient and differential curvature produced by different types of bodies in different types of situa-tions are presented and discussed. It is necessary to split most geologic bodies into a series of simpler ones for which not too complicated formulas are avail-able. The gradient and differential curvature effects are calculated for each of the simple bodies and then summed to the total effect for the whole body. The calculations are considerable in number and, though more tedious than difficult, should be' entrusted to an experienced calculator. Considerable facility in qualitative interpretation can be acquired by the geophysicist from experience and from a thorough study of the types of gradient and differential curvature anomalies produced by the dif-ferent types of possible structural situations. How-ever, semi-quantitative calculations' of the probable structure bring out many relations that are not evident in a simple inspection of torsion balance results ; it throws out as impossible or improbable certain of the alternative structural possibilities that may seem equally probable under simple inspection of the results; it will determine more accurately the position of the crest of the structure; and reduce considerably the un-certainty in the interpretation and it is necessary to intelligent interpretations. The calculation of such cross-sections consists of a trial-and-error calculation of a body that will give gradient and differential curvature effects as closely as possible the same as those observed. From his knowledge of the gradient and differential curvature produced by different types of bodies, the geophysicist sketches a tentative cross-section of the structure as indicated-to him-by the observed results of the torsion balance survey, and the calculator then splits the struc-ture into blocks, and calculates the gradient and differ-ential curvature block by block. If, as rather usual, the calculated .gradient and differential curvature pro-files diverge considerably from, the respective observed ones, it is necessary to add and subtract blocks from the cross-section until a close agreement is obtained .between the calculated and observed profiles. The com-plete calculations have to be gone through for each block that is added or subtracted.

Jan 9, 1928

By Henry Howe

FIG. 1 shows a volute aging break which developed spontaneously in a hardened and tempered steel helmet between 19 and 38 days after it had been tested ballistically. A similar break, shown in Fig. 2, developed spontaneously in a similar helmet about 40 days after the ballistic testing. In this case the rupture occurred abruptly and with a loud report. The path of rupture in this second case, though much the less regular, is the more interesting of the FIG. 1. FIG. 2. two, in that it is an approximation to two parallel volutes centered at the point of impact of the projectile, just below D. Several weeks later, after the photograph for Fig. 1 was taken, a similar doubling of the volute crack occurred in this helmet, starting from the end of the eyelash crack near A and spreading thence to the left contra-clockwise for about ½ in. The negatives from which these pictures are made have not been touched up in any way, save writing the letters on them. In both cases the trajectory of the bullet was normal to the initial surface at the point of impact, and in both the helmet passed the ballistic

Jan 2, 1919

By S. C. Oliphant, George H. Fancher

Two samples of drilling mud from the Hastings oil field, Texas, were tested, and the solids in each were separated into small fractions of a limited range in particle size. The mineral composition of each fraction by X-ray analysis is reported, and the results are interpreted in relation to other measured quantities, such as the physical properties of the original samples and the density of the various fractions. It was found that only 7 to 8 per cent by weight of the solids was of colloidal dimensions and that neither of the samples contained montmorillonite but did contain illite. Considerable calcite was also found. These data should be useful to the geologist interested in the origin and history of sedimentary strata as well as to the petroleum engineer.

Jan 1, 1942

News has just been received that Flight Commander William T. Hall, a Junior Member of-the Institute, was killed in action on Saturday, May 19, 1917. According to the' Toronto Star, Commander Hall was 24 years of age, a native of Toronto, and a grandson of the late William Kersteman. During the four years of his course in mining at the School of Practical Science, Toronto University, he passed every examination with honors. When war was first declared Commander Hall endeavored to join the artillery as an officer, and for that purpose secured a provisional lieu- tenancy with a Hamilton battery, but he did not receive an overseas appointment, and on being graduated as a mining engineer in 1915, he was offered a position in Chile, which he accepted. He left Toronto on May 27, 1915, and was engaged in Chile as a mining engineer for nearly a year. In the latter part of April, 1916, he decided to offer himself again for service at the front. He crossed the Andes and sailed for Liverpool, where he landed on May 13, 1916. On May 27, 1916, Capt. Hall was given a commission as lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps. He went to the front on Sept. 1, 1916, and remained there continuously. On April 4, 1917, he was promoted from lieutenant to the rank of flight commander. No details of how Commander Hall came by his death have as yet been received.

Jan 1, 1918

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893 JOHN FRITZ 1894 J D WEEKS 1895 E G SPILSBURY 1896 THOMAS M. DROWN 1897 CHARLES KIRCHHOFF 1898

Jan 1, 1937

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS, Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1923. GELASIO CAETANI Rome, Italy. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1933. KARL EIKERS NEW YORK, N. Y. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1928. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND New York, N. Y. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1931. WALDEMAR LINDGREN Cambridge, Mass. 1921. C. McDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico.

Jan 1, 1934

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Feb. 10, 1917 to Mar. 10, 1917: F. H. Armstrong, Vulcan, Mich. G. Komar, Staten Island, N. Y. Franklin Bache, Philadelphia, Pa. H. M. LaFollette, LaFollette, Tenn. R. A. Bingham, W. Orange, N. J. H. Mortimer-Lamb, Montreal, Canada. G. S. Blair, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. S. Lane, New York, N. Y. Graham Bright, Pittsburgh, Pa. D. H. McLaughlin, Cambridge, Mass. C. A. Burdick, New York, N. Y. F. J. McMahon, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Frederick P. Burrall, Dawson, Y. T. F. Oskar Martin, San Francisco, Cal. William Campbell, New York, N. Y. C. Mentzel, New York, N. Y. G. L. Carlisle, Jr., New York, N. Y. T. C. Merriman, New Haven, Conn. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Canada. K. -A. Pauly, Schenectady, N. Y. Wayne Darlington, Philadelphia, Pa. , Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N. J. Ralph W. Deacon, Elizabeth, N. J. C. S. Robinson, Youngstown, O. P. St. Jon Dixon; So. Porcupine, Canada. W. A. Scheuch, New York, N. Y. A. E. Drucker, New York, N. Y. Jesse Scobey, New York, N. Y. Lucien Eaton, Ishpeming, Mich. Dunbar D. Scott, Rochester, N. Y. W. E. Goldsborough, New York, N. Y. W. C. Smith, Elizabeth, N. J. C. Marshall Gravatt, Port Royal, Va. Charles Spearman, Mt. St. Patrick, Can. C. N. Hickok, Cleveland, O. . - Harold C: E. Spence, Duncan, Ariz. C. Vey Holman, Rockland, Me. M. M. Thompson, Morsemere, N. J. W. F. Jahn, Kirkland Lake, Canada. Benjamin F. Tibby, Salt Lake City, Utah. F. E. Johnesse, Boise, Ida. J. S. Unger, Pittsburgh, Pa. E. C. Johnson, Chicago, Ill.

Jan 4, 1917

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893 JOHN FRITZ 1894 J D WEEKS 1895 E G SPILSBURY 1896 THOMAS M. DROWN 1897 CHARLES KIRCHHOFF 1898 JAMES DOUGLAS 1899-1900

Jan 1, 1952

By T. R. Wright

THE Corporation operates concentrators in four camps: Casapalca. Morococha, Cerro de Pa-co, and Mahr. The present concentrator at Cerro de Pasco is the newest having been completed in 1943. and that at Casapalca the oldest, having been built originally as a gravity concentrator, in 1889. Prior to 1925 the Corporation's milling operations were confined to the beneficiation of silver-bearing copper ores, and treatment of these ore: by flotation was started in 1918. Although fairly large deposits of complex, fine-grained lead-zinc ores existed, little progress had been made in the treatment of such ores--in Peru or elsewhere-until the early 'twentics. The Casapalca concentrator began the selettive concentration of complex leadzinc ores by all-flotation methods in 1925, or contemporaneously with the commercial development of selective lead-zinc flotation in the United State:.

Jan 1, 1945

By Bernard K. Asdell

Georgia, a state seldom considered to be an important mineral producer, has one surprising feature-it is the nation's largest producer of kaolin. Kaolin is a highly important raw material in the paper, rubber, ceramic whiteware, paint and chemical industries. In 1965, more than 2.7 million tons of kaolin were produced in this state, a 150,000-ton increase over the preceding year, and production continues to climb. Strictly defined, the term "kaolin" applies to a group of hydrous aluminum silicates in which kaolinite is the predominant mineral. Kaolinite is inherently white, non-abrasive, chemically inert, and of a very fine particle size, ranging from sub-micron to 40-microns equivalent spherical diameter. An electron-micrograph of kaolinite is shown in Fig. 1. The particles finer than about 2 microns are thin, elongated plates, hexagonal in outline. The larger particles, coarser than 2 microns, are predominantly vermicular in outline with a foliated structure. Table I shows a typical chemical analysis of commercial, wet-processed kaolin compared to pure kaolinite.

Jan 11, 1967

By Chauncey Berrien

THE Hawkesworth detachable drill steel shank and bit were invented by A. L. Hawkesworth; while he was a mechanical foreman for the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, Mont. Mr. Hawkesworth died on June 16, 1925, at the time that his invention was practically a proved success. The first application for patents was made by him in November, 1918, and the bit is now being manufactured under patents issued in 1922 and 1923. The credit, for its development in the early stages belongs to A. L. Hawkesworth, Roy S. Alley, Harry A. Gallwey, E. J. Bowman and various officials of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Later improvements, manufacturing problems and the direct usage in the mines were originated and perfected by the mechanical department under C. D. Woodward, E. R. Borcherdt, head of the Rock Drill Equipment Department, Robert E. Kelly of the Mechanical Department, and various operating department heads of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of these officials in the preparation of this paper.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. T. Norton, N. J. Grant, A. M. Gervais

An investigation of the creep deformation of coarse-grained high-purity aluminum at temperatures approaching the melting point permitted the formulation of a theory of subgrain formation. Subgrain boundaries were found to be formed by two different processes: kinking and polygonization. Polygonization is considered as the main factor in subgrain formation. SINCE "slipless flow" was first discussed in detail by Hanson and Wheeler,' many studies have been undertaken to determine how metals deform at high temperatures. Several types of observations have been reported. Jenkins and Mellor,² working on the creep of mild steels and various grades of commercial irons, found metallographic evidence of a kind of substructure within the grains after deformation at high temperatures. Homes" observed after creep deformation of steel at high temperatures that the original X-ray spots were sharply divided into several small ones. The same phenomenon was reported by Hirst4 from his studies on lead and later by Crussard5 from his work on aluminum. The works of these investigators demonstrated beyond any doubt that the splitting of the X-ray spots was due to the fact that the grains underwent a division into subgrains during deformation at high temperatures. Since then, numerous experiments have been undertaken on aluminum in order to determine the mechanism of formation of subgrains. Research workers can be divided, for the purpose of discussion, into two different groups as regards thinking on subgrain formation. On one hand, based on the work on polygonization by Cahn,6 Guinier and Lacombe,7 Greenough and Smith," Crussard,10,11 and Servi, Norton, and Grant," it was concluded that subgrain formation was a consequence of the simultaneous effects, first, of inhomogeneous deformation which produced bending of the lattice, and second, polygonization. On the other hand, Wood and coworkers13-16 based their work on the results of an earlier report" which dealt with crystallite size and a fragmentation theory. It is interesting to note that while Greenough and Smith8 and Wood et al. performed similar experiments, their conclusions were quite different. Wood et al. did not recognize polygonization as a fundamental mechanism and said that aluminum, at the beginning of the deformation, fragmented immedi- ately into subgrains in order to permit deformation of the metal, the number of these subgrains being a function of strain rate and temperature. They concluded that deformation of grains occurred by flow along the subgrain boundaries. In view of the contradictory conclusions, it would appear that the data were not explicit enough to provide an unambiguous conclusion. It appears that the techniques by which most of the results were obtained, namely, X-ray work, were not enough by themselves to solve the problem. Another approach was needed. In the present research, therefore, an extensive metallographic study was planned to supplement the X-ray work. The importance of revealing the subgrain boundaries metallographically was realized, and this will explain the extensive development and use of etching techniques. In order that subgrains would be considerably larger and therefore more readily visible under a microscope, the creep experiments were performed at very high temperatures approaching the melting point of aluminum. Development of Experimental Technique Creep tests were run at constant load on high purity (99.995 pct) aluminum specimens having a very coarse grain size. None of the specimens was run to fracture. The specimens were originally round (diameter, 0.187 in.; gage length, 1 in.) and had parallel flats milled in the gage section to permit

Jan 1, 1954

By S. S. Clarke

THE opening of zinc-lead ore bodies in the lower chert beds of the Tri-State district, locally called sheet-ground deposits, [ ] presented several new economic operating problems to be solved before the low-grade deposits could be mined profitably. Drilling was the first high-cost problem and loading and haulage difficulties followed. At this time, the sheet-ground mines are producing about 2000 tons per day. GEOLOGY The geology and ore deposits of the Tri-State district have been covered in detail by [ ] Fowler and Lyden.* Briefly, the sheet-

Jan 1, 1942

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893 JOHN FRITZ 1894 J D WEEKS 1895 E G SPILSBURY 1896 THOMAS M. DROWN 1897 CHARLES KIRCHHOFF 1898

Jan 1, 1938

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID H.-BROWNE, Chairman, JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman. F. E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. . ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. HENRY A. WENTWORTH, Secretary-Treasurer, 60 India St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. FRANK A. ROSS, Chairman. RUSH J. WHITE, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. FREDERIC KEFFER, FRANCIS A. THOMSON.

Jan 11, 1915

By O. I. Deschon, Ralph Arnold

Deep drilling was the keynote of the more important developments in the North Rocky Mountain region during 1929, with Montana recording the most important achievement through discovery of three new oil fields. Alberta produced 1,000,000 bbl. of 74 gravity naphtha, showing a considerable gain over 1928, developed a commercial oil pool in Turner Valley and extended that field 8 miles southward. Wyoming's discovery field was deepened to a second producing horizon, giving impetus to deeper drilling, and practically every Wyoming oil field will have a deep test either this year or in the near future. Whereas Montana prospecting has been confined to the shallow plains structures, since the discovery of Kevin-Sunburst field, the coming year will see an active search for new oil and gas pools in sharp-dip structures, following the success of prospecting in the Sweetgrass Hills during 1929. A dozen or more structures have been mapped in North Central Montana, several of these straddling the Alberta border. Four structures tested thus far have all shown commercial oil or gas or both. Sweetgrass Hills The first important development in the Hills area was the Rogers-Imperial gasser, which had an initial of 51,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas per day, with a rock pressure of 1080 lb. This well is located on a sharp nose running north from the hills into Alberta. Several wells drilled by independent operators on the American side, on the west flank of reserve structure, have developed a total open flow capacity of 30,000,000 cubic feet. The third structure tested in the Hills area is known as Bears Den, where commercial oil was found at the base of the Cretaceous at 2470 ft. The existence of oil in three lower sands has been established by two wells on the top of the structure, these two wells finding gas flows of 10,000,000 and 15,000,000 cu. ft., respectively, in the horizon where

Jan 1, 1930

By O. E. KEOUGH

AT the Tooele custom lead-zinc ore concentrator,' two sections, each having a daily capacity of 500 to 600 tons, are operated on slightly different types of ores with but little difference in flow sheet and reagents. The ores comprising the two general classes are the coarsely crystalline type, with low pyrite and sphalerite low in iron content, from the Park City district, and the more finely disseminated higher pyrite ores from Bingham, which are more difficult to treat by flotation. Laboratory testing determines with which general class a new ore will work better. The ores are crushed to minus 1 1/4-in. size at either the Utah Ore Sampling Company's plant at Murray, Utah, the Tooele smelter sampling plant, or the crushing plant at the concentrator. The ores for each section are mixed to maintain as nearly as possible uniform lead and zinc contents.

Jan 1, 1930

By Pol Duwez, Paul Pietrokowsky

The crystal structure of the compound TisGeS has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. Related silicon and tin compounds have been found to be isomorphous. Unit cell dimensions, axial ratios, and parameters for equivalent atomic positions are given. THERE is, at present, only meager information pertaining to the solid state reactions of titanium with the elements in group 4B of the periodic table (silicon, germanium, tin, and lead). The only two compounds whose crystal structure has been established are TiSi² and TiGe² (references 1 and 2 respectively). These two compounds are isomor-phous and have an orthorhombic symmetry D242h— Fddd. The titanium-rich regions of the constitution diagrams of titanium-silicon, titanium-tin, and titanium-lead have been investigated by Craighead et al.³ While valuable information concerning the alpha solid solubility of these three elements in titanium was obtained, no light was shed on the existence or nature of the titanium-rich compound in these systems. The present study is concerned with the crystal structure of the intermediate phases Ti5Si ?, Ti³Ge³, and Ti5Sn³, which were found to be isostructural. The alloys were prepared by mixing the pure metal powders in the desired proportions, pressing the mixture into pellets, and melting them in an electric arc furnace in the presence of a helium atmosphere.& After melting, the specimens, weighing approximately 5 g, were sealed in evacuated quartz vials, homogenized at 1038°C for three days, and quenched from that temperature. Powder diffraction patterns were made with a 143.2 mm diam Debye-Scherrer X-ray camera in which the Ievins and Straumanis film arrangement was utilized. Filtered copper radiation was used throughout the entire investigation. A study of the powder patterns of a series of alloys of various compositions indicated the presence of a compound around a composition corresponding approximately to a ratio of 3 titanium to 2 silicon, germanium, or tin. From a visual examination of the diffraction patterns, it was evident that the silicon and germanium alloys were iso- morphous. For small angle reflections, the powder pattern of the tin compound was analogous to that of the silicon and germanium compounds, but after the first ten reflections, the similarity was no longer clear. The powder pattern of the germanium compound was selected for indexing, since it exhibited a weak small angle reflection and clearly resolved doublets in the back-reflection range. Good agreement between observed and calculated values of (1/d)² was found by indexing the pattern on the basis of hexagonal symmetry. For the hexagonal system:

Jan 1, 1952

By AIME AIME

THE stage is set for the 1930 Annual Meeting. It will take place in the Engineering Societies Building. Feb. 17, 18, 19 and 20, and an unusual pro- gram of technical papers, symposia, lectures and addresses, interspersed with luncheons, dinners, excursions and worthwhile entertainment for the four days has been arranged. The curtain rises on Monday morning and the first act is by the entire company-registration. Then the meeting hits its stride, for there are ten technical sessions on Monday, and the range of subjects includes most of the Institute membership. The Committee on Coal and Coal Products, which is about to become the Coal Division, presents a symposium of a dozen or more papers on Coal Classification, concluding its afternoon session with several papers on general subjects. At its luncheon between sessions, C. E. Bockus, president of the National Coal Association, will be the honored guest. Papers of theoretical character will be discussed at the morning session of the Committee on Geophysical Prospecting; at its afternoon session there will be presented summaries of results obtained at various properties by methods described at previous meetings of this group and permanently recorded in "Geophysical Prospecting," published by the Institute early in 1929. Members of the Petroleum Division should not overlook the paper by Theodor Zuschlag, on this Committee's program. It is entitled, "Oil Structure Mapping by the Sundberg Method." Members of the Iron and Steel and Institute of Metals divisions will find it profitable to attend the session on Engineering Education on Monday afternoon. E. A. Holbrook has arranged a program of ten-minute talks on Metallurgical Education which are designed to get down to "brass tacks." and the practical man may, in discussion, contribute as well as learn. At 5 p. m. Thomas T. Read will lecture+ at Columbia University, on "Recent Progress in Economics of the Mineral Industries."

Jan 1, 1930