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Alexander Forsyth, Southport, Me. (communication to the Secretary): In Mr. Irving's able and interesting paper he describes minutely the appearance of the wolframite and its association with the refractory siliceous gold-ore. He also describes this gold-ore, but fails to mention the important pockets of metallic gold found in the Lead City occurrence of it. I use the term " metallic " in preference to the more usual " free," for it has been found that this gold is not easily amalgamated. Metallic gold is comparatively rare in the refractory siliceous gold-ores of the Black Hills; hence its occurrence in considerable amounts in the Lead City wolframite district deserves notice. I possess a beautiful specimen from the Harrison mine. It is a lump of drusy, granular ore, about 6 in. in diameter. The gold .is " shot" through it in large and small pin-heads; and in two specially oxidized areas, each about 11/2 in. in diameter, it is peppered full. The famous " Grantz strike," made in the Lead City wolframite locality, produced many beautiful gold specimens. This district affords an excellent example of the repeated discovery of new mineral values upon old ground. By reason of its proximity to the Homestake vein, this wolframite deposit was inevitably traversed many times by experienced geologists, mineralogists and mining engineers, who evidently must have thrown aside, with no thought of wolframite, the lumps of " black iron " lying about. I have the admission of an able geologist that, six months before the wolframite was discovered, he visited some of the very mines where it occurred, and passed it by as magnetic iron-ore. At the time of the discovery, the mineral was scattered over the gold-mine dumps in no small quantities, having been culled as worthless out of the gold-ore. It remained for

Jan 1, 1902

By F. C. Langenberg, J. Chipman

Jan 1, 1959

By H. D. Newell

Jan 1, 1938

By H. D. Newell

Jan 1, 1938

By E. R. Smith

ANALYSIS of the requirements for gun perforation equipment suitable for penetrating casing and cement showed that these points would be involved: (1) Powder charges electrically detonated under high fluid lieads and at remote distances. (2) Selective firing of sliots in sequence. (3) Sufficient velocity for the bullet to penetrate at least two strings of seamless casing and all cement beyond the strings. (4) Heat-treatment of steels to withstand great pressures and penetration. (5) Esclusiorl of fluid under extremely high hydrostatic pressure. (6) Stranded steel wire line acting as weight - suspending and current - carrying medium. (7) Firing controls operated above the surface. (8) Determining gun depth and suspended weight by means of the wire line. (9) Portability for field use.

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

I N JUNE, 1918, at a meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in Worcester, Mass;, a resolution was adopted for a committee to investigate the aims and organization of that society. This was followed subsequently by similar independent action on the part of the Society of Civil Engineers. The other two Founder Societies were approached and requested to appoint similar committees, the four committees to combine as a .Joint Development Committee, later called the Joint Conference Committee, to investigate what might be done in the way of coordinating those activities of the Founder Societies which ape of common interest, and which were then being pursued separately. The Joint Conference committee worked diligently -for almost. two years and. brought forth a tentative as outlined in its report which was published in full in MINING AND. METALLURGY, December, 1919. It recommended the formation of a nation-wide organization to be composed of representatives' of all of -the engineering societies, local, state, regional, or national, the object to be to further the interest of the public through the use of technical knowledge and engineering experience, and to consider and act upon matters common to the engineering and allied technical professions. Whereas the technical societies have large fields of endeavor in welfare work, and their prime. efforts are 'still in technical lines, this new organization was to be devoted entirely to service, looking to the welfare of the nation and the engineering profession, and to service for the public in local and state affairs.

Jan 1, 1920

CHARLES KIRCHHOFF, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, J. Esrey Johnson, Jr., Felix A. Vogel, William H. Blauvelt, William Kelly, Leonard Waldo, James Gayley, . Richard Moldenke, William R. Walker, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph W. Richards, - William R. Webster. Henry 1%1. Howe, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood. Robert W. Hunt, A. A. Stevenson, The Board of Directors of the Institute has authorized the holding of a meeting under the auspices of the Iron and, Steel Committee in New York City, October 16 and 17, 1913. Gratifying responses have been received to the request of the Committee for contributions, the following papers being already assured: 1. H. M. Howe, Equilibrium Temperature for A, in Carbon Steel. 2. H. M. Howe, The Divorcing of the Eutectoid in Meteorites. 3. H. M. Howe and A. G. Levy, Determination Of the Position of Ae3, in Carbon-Iron Alloys. 4. G. .K Burgess, J. J. Crowe and H. S. Rawdon, Thermal and Microscopical Examination of Professor Howe's Standard Commercial Steels. 5. H. Dl. Hove, Discussion of the Existing Data as to the Position of Ae3,. 6. J. H. Hall, Shock Tests of Cast Steel. 7. H. F. Miller, Jr., The Design of Regenerators for Open-Hearth Furnaces. 8. E. Stütz, Paper on the "Scoria Process." 9. Albert Sauveur, Mayari Steel. 10. Felix A. Vogel, Briquetting. 11. J. E. Johnson, Jr., Paper on " Cast Iron."

Jan 6, 1913

By Kenneth K. Humphreys, Joseph W. Leonard, Robert L. Llewellyn, William F. Lawrence

INTRODUCTION Cleaning fine coal sizes utilizing air currents in machines as the primary separating medium is called dry concentration or pneumatic cleaning. In 1947 approximately 18 million tons (16.38 million mt) of bituminous coal were cleaned by air machines; in 1965, 25.4 million tons (23.1 14 million mt); but in 1975, only 7 million tons (6.37 million mt). Table 11-1 shows the tonnages cleaned of bituminous coal and lignite in the United States by various types of equipment from 1938-1963. Table 11-2 shows only tonnages cleaned by pneumatic methods from 1964-1975. The decrease in tonnage to approximately 7 million tons (6.3 million mt) is due to a higher moisture content in the mined coal and the greater difficulty in cleaning the coal by air. There also was a definite trend to load raw coal at the mines, especially the slack which is the most expensive to clean due to the dewatering and drying requirements. While there have not been any applications of pneumatic cleaning in the anthracite field, its use has not been fully explored. The same is true for lignite and subbituminous coals.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. R. FINLA

THE three great war periods of recent times involving the-chief industrial, commercial, and military nations of the world have been the following: 1. Wars centering around the French Republic and Napoleon Bonaparte, .1791-1815;. involving every nation in Europe, parts of Asia Minor and *North Africa., and the United States of America. 2. Wars in Europe, Asia, and North -America beginning with the Crimean War, 1854-56, the British Empire, France, Sardinia, and Turkey against Russia; the Sepoy rebellion in India, -1857; -war of France . and Sardinia against ..Austria in Italy, .185.9; :the Taiping rebellion in China, 1861; Civil War in , America, 1861-65; French. occupation .of .M Mexico, .1863; Prussian war against :Denmark, :1864; (Prussia and Italy against Austria sand various -south German : states, 1866; :the Franco-German War, 1870.7,1.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. T. Aldred

HIS note reports the existence of several new scandium intermetallic compounds of the A2B and AB stoichiometries where the A element is scandium and the B element is from group VIII or IB of the periodic table. Alloys were arc melted from high-purity materials using 2-g charges. Typical lot analyses for the materials used are given in Table I. Chemical analyses were not made on the alloys as there was little or no weight loss on melting. After annealing the specimens for 14 days at 600°C and water quenching, metallographic and X-ray techniques were used to determine the occurrence of the various phases. Table II lists the relevant data for the A2B phases. The Ti2Ni structure,2 has ninety-six atoms in a face-centered cubic cell, whilst the Al2Cu structure is body-centered tetragonal.3 The occurrence and stability of the various A2B type phases in transition metal alloy systems has recently been considered by Nevitt.4 The Ti2 Ni-type phases occur over a relatively narrow range of radius ratios from 1.14-1.26 with A partners mainly from the titanium group and B partners predominantly from the cobalt group. This suggests that both a favorable relative size of the atoms and a favorable electron concentration are necessary conditions for the existence of this structure type. A12Cu-type phases involving Ti group elements as A partners are formed with B partners from the cobalt and nickel groups, predominantly the latter, and have a higher radius ratio (1.27-1.29) than the Ti2Ni-type phases. The occurrence of both Sc2Pd and Sc2Co can be rationalized in terms of these considerations but SczNi is anomalous because of its high radius ratio. The radius ratios are calculated from the Goldschmidt CN12 radii and it might be postulated that the scandium atom is reduced in size in the compound. Unfortunately the apparent atomic size of scandium in the compound cannot be calculated from a knowledge of the structure and lattice dimensions. The crystal structure of the Sc2Au compound could not be identified from the powder diffraction pattern, but it is interesting to note that it is isostructural with a series of A2Au phases where A is a rare earth element.5 Pertinent information concerning the AB phases found in this investigation is given in Table 111. All the phases have the ordered bcc CsCl structure. The occurrence and stability of CsC1-type phases have recently been discussed by Dwight,7 who concludes that the relative sizes of the atoms do not appear to be a controlling factor (the radius ratios of all the known phases vary between 0.985 and 1.439) but that the occurrence of the phase is predominantly dependent on the relative positions of the A and B partners in the periodic table. As a measure of the stability of a given CsCl phase it has been customary to define a lattice contraction on alloying, DAB — dAB, where DAB is the AB interatomic spacing as calculated from the Goldschmidt CN8 radii and dAB is the AB interatomic distance in the compound (= v3/2 ao). Values of the parameter DscB -dScB for the compounds found in this investigation are given in column 5 of Table III and are plotted in Fig. 1. If the lattice contraction does in fact reflect the stability of a phase then Fig. 1 shows two very interesting trends when the position of the B partner in the periodic table is considered. Firstly, within any given group the stability increases in order on going from the first to third long period. Secondly, within any given period the stability increases in order as the B partner is taken from the copper, nickel, and cobalt groups. In the case of the second long period, the lattice contraction reaches a maximum at ScRh and then decreases to ScRu. The same trend could

Jan 1, 1962

By J. F. K. Brown

ANTHRACITE?S satisfactory showing in 1942 was accomplished in the face of adverse conditions, such as the loss of man power to the active services and to other industries, and the difficulty and delay in obtaining the necessary materials and equipment required in mining operations. Although the in- creased output was stimulated by the war, and thus does not impress one as contributing to continuing improvement in the industry, nevertheless the year witnessed several efforts ant1 consideration of others that have the appearance of permanent progress.

Jan 1, 1943

By John T. Dickman, Ralph E. O’Dette

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is in the process of evolving a computer-based information system which will process all of the material selected for abstracting in the area of chemistry and chemical engineering and its related fields such as the earth sciences and technologies. This system is already operational to some extent and is expected to be fully utilized by 1971. The objective of CAS is to make chemical and related information more readily available, more usable and more used. Chemical Abstracts handle some 5000 abstracts weekly from 13, 000 journals and patents from 25 nations. These cover all of the 80 CA subject sections which relate to chemistry and also extend into areas of interest to geologists, mineralogists, and mining engineers. In this way, CAS fulfills its objective of complete coverage of its major fields, informative abstracting, and indexing to maximum specificity. The concept of a computer-based information system is that of a single machine-language data base into which the results of intellectual analysis of the literature are entered and from which computer programs produce a variety of publications and services applicable to the needs of a wide range of users.

Jan 1, 1969

By Richard A. Hawkins

O the American coal man, Australian coal mining most appear to have little, if any, influence on American coal-mining practice and to bear little relation to it. Actually, the relationship has been close, for Australian operators have carefully studied American practice by reading American technical publications, by consulting American engineers, and by visits to Ameriean operations. They have leaned heavily on America for their supply of mechanization equipment and many American mining-machinery manufacturers are active in that country, supplying its needs and furnishing technical assistance. Australia's influence on American coal mining has been obscure and probably negligible. However, it seems reasonable to assume that this influence will increase. The wartime development of air transportation will inevitably bring these two countries into much more intimate contact than existed in recent years. American servicemen. many of them former miners and coal-mining technicians, have visited Australian operation, while stationed in that country, have talked with operators and men over there, and undoubt-

Jan 1, 1945

By H. S. Gipson

A process that has come to be known locally as "multistage stabilization" has been developed in the Haft Kel field of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. in southwest Iran, for the recovery of casinghead gasoline. It consists in releasing the dissolved gases from the crude by stages, a practice common in many fields, but which, so far as is known, has nowhere been carried to the extent to which it is employed in Iran. It has been in use there for nearly nine years, during which time some 200 million barrels of crude have been handled by the process. This process of gasoline retention consists in preventing the greater part of the casinghead gasoline hydrocarbons (the butanes and pentanes) from ever leaving the crude, instead of allowing them to be vaporized and then recovered from the lighter gases by the usual compression or absorption processes. Its efficiency is fully equal to that obtained by the absorption process; its disadvantage is that it increases the quantities of ethane and propane in the crude sent to the refinery, but with the growing demand for propane this drawback is vanishing. When casinghead gasoline is recovered as a separate liquid in the Iranian fields, it is blended with the crude, as the only outlet is through the refinery, and the crude-oil pipe line offers the cheapest means of transportation. It is under these conditions that the retention of the butanes and pentanes in the crude by multistage stabilization is a most attractive process, possessing as it does the following advantages: (1) extreme simplicity, (2) low first cost, (3) easy installation! (4) practically 100 per cent operating-time efficiency, (5) no operators required, (6) no water or other services required, (7) negligible maintenance, (8) once established, very little routine testing is necessary. The one essential for reasonably efficient multistage stabilization is that the flowing pressures of the wells should be relatively high; i.e., they should not be less than about one-third the saturation pressure of the crude in the reservoir. This is a very general statement, of course, and much depends on the type of crude and its temperature.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. S. Gipson

A process that has come to be known locally as "multistage stabilization" has been developed in the Haft Kel field of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. in southwest Iran, for the recovery of casinghead gasoline. It consists in releasing the dissolved gases from the crude by stages, a practice common in many fields, but which, so far as is known, has nowhere been carried to the extent to which it is employed in Iran. It has been in use there for nearly nine years, during which time some 200 million barrels of crude have been handled by the process. This process of gasoline retention consists in preventing the greater part of the casinghead gasoline hydrocarbons (the butanes and pentanes) from ever leaving the crude, instead of allowing them to be vaporized and then recovered from the lighter gases by the usual compression or absorption processes. Its efficiency is fully equal to that obtained by the absorption process; its disadvantage is that it increases the quantities of ethane and propane in the crude sent to the refinery, but with the growing demand for propane this drawback is vanishing. When casinghead gasoline is recovered as a separate liquid in the Iranian fields, it is blended with the crude, as the only outlet is through the refinery, and the crude-oil pipe line offers the cheapest means of transportation. It is under these conditions that the retention of the butanes and pentanes in the crude by multistage stabilization is a most attractive process, possessing as it does the following advantages: (1) extreme simplicity, (2) low first cost, (3) easy installation! (4) practically 100 per cent operating-time efficiency, (5) no operators required, (6) no water or other services required, (7) negligible maintenance, (8) once established, very little routine testing is necessary. The one essential for reasonably efficient multistage stabilization is that the flowing pressures of the wells should be relatively high; i.e., they should not be less than about one-third the saturation pressure of the crude in the reservoir. This is a very general statement, of course, and much depends on the type of crude and its temperature.

Jan 1, 1940

By Sam Tour

WHAT is a die-casting and what is the die-casting industry? From the literal translation of the words "die" and "casting"' one concludes that a die-casting is a casting made in a die. The casting may be of any metal or alloy or, for that matter, may be of some nonmetallic material capable of being cast, such as plaster of paris or glass. The die may be of any material that will take successive casts so it need not necessarily be metallic in nature. The term "die-casting," therefore, is indeed broad, though in practical usage it has come to mean the casting of metals and their alloys in metallic molds or dies. Even this limitation of the term leaves -a broad field, for castings may be made in a number of different ways. For example, the molten metal may be allowed to run into the die by gravity it may be sucked into the cavity of the die, it may be forced to take the contour of the cavity in the die by centrifiugal force, or it may be forced into the cavity under hydrostatic pressure. In England, castings made by practically all of these

Jan 1, 1935

GENTLEMEN : Herewith are submitted reports for the calendar year 1933 of your Treasurer and the Chairmen of the following standing committees: Finance, Admissions, Membership, Papers and Publications, Library, and MINING AND METALLURGY. TO these reports you are referred for additional details of the year's activity. Finances.-Income for 1933 from all sources totaled $121,690 com- pared with $138,331 in 1932. Incidentally, this exceeded the income as estimated in the budget by $7,190; the largest item being a "surplus" of $3,316 over the budget expectancy as to member dues. As compared with 1932 the most important items of shrinkage in income were $9,000 from dues and initiation fees; $5,500 from the magazine, MINING AND METALLURGY; and $2,500 from sales of publications other than the magazine.

Jan 1, 1934

By H. S. Gibson

A PROCESS that has come to be known locally as "multistage stabiliza-tion" has been developed in the Haft Kel field of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. in southwest Iran, for the recovery of casinghead gasoline. It con-sists in releasing the dissolved gases from the crude by stages, a practice common in many fields, but which, so far as is known, has nowhere been carried to the extent to which it is employed in Iran. It has been in use there for nearly nine years, during which time some 200 million barrels of crude have been handled by the process. This process of gasoline retention consists in preventing the greater part of the casinghead gasoline hydrocarbons (the butanes and pentanes) from ever leaving the crude, instead of allowing them to be vaporized and then recovered from the lighter gases by the usual compression or absorption processes. Its efficiency is fully equal to that obtained by the absorption process; its disadvantage is that it increases the quantities of ethane and propane in the crude sent to the refinery, but with the growing demand for propane this drawback is vanishing. When casinghead gasoline is recovered as a separate liquid in the Iranian fields, it is blended with the crude, as the only outlet is through the refinery, and the crude-oil pipe line offers the cheapest means of transportation. It is under these conditions that the retention of the butanes and pentanes in the crude by multistage stabilization is a most attractive process, possessing as it does the following advantages: (1) extreme simplicity, (2) low first cost, (3) easy installation, (4) practically 100 per cent operating-time efficiency, (5) no operators required, (6) no water or other services required, (7) negligible maintenance, (8) once established, very little routine testing is necessary. The one essential for reasonably efficient multistage stabilization is that the flowing pressures of the wells should be relatively high; i.e., they should not be less than about one-third the saturation pressure of the crude in the reservoir. This is a very general statement, of course, and much depends on the type of crude and its temperature.

Jan 1, 1939

By R. Stefanko, Y. J. Wang, H. R. Hardy, R. Y. Kim

Since 1964, the Dept. of Mining at The Pennsylvania State University has been carrying out extensive studies associated with the phenomena of microseismic activity and inelastic behavior in geologic materials. Briefly, the program to date has involved the following stages 1) Study of the microseismic noise and energy rates for selected geologic materials under incremental, uniaxial tension.1,2 2) Investigation of the frequency spectra of microseismic activity of selected geologic materials under incremental, uniaxial tension.3,4 3) Investigation of the time-dependent inelastic deformation of geologic materials and the analysis of such deformation in terms of mechanical models.5, 6 4) Simultaneous study of microseismic activity and time-dependent inelastic deformation in geologic materials under incremental, uniaxial compression.7,8 Details of the research involved in stage 4 of the program constitute the subject of this chapter. It should be noted that the majority of the experimental data quoted in this chapter forms part of a thesis to be presented by one of the authors (Kim) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in mining engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. During the last two or three years, a number of important papers have been published which deal primarily with the fundamental structure and mechanical behavior of geologic materials. Recent papers 9,10 have provided research workers in the rock mechanics field with a meaningful overall picture of rock as a structural material. The concept that many

Jan 1, 1970

By Wayne E. Tuomi

The mining industry is faced with a pressing problem; that is, to develop more efficient methods of extraction, handling and upgrading-techniques that will do the job faster and better than ever before. New techniques require new machines, or applications of new and improved materials that can be used to modify and improve existing machine and equipment designs. The traditional approach has been to increase productivity by increasing equipment size. Prognostication indicates that the trend toward larger equipment sizes and capacities will continue as one answer to the challenge imposed by future increases in mineral demands. But what is the limit on the continued growth of equipment size? Until about 1930, there was a very definite limit-a limit imposed by the strength of the steels and the power plants then available. The equipment engineer had come to an impasse: even though it was easily possible, for instance, to triple the size of a bucket, it had become impractical to correspondingly enlarge the boom, the counterweight, and the power plant.

Jan 3, 1967