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By Thomas T. Read

The purpose of the following research, as originally planned, was to investigate the influence of temperature upon the plate¬amalgamation process. In order to consider the amalgamation process intelligently, it was first necessary to learn the nature of an amalgam. In the performance of this task it was found necessary to consult a large volume of literature and to perform experimental investigations. The conceptions of the nature of amalgams thus obtained have so important a bearing on the amalgamation-process as a whole, as well as upon the possible influences of temperature, that it was advisable to include them in the treatment of the subject. The broader title is therefore used, even though some features of the amalgamation process have been treated very briefly and others entirely omitted, there being nothing new to present regarding them and their development not required for a clear presentation of the matter in hand. I. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Gold was one of the earliest metals known to man. Occurring in the metallic state, it could be picked up in nuggets or washed, as gold dust, front the sand and gravel of streams. Interesting descriptions of the processes employed in early times for the recovery of gold may be found in Pliny's Natural History and in the treatise by Agricola on ores and minerals. But little progress in the treatment of the ores of gold was possible until efficient -crushing machines were devised. This want was supplied by the introduction, about the beginning of the sixteenth century, of the stamp mill to treat the ores of Saxony. Blanket strikes, or similar devices, were used to catch the

May 1, 1906

By Stanley J. LeFond

Brazil is one of the most outstanding examples of economic development of our time. Its amazing growth record is substantiated by a GNP which has increased at an average rate of 92% for the period 1968-1970 and estimates for 1971 range from 11.7-12.5%. Hence, this growth, coupled with a more relaxed attitude of the Brazilian government towards foreign participation in business opportunities and the remittance of profits out of the country, has caused many exploration companies to reevaluate the potential of Brazil. Despite recent press notices and publicity, Brazil is still not a mining country in the tradition of Canada or Australia. It is still basically an agriculture and manufacturing country.

Jan 11, 1973

Remarks of Mr. Robert W. Hunt, General, Superintendent, Albany and Rensselaer Iron and Steel Company., Troy N. Y.—In discussing Dr. Dudley's two most interesting papers, I feel a natural hesitancy in disagreeing with conclusions formed after such careful and conscientious work. But I think he has made his deductions from too meagre premises. The analyses of but twenty-five samples are entirely too few to justify the establishment of so important a formula. When we consider that he indirectly proposes to regulate an interest amounting, even at the present low prices, to over $20,000,000 per annum, we may well hesitate before accepting a formula based upon the chemical and physical analyses of but twenty-five steel rails. Dr. Dudley touches the keynote in referring to the proposed labors of the Government Test Commission. They based their hopes of attaining success upon the chemical and physical analyses of a very large number of samples, and in the only branch of investigation which the short-sighted policy of Congress has allowed them to complete, i.e., chain cables, we find that a dozen, twenty-five or one hundred tests gave no satisfactory results. It was only after many hundreds that they were enabled to' draw conclusions. There are so many circumstances hearing upon the life of a rail, that the task of extracting a correct result seems herculean. I presume I am right in stating that in our Northern latitudes early winter and spring months witness the breaking of the greatest number of rails, thus seeming to prove that an unstable road-bed has much to answer for. Then, again, broken and flattened wheels must be taken into account, but I am convinced that more rails have been broken by the treatment which they received before leaving the rolling-mill

Jan 1, 1879

By Frances H. Clark

IN wartime, the fabrication and use of metals assumes increased importance, for a modern war of sizable proportions cannot be undertaken with- out a vast supply of this material. Light alloys of aluminum and magnesium, which were comparatively unknown in the last war, will play an important role in this one. Due to research on a vast scale in the interim of years, industry is today well equipped to fabricate metals on an enormous scale. Research for the past year has been most productive and a comprehensive survey in the space of this article would be impossible. It is hoped that the stressing of a few items here and there out of a great quantity of able work will indicate in a small way the advances made within recent times. Specific references to the literature will be omitted at the Editor's re- quest but some authors of papers that I have found of special interest are mentioned.

Jan 1, 1940

By E. C. Olsen

This paper describes the unusual hazardous conditions encountered in mining thick, inclined coal beds under heavy cover in Carbon County, Utah. This description includes heavy roof conditions, sloughing ribs, steep pitches, and severe bouncing experience. Emphasis is placed on the top bench system of mining and development in the top half of a 16-ft seam, under the roof rock, which is bolted, and the recovery of the bottom coal on retreat; success of bolted roof and ribs; and shuttle car haulage on pitches up to 25%. The use of protective cages for operators of face equipment, the guarding of belt conveyor systems to prevent injury associated with deliberate entry, and the positive lockout of electrical equipment is described and illustrated. Most coal mining areas of the Western United States are characterized either by thick beds, steep pitches or heavy cover. Individually, each of these may present inherent safety hazards that in- fluence mining. When all are met at one location, the combined effect is to make the safe operation of the mining property a challenge to management. These combined conditions are met in the coal mines of the Columbia-Geneva Steel Div. of the United States Steel Corp., in southeastern Utah. This coal bed measures up to 16 ft in thickness, the pitch is as much as 25% and mining is under a cover approaching 3000 ft. The Sunnyside coal bed is found in the Book Cliff Mountains, a great escarpment extending from west of Castle Gate, Utah, some 180 miles to Grand Junction, Colo. West of Green River, Utah, the Book Cliffs swing sharply to the north because of the domelike uplift of the San Rafael Swell to the southwest. It is in this northerly extension of the Book Cliffs that the Sunnyside coal in the Blackhawk Formation of the Mesa Verde Group, Upper Cretaceous Age is found. The strata are transected by numerous faults with from a few inches to as much as a hundred feet of displacement. All of these faults have had some effect on the mining operation, either in roof control or, in the case of major faulting, the pattern of mine development. MINING PRACTICES Mining has generally been confined to the Lower Sunnyside Seam which measures from 7 to 16 ft in

Jan 1, 1963

By John C. Cosgrove

IT was just five minutes past midnight, on Wednesday, Jan. 5, 1938, that Mrs. Cosgrove and I sailed from New York City. Our trip was to completely circle the globe, to cover over 40,000 miles and stop at thirty ports-from New York to Trinidad, to South America, via South Africa to the Orient, to India, to the Malay States, to Indo-China, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and across the Pacific home via Honolulu. It is not my intention to make this a complete, technical study of coal or coal mining in the various countries that .we visited but more to outline the general in- formation that the mining engineer and coal operator would absorb in his travels. Coal is the universal fuel and is in use wherever there is commerce and industry. Even on our ship, which, like practically all ocean liners was an oil-burner, a considerable quantity of coal was used for cooking.

Jan 1, 1939

By J. F. Mitchell, R. Bainbridge, E. A. Melvin

IN the fall of 1953, The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada Ltd. put into operation a completely new and modern plant for sintering the rather complex assortment of materials which comprise the feed to the Lead Smelter at Trail, British Columbia. This Lead Smelter is one section of an integrated metallurgical plant producing lead, zinc, silver, gold, cadmium and other metals. Since most of the incoming lead concentrate contains appreci- able zinc values, and most of the zinc concentrate similarly contains appreciable lead values, the cross-routing of residues or tails from the respective lead and zinc plants offers obvious advantages in recovery of metals, and has been practiced for many years. A disparity has existed, however, between the output of zinc plant residue and the capacity of the Lead Smelter to treat it, with the result that over the years a stock-pile of residue had been accumulating, and by the end of World War II had reached the formidable total of half a million tons. To treat this stock-pile, in addition to all current zinc plant residues and, of course, the regular quota of lead concentrates, became a prime objective of the Lead Smelter following World War 11. As zinc plant residue plays an important part in the operations to be discussed in this paper, some consideration of its

Jan 1, 1958

By Scott, Turner

MY whole life has been spent in the mining business, PO I naturally tend to address my remarks particularly to the newly-graduated mining and metallurgical engineers among you. To a certain extent, all forms of engineering principles are involved in the training of the mining engineer, and most sorts of engineering are certainly utilized by him, so every one of this graduatins class is concerned with the field I propose to discuss.

Jan 1, 1932

By Royal Preston Jarvis

minerals of different specific gravities. It is simple in construction, easily operated, capable of treating large quantities in a short time, and highly efficient under various conditions. The question, whether the material to be jigged has first been sized, determines the two principal methods of jigging. Jigging preceded by close sizing, generally known as the Continental or German system, involves a more or less elaborate series of screens or trommels, with attendant cost for installation, operation, and repairs. Jigging without sizing, known as the English system, is, according to Munroe,1 a development of the hand-jigging formerly employed in Cornwall . and introduced by English miners to this country." In its simplest form, the method consists in jigging an ore-mixture previously crushed to some maximum size (although, in some cases, even this preliminary is omitted) oil a relatively coarse sieve, and then jigging again on a filler sieve, the material passing through the first sieve and bedding. While many modifications have been necessary to adapt it for use in mills of large capacity, where hand-work was necessarily, replaced by machines, the principle remains the same; the fact that the English system has been successfully employed, both in this country and abroad, is well known; and arguments have been made for its efficiency and applicability in a wider sphere than it has occupied hitherto. II. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. The fact that treating a mixture of minerals under jigging conditions increased the amount of mineral saved, or, as Professor Richards aptly terms it, 1 ?the extra jig-catch," has long been known. To account for this fact a number of theories have been proposed. The work of Rittinger2 in this field has, for many years, been a classic in the literature of ore-dressing. For the purposes of my present paper, however, the work of two American investigators, Prof. H. S. Munroe and Prof. R. H. Richards, is chiefly concerned. Professor Munroe has given the results of an elaborate series of experiments,3 and his deductions, based largely oil theoretical grounds, of this work. After reviewing briefly the two systems of jigging, followed by a discussion of Rittinger's formulas and

Sep 1, 1908

US 4,190,434 - In the thermal production of magnesium metal, a mixture of calcined dolomite, an iron- silicon-aluminum alloy as a reductant, and residual slag from the production of ferrochromium is smelted to evolve magnesium vapor, which is then condensed. The use of bauxite is lessened or eliminated because of the relatively high alumina content of the residual slag. R. Bonfils, A. Mena, C. Payn, and L. Septier, assigned to Ste. Francaise d’Electrometallurgie (SOFREM). Feb. 26, 1980. 6 pp. (75-10R). Filed: 6-14-78 (915,387). Priority: France, 6-24-77 (77/20,227).

Jan 1, 1982

By William J., Coulter

IN the early days of Colorado mining, between 1880 and 1900, when Leadville, Kokomo, and Robinson were boom mining camps, the entire area around Climax for a matter of fifteen miles was overrun with prospectors, so the mineralized outcrop at Climax was not unknown. The principal interest in minerals during this period was in gold, silver, and lead, and since the Climax outcrop showed none of these it drew little attention. Geology played an important part in bringing prospectors to the very edge of the Climax deposit. The Mosquito fault, which crosses near the base of Bartlett Mountain, continues as an important geological structure, at least as far as Leadville some twelve miles distant, and at the base of Bartlett Mountain the vertical throw on the fault is estimated to be between 2000 and 5000 ft. The sedimentary beds known to the Leadville district are all present on Bartlett Mountain to the north of the Mosquito fault, which cuts them off abruptly, and exposes the Pre-Cambrian rocks that underlaid them, so the prospectors, who were searching for gold, silver, and lead in the sediments

Jan 1, 1946

E. E. Russell Tratman, New York City (communication to the Secretary): Mr. Glenn's paper brings up again the question of the part played by coal-dust in colliery-explosions. In the discussion of Sir Frederick Abel's paper on " Accidents in Mines," read before the Institution of Civil Engineers,? much was said about the dangerous properties of coal-dust, and several instances were given of the successful use of a spray of water, water and compressed air, or exhaust-steam from an engine, to keep the mine SUEciently damp to prevent the formation of dust clouds. Methods of preventing shots from blowing out; of using water cartridges to prevent flame ; and of using lime cartridges, wedges and other means of breaking down the coal were also discussed. Mr. Emerson Bainbridge referred to the explosive termed " roburite " (ammonium nitrate and

Jan 1, 1895

By Henry Wurtz

Jan 1, 1880

Discussion of the paper of EDGAR L. NEWHOUSE, presented at the Salt Lake meeting, August, 1914, and printed in Bulletin: No. 92, August, 1914, pp. 1801 to. 1806. G. C. RIDDELL, East Helena, Mont.-As nearly as I can recall at the present moment, there are only four or five large plants on the continent where the lead on charge is carried in the neighborhood of 40 per cent. These are at Herculaneum, Collinsville, and Federal, Ill.; Trail, B.. C.; and East Helena, Mont. Our object at the latter point is to smelt a maximum amount of Coeur d'Alêne lead sulphides in as compact and self-fluxing a charge as possible, and to this end we are now smelting a mixture that at times carries up to 42 per cent. lead. The monotony of producing the 7,000 tons of bullion shipped each month to. the Omaha and Chicago refineries is relieved somewhat by the fact that the 15,000 tons monthly of Coeur d'Alêne ores that are com-ing to us carry enough zinc to provide the one-half slag used with from 6.5 to 7.5 per cent. zinc clay after day. During the month of March, 1914, three lead furnaces in continous operation, each 136 in. long, averaged 249 tons per furnace clay, exclusive of coke and slag shells, which is smelting at the rate of 5.5 tons per square foot of tuyère area. The

Jan 11, 1914

By Bjorge, Guy N.

MINING method improve through the gradual process of evolution and in 1340 there were no marked outstanding innovations. On the other hand refinements of detail and betterment: in equipment design continued to progress. Among the most important changes have been the increased application of trucks and highway equipment, including tractors and bull- dozers, to open-pit mining as exemplified by Phelps Dodge's Morenci operations; the Mesabi iron range; and the Tri-State district. Mass or bulk handling contributed its part underground with slurhers and conveyors at Consolidated Coppermines and slushers at Climax; and in open-pit mining. conveyors found increased use on the Mesabi range.

Jan 1, 1941

By John T. Norton

N order to attempt to arrive at a better under-Jl standing of the whole basic problem of sintering, these remarks will serve as an introduction for discussion that is included and will, perhaps, help to isolate specific questions which need to be answered or to suggest some definite avenues of investigation which should be followed. To bring some sort of logical order into the presentation, I will consider the various types of interaction between the metal to be sintered and the atmosphere which surrounds it, depending upon whether the phenomena are essentially chemical or physical in nature. For example, when the only necessary criterion for the satisfactory sintering of a certain powder is the removal of an oxide skin, then the problem of choosing a suitable atmosphere is primarily chemical; however, if a special surface condition as a consequence of the oxide skin removal is necessary for particularly effective sintering, then the problem becomes a physical one. Of course, the two aspects overlap considerably, but it may be possible to make a distinction in principle if not in practice. The chemical characteristics of the phenomena will be emphasized, since these are the better known. Metal-gas reactions involved in sintering are controlled primarily by the thermodynamics of the processes involved. In which direction will a reaction go and how far before it stops? The answer is to be found in the magnitude of the free energy change associated with the reaction. If a constituent is to be removed from the specimen as completely as possible or if a constituent is to be formed in the specimen as completely as possible, then one chooses conditions which are far from equilibrium so that the reaction is driven toward completion. On the other hand, if the composition is to be maintained at a desired value, then conditions are adjusted as closely as possible to the equilibrium point. This aspect of the problem is susceptible to quite precise analysis, provided, of course, that the significant reactions can be recognized and the required thermodynamic data are available. Conversely, if one asks how fast the reaction goes or how far it proceeds in a given time, the answer is frequently much more difficult to answer in quantitative terms. Yet the rate-con trolling factors of the reactions may be of primary importance in the success of a particular operation, especially where competing processes are at work. Both equilibrium and rate factors must be understood if a clear picture is to be obtained. For instance, in a process for carburizing titanium dioxide, is the difficulty of obtaining a stoichiometric Tic due to a true limitation of the equilibrium or simply to a very slow rate of reaction? An example of this appears in the work of Kalish and Mazza.' They showed that the oxygen content of sintered iron compacts was lower when sintered in pure hydrogen than in the case where the hydrogen was diluted with either argon or nitrogen. The equilibrium oxygen content of the iron would be the same in the two cases, since it is determined by the ratio of the partial pressures of water vapor and hydrogen and this pressure ratio is unchanged by dilution. The rate of oxygen removal, however, under the conditions of a constantly replaced furnace atmosphere, depends upon diffusion and thus upon the concentration of hydrogen in the furnace atmosphere. Possibly the clearest way to illustrate the interplay of these two factors is to consider in more detail some of the typical metal-gas reactions. Adsorbed Gases It is common experience that fine metal powders with their very large surface areas often contain large quantities of gas. This gas, which results from exposure to air or perhaps from some step in the

Jan 1, 1957

By W. Smith, F. G. Rinker, D. Beggs

Early in 1965 the Surface Combustion Division of the Midland-Ross Corporation was awarded the contract to engineer and construct a taconite pelletizing plant for the National Steel pellet plant, administered by the Hanna Mining Co., near Keewatin, Minn. This plant, which will have an annual capacity of 2,400,000 long tons, will produce pellets from magnetite concentrate using a new process developed through a joint research program by Midland-Ross, Hanna Mining, and the National Steel Corp. The work that culminated in the decision to construct this plant is the result of a research program for the development of the Midland-Ross heat fast process for the production of prereduced or metallized pellets. PELLETIZING PROCESS There are many acceptable methods for producing oxide pellets from ground iron ores and concentrates, and all of these give an acceptable product for blast furnace utilization. The vertical shaft furnace, the traveling grate, and the grate-kiln have been installed in many pelletizing plants in the northern hemisphere; therefore, the acceptance of these methods and the problems associated with them are well understood. However, this research project investigated a method for improving upon these processes to produce a high quality oxide pellet at a low operating cost.

Jan 9, 1966

By WALTER M. DAKE

WITH the renewal of the contract between bituminous miners and operators, whereby a period of three years is assured without the devastating effect of irregularity of operation due to general strikes; and, with the increasing comprehension on the part of the large consumers as to the stabilizing effect of adequate storage upon prices; the coal industry has reached that period of its history in which permanence of purpose towards necessary changes is being crystallized, and these changes accomplished by the industry. It is to be hoped that during this era the phrase- " Our National Coal Problem "-will be relegated to the limbo of' antiquated expressions. That this epoch is upon us is evinced by the fact that operators are turning to consolidations, whereby financially sound companies will acquire smaller production units and place themselves in position to maintain constant supervision and control of their development and output; and, as further proof of the arrival of these changes, may be cited the entrance of additional members of the engineering profession into the many phases of management and operation, where- by the cost per ton of output will be, constantly reduced through the increasing use of modern methods and equipment. As an instance, attention is specifically called to the developments in mechanical loading, proposed and actual continuous underground transportation systems and betterment in methods of preparation.

Jan 1, 1924

By F. A. Seward

A1though the expanding Eltran1 configuration has been used in induced polarization exploration for several years, there has been little application of this method to straight resistivity problems. A comparison of results of resistivity exploration by this technique versus those obtained from Wenner configuration surveys reveals a number of advantages in interpretative resolution as well as in field operation. The application of electrical resistivity to ground-water exploration is well known.= In the past a major portion of this work has been accomplished by use of one or more variations of a technique employing the Wenner3 electrode configuration. With the introduction of the frequency domain technique of induced polarization measurements, used primarily in the exploration for disseminated sulfide deposits, there arose the need for an electrode configuration by which potentials could be measured externally to the current electrode spread in order to minimize coupling between current sending and potential receiving circuits. It was also deemed desirable that the configuration would provide information laterally along profile as well as with depth. To reach these objectives the expanding dipole-dipole configuration (which probably first was used in the electrical transient method of exploration and from which the name 'Eltran' was derived) has been adapted to induced polarization exploration. The author has successfully applied the same techniques

Jan 1, 1963

By Eugene McAuliffe

AS anthracite is no longer used to a marked extent by the rail- ways of the United States (1,513,000 tons in 1933), that portion of the mining industry engaged in the production of bituminous coal is, and will continue to be, the one chiefly concerned with the future use of its product by the railways. In a period such as the present, when all enter- prise is unsettled, when fundamental principles of industrial management and control are being swept aside or else changed overnight, it is difficult to predict what will happen. The relation between the total production of bituminous coal and the volume consumed by the steam rail- ways of the United States, Classes I,

Jan 1, 1936