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Jan 1, 1913

By Walter E. Heinrichs

Since World War II exploration geophysics has derived its scope from the following factors: first, the usual post-war interest in exploration to rebuild war-depleted reserves; second, the impetus supplied by the uranium prospecting boom; third, increased demand for natural resources due to the Korean War; fourth, the discovery of substantial metallic ore by geophysical means in Canada, the U. S., and other countries; and, finally, continuing discoveries of commercial oil by geophysical methods throughout the world. The past year's national business slump has severely curtailed mining exploration in general and correspondingly has brought about even greater reductions in applied geophysics in mining. Petroleum exploration, conceived and executed on a broader statistical basis than mining, has kept up its geophysical programs relatively well, although domestic work has been substantially reduced.

Jan 7, 1959

Horace F. Lunt, York, Montana* :—Two years ago I visited the region described by Mr. Jennings and assisted in the examination of a somewhat similar group of deposits in the White Mesa sandstone on the Navajo Indian Reservation, 125 miles north of Flagstaff and 50 miles east of the Kaibab plateau. There, the Triassic red sandstone is less than 200 ft. thick, and is overlain by a stratum from 200 to 250 ft. thick of white sandstone, which gives the name of " White Mesa" to that locality. The white sandstone shows all phases of crossbedding in great complexity, and evidently marks a period of oscillation and subsidence of the water, or an elevation of the land, at the close of a geological epoch. The prevailing color is white or gray, but occasionally it is red. In structure, it is composed of well-worn grains of quartzsand, from which most of the cementing material has been leached out, leaving it soft and friable. Possibly the cement was ferruginous, as is indicated by occasional traces of red color. The copper-deposits consist of a replacement of the cement of one particular cross-bedded stratum of the sandstone by chrysocolla, having also at times various quantities of tenorite in grains or masses. Some specimens of the ore contain as much as 32 per cent. of copper. Generally the copper-deposits are a few hundred cubic feet in size, and no strict line of demarcation is shown between them and the surrounding sandstone, the bluish-green color of the chrysocolla gradually fading into the white of the sandstone. The ore is apparently associated with small vertical crevices or fissures. Some of the deposits show a distinct vein-structure, while others do not. The origin of the ore is not very clear. Undoubtedly the solutions, coursing through the crevices noted above, played a prominent part in its deposition, as possibly

Jan 1, 1904

By AIME AIME

This volume, in the preparation of which all former annual or collective indexes have been not only compiled but revised, is published for the special benefit of all who do not possess complete sets of the Transactions. And it is published at this particular time, as part of a plan by which it is hoped that the Library of the Institute, which, through liberal donations, has become unexpectedly comprehensive and valuable, may be made useful throughout the world. Thus, any person possessing this Index can ascertain at once what has been published in the Transactions on a given question, and can learn, by writing to the Secretary, what is its nature, whether it is still to be had in pamphlet form, where it can be consulted in a public library, at what cost it can be copied by hand, etc., etc. In short, to those who own complete sets of the Transactions, this Index will be a great convenience; but to those who do not, it will be a professional necessity. The edition now in press is limited, and orders received will be supplied according to date.

Jul 1, 1907

By P. G. Dunn

Geologic studies during development at Copper Flat were directed at acquiring the necessary information in evaluating a low-grade porphyry copper deposit. In addition to the geologic mapping and core-logging of a typical exploration project, these studies included: - careful checks on the sampling and assaying, - selection of representative samples used to establish the recoverable amounts of precious metals in the ore, - examination of underground workings driven to provide samples both for metallurgical testing and for assay comparison, - evaluation of plant site and waste dump areas as non-material, including a placer examination of the tailings disposal area, and location of an adequate water supply. All these investigation were carefully documented to provide the necessary data both for the engineering design and, more importantly, for the feasibility studies required for successfully financing the project.

Jan 1, 1985

By Charles A. Morgan

The proms of mire drawing depends upon the property which certain metals possess, termed ductility, which is defined in Brande's Dictionary of Science as a property inconhequcnce of which metals may be drawn out at length wilhotit interrupting the continuity of their constituent parts. As ticfincd thy M. Tresca, it is the property of flowing when subjected to pressure, and ie termed by him the "flow of solids," in his paper, read before the AcaiXemy of Sciences in Paris, November, 1866 * In the simple language of the wire shop, it is that quality in certain metals that thcm to be drawn (or etretched) out througl~ a tapering hole in a metal block or die, the die being more dense and harder than the metal to be redud. It is a fact well known to tllose slrillet1 in the ai*, that to eu~xeed in drawing iron or steel wire, it is of' the utmost, importance to have tborough lubritatiun, as a lack of it woullii udu-se abrasion of the wire, or of the walls of the tapering hole in the dia or plate, and quickly put an end to the operation. In drawing coarse or large sizes of pire, say & inoh diameter, the pressure upon the sides of the tay~dng hole, where the wire comes i.u contact with the die, so great that an ordina,y labricaot is equeezed out when the nsoal rc~luctions iu size are matie, and abrasion takea place. In order to meet this diffic:ulty, and emure proper lubrication, it has been a ccmmon prtictice for yazrs to apply a paste made of rye or wheaten flour, or lime, to the surface of the wire to be drawn, and when the pnstc is dry, to smwr tl~e wire with tallow or grease; the wire is then ready to be draw, the dried pa serving fo prevent the lubricant from being presetf out in the prows. Some years since, when Bessemer metal came iargely into use material for wire, 'the writer fourid that its dmwing requid so much more power than iron wire, that he was led to institute a. series of trials to ascertain the difference in power required. It was fotind that Bessemer wire requircd from 100 to 200 per cent. more power to makc the same reduction in sizes than soft iron wire, the difference depending npou the amount of carbon and other chemical constitu-

Jan 1, 1881

By David Baker

Devices for saving labor in immediate connection with the operation of the iron blast-furnace have received comparatively little attention. Machines for hoisting and blowing, always employed in some form, have been improved; but charging, tapping, casting and handling the pig-iron in the beds are still performed chiefly by manual labor. At almost all furnaces, filling is done with the handbarrow of twenty-five years ago; and it is only recently that, here and there, chills have been employed in the cast-house instead of the usual sand-beds, to lessen the labor of handling the pig, as well as to secure its greater purity. The manual labor of opening and closing the tapping-hole has

Jan 1, 1893

By James F. Lewis

The hematite iron ore mines east of the Hudson River are confined to a strip of country ten to fifteen miles wide, commencing on the south, near Fishkill, running northeast through Dutchess County, and striking the southeast corner of Columbia County, extending into Litchfield County, Conn., known there as the Salisbury mines, cropping out again at and near West Stockbridge, Lanesboro, and Cheshire, Mass., also in Bennington County, Vermont. The ores are found in beds or deposits and in veins, with a limestone ledge on one side and slate on the other, from six to thirty feet from the surface. Portions of it are quite solid, called rock ore, but

By M. Van Siclen

THE outstanding fact in connection with dust disease in the United States at present is the growing recognition of its seriousness by state officials and by the more progressive operators of mining, metallurgical and allied industrial plants. The same may perhaps be said of labor in some of its better organized centers, but the average independent non-union workman continues, as of yore, to suffer the toll of disability and even of death from dust inhalation without realization of the source of his ill-being. Progress in the betterment of the handling of sufferers from dust disease and of the conditions creating dust hazards in mining and allied industries is pursuing a course similar to that of the now widespread campaign against accidents, in which the risk is more obvious, more severe, and was naturally recognized sooner. The coming on of dust disease is generally relatively slow and its immediate effects not infre-quently masked by or attributed to other diseases. Marked exceptions to this general rule have occurred in districts where the dust is particularly pernicious, such as the Rand and Joplin; yet such exceptions, unhappy in themselves, opened the eyes of medical men, and of those in other localities charged with the responsibility for the welfare of industry, to the much more widespread if less spectacular hazard existing from the inhalation of dust in all rock-excavating operations and all industrial operations creating inorganic dust, whether it be crushing and grinding, sand-blast-ing, granite-cutting, or what not. Advancement to date in the United States in prevention and treat-ment has been slow, yet the record shows that quantitative methods for determining the degree of hazard and means for decreasing it were being developed as far back as 25 years ago; and that more rapid progress may be looked for from now on. In 1908, in this country, F. L Hoffman?(1) discussed the mortality from consumption in dusty trades, especially brass foundries; and in 1913 E. R. Hayhurst(2) described the effects of inhalation

Jan 1, 1933

By M. Van Siclen

THE outstanding fact in connection with dust disease in the United States at present is the growing recognition of its seriousness by state officials and by the more progressive operators of mining, metallurgical and allied industrial plants. The same may perhaps be said of labor in some of its better organized centers, but the average independent non-union workman continues, as of yore, to suffer the toll of disability and even of death from dust inhalation without realization of the source of his ill-being. Progress in the betterment of the handling of sufferers from dust disease and of the conditions creating dust hazards in mining and allied industries is pursuing a course similar to that of the now widespread campaign against accidents, in which the risk is more obvious, more severe, and was naturally recognized sooner. The coming on of dust disease is generally relatively slow and its immediate effects not infre-quently masked by or attributed to other diseases. Marked exceptions to this general rule have occurred in districts where the dust is particularly pernicious, such as the Rand and Joplin; yet such exceptions, unhappy in themselves, opened the eyes of medical men, and of those in other localities charged with the responsibility for the welfare of industry, to the much more widespread if less spectacular hazard existing from the inhalation of dust in all rock-excavating operations and all industrial operations creating inorganic dust, whether it be crushing and grinding, sand-blast-ing, granite-cutting, or what not. Advancement to date in the United States in prevention and treat-ment has been slow, yet the record shows that quantitative methods for determining the degree of hazard and means for decreasing it were being developed as far back as 25 years ago; and that more rapid progress may be looked for from now on. In 1908, in this country, F. L Hoffman?(1) discussed the mortality from consumption in dusty trades, especially brass foundries; and in 1913 E. R. Hayhurst(2) described the effects of inhalation

Jan 1, 1933

By Carl Samans

IN their recent complete review of the subject of age-hardening,1 R. F. Mehl and L. K. Jetter classify the main types of precipitation-hardening alloys under two headings, depending upon the nature of the precipitate and the character of the precipitation. In the alloys falling under the first heading, which display "continuous precipitation" and are typified by the aluminum-copper alloys, "precipitation seems to occur without much regard to grain boundaries and apparently at much the same rate at every point," although an acceleration in regions plas-tically deformed has definitely been established .2 In the second type of alloys the precipitation is "discontinuous," as in the copper-silver system for example, and "seems to start in restricted regions, primarily those contiguous with the grain boundaries, and to spread inward in an advanc-ing wave." The reasons for the occurrence of these two greatly different types of precipitation are unknown, as are those for many other reactions that take place in the solid state. In the present paper only the first or "continuous" type of precipita-tion will be dealt with, for which a complete crystallographic mechanism has been worked out for the process of precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution of copper in aluminum. Based upon this mechanism, an explanation of the various property changes found experimentally will be developed in the second paper of this series. In later papers "dis-continuous precipitation" in copper-silver alloys will be explained, and an effort will be made to rationalize the two processes and types of precipitation.

Jan 1, 1940

By Rossiter W. Raymond

The 12th of April, 1877, witnessed the celebration, at Freiberg, Saxony, of an event profoundly important for the ancient mining industry of that district, and full of interest to mining engineers throughout the world—namely, the connection of the famous Roth-

Jan 1, 1879

By M. Van Siclen

THE outstanding fact in connection with dust disease in the United States at present is the growing recognition of its seriousness by state officials and by the more progressive operators of mining, metallurgical and allied industrial plants. The same may perhaps be said of labor in some of its better organized centers, but the average independent non-union workman continues, as of yore, to suffer the toll of disability and even of death from dust inhalation without realization of the source of his ill-being. Progress in the betterment of the handling of sufferers from dust disease and of the conditions creating dust hazards in mining and allied industries is pursuing a course similar to that of the now widespread campaign against accidents, in which the risk is more obvious, more severe, and was naturally recognized. sooner. The coming on of dust disease is generally relatively slow and its immediate effects not infre-quently masked by or attributed to other diseases. Marked exceptions to this general rule have occurred in districts where the dust is particularly pernicious, such as the Rand and Joplin; yet such exceptions, unhappy in themselves, opened the eyes of medical men, and of those in other localities charged with the responsibility for the welfare of industry, to the much more widespread if less spectacular hazard existing from the inhalation of dust in all rock-excavating operations and all industrial operations creating inorganic dust, whether it be crushing and grinding, sand-blast-ing, granite-cutting, or what not. Advancement to date in the United States in prevention and treat-ment has been slow, yet the record shows that quantitative methods for determining the degree of hazard and means for decreasing it were being developed as far back as 25 years ago; and that more rapid progress may be looked for from now on. In 1908, in this country, F. L Hoffman?(1) discussed the mortality from consumption in dusty trades, especially brass foundries; and in 1913 E. R. Hayhurst(2) described the effects of inhalation

Jan 1, 1933

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Albert Sauveur

My first paper dealing with the theories of the hardening of steel by rapid cooling was published in the Transactions of this Institute in 1896— 30 years ago-under the title "The Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening," hence, also, the title of the present paper. It was extensively discussed and was, I believe, one of the starting points of many subsequent papers and discussions of the same subject, dis-cusssions which at times became almost violent and which led to the formation of different schools such as the "Carbonists" and the "Allo-tropists." Some of the older members of the Institute, who took part in the debate or who were interested observers, will, I am sure, have kept a vivid remembrance of it. The controversy gradually quieted down, apparently for lack of ammunition, without any side acknowledging defeat. Recently, however, interest in it ha been revived through the claims of some that these vexed questions had at last been solved. In an effort to ascertain if possible the prevailing view of those best qualified to express an opinion a questionnaire was submitted to the following gentlemen: J. 0. Arnold Sir Robert Hadfield Edgar C. Bain W. H. Hatfield Carl Benedicks Samuel L. Hoyt N. Belaiew Kotaro Honda H. M. Boylston Zay Jeffries Harry Brearley H. Le Chatelier G. K. Burgess H. H. Lester William Campbell Francis F. Lucas H. C. H. Carpenter John A. Mathews Pierre Chevenard A. McCance P. Dejean Albert Portevin C. A. Edwards Walter Rosenhain F. Giolliti Bradley Stoughton G. Grenet F. C. Thompson Leon Guillet

Jan 1, 1926

By J. H. Johns, G. R. Stephan

The Climax mine has a history of dealing with ground control problems caused by major stress concentrations in the orebody. These stress concentrations, called weight, can arise in a variety of ways. The general effects of depth, rock type, and mining method give rise to weight problems, but local geologic features and daily cave line management can have even greater effects. Over the years a number of techniques have been developed for identifying weight problems in advance and for cow with them. These techniques all help us to amid interrupting the pace of cave advance and minimize the loss of production.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. P. Witherow

The blast-filmace plant of the Crozer Steel and Iron Company was built under contract by Witherow & Gordon, of Pittsburgh, Pa. The furnace is 70 feet high by 16 feet bosh, tunnel-head 12 feet 8 inches, and hearth 9 feet in diameter. The columns are 20 feet high above furnace level, below which they extend 2 feet. The shell is 23 feet diameter at bottom and 19 feet at top. The plate iron is 3/8 inch at bottom, and tapers to 1/4 inch, the top ring being 5/16 inch.

Jan 1, 1884

By H. C. Fiedler

X HE development of the cube-on edge secondary re-crystallization texture in Si-Fe strip requires that normal grain growth be restrained. It has been shown that the degree of restraint and hence the completeness of secondary recrystallization depends upon the size and number of second-phase particles, which in turn is dependent upon the prior processing history.1y2 The purpose of this note is to show that, for heats in which manganese sulfide particles are providing the restraint to grain growth, the choice of hot rolling temperature depends upon the manganese content. The making and processing of the heats to the final gage of 0.012 in. has been described.3 The compositions are given in Table I. Apparent in Fig. 1 is the decrease in the ability of strips hot-rolled from 1175°C to undergo secondary recrystallization as the manganese content increases. It has been shown that 1175°C is below the solubility temperature of 0.014 pet S in even the 0.038 pct Mn alloy: and the observed behavior is attributed to an increasing fraction of the sulfur forming large manganese sulfide particles at the heating temperature for hot rolling. This fraction of the sulfur is thus unavailable to subsequently form the small, uniformly dispersed particles which are needed to restrain normal grain growth. Since the sulfur is completely in solution at 1325°C,3 strips from all three alloys show strong secondary recrystallization behavior when hot-rolled from that temperature.

Jan 1, 1969

By AIME AIME

Air transport supplants the old methods. The 3-piece canoe fits in the plane and likewise makes possible not a bad division of labor over a 5-mile portage

Jan 1, 1933