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By Rene Grabowski

Optimization of workflows and intelligent stock management; Slab stacking improvement by automated transport orders; and System automatically registers any slab movements even in manual operation. Case story: Steel producer ArcelorMittal Eisenhüttenstadt GmbH in Germany uses Primetals Technologie’s new stock yard logistics system in its finishing department. An exact image of its slab storage at any times is given by the warehouse logistics system to the company. It not only enhances the composition of the stacks of slabs, but also automates recording of manual restacking operations. Therefore the solution improves workflows and simplifies stock control. Cycle times have also been reduced due to the fact that the slabs can be charged to reheating furnaces ahead of the rolling mill due to less restacking operations within the slab storage. The expandable, modular system is based on the Siemens Simatic IT and Primetals Technologies’ IT4METALS Logistics product platform. It provides a large number of organizational and commercial features in the form of sophisticated graphics and tabular evaluations. For example, it can show how many crane movements have been made per shift for any category of slab, so that the time and cost for each operation can be calculated accurately.

Aug 16, 2017

By Henrique Lacerda Eleutério, Aldo Henrique de Almeida Barbosa, Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono

The automotive industry’s interest in galvannealed (GA) boron steel for hot forming processes application has been steadily increasing due to its excellent surface quality, galvanic protection provided to the parts, good paint adhesion and better weldability in relation to other coatings for this application. In this study, samples of 22MnB5 galvannealed steel were heat treated and hot stamped on a water cooled die in laboratory scale. The influence of heat treatment on stability of coating and steel was assessed by using initial heating rates 11.0ºC/s and 15.0ºC/s. Microstructural evolution of galvannealed coating and structural integrity of steel during hot forming were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (SEM/EDS/Line scan), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM). It was possible to quantify the Fe-Zn phase evolution during hot forming, to understand the effect of these heating rates on the product properties and to establish an optimized heat treatment for hot forming of these steel. The heat treatment with the heating rate of 15.0ºC/s presented greater operational flexibility and final products free from surface defects or cracks in the substrate.

Oct 1, 2019

By Hugo M. Checo

Friction-reducing textures for lubricated mechanisms have received much attention since the advent of microtexturing techniques. In this work we consider the piston ring/liner contact, numerically simulating the rings as they slide against a textured liner. This situation has not been sufficiently analyzed because its numerical complexity is much greater than that of texturing the rings. Further, we consider the actual typical geometries of oil-control, wiper and compression rings, under realistic loads and velocities. The results show the possibility of friction reduction when the texture on the liner is properly designed, identifying starvation alleviation as a crucial intervening mechanism.

Jul 31, 2018

By Martim Hideki Nakayama Kurauchi

One of the main issues regarding the use of charcoal in metallurgical processes is its mechanical strength, which is much lower than coke. There is no defined standard to determine charcoal compression strength, and the methods described in the literature consist in using a prepared specimen and applying compressing load in the same direction of the charcoal fibres. As charcoal is highly anisotropic, it is proposed a procedure that does not use a specimen and with load applied on a specific direction. Instead, it intends to simulate industrial conditions by randomly dumping charcoal inside a tube, without preferential directional arrangement. This is an attempt to determine charcoal mechanical strength and predict the behaviour of bulk charcoal under a static load, as in a blast furnace. Experiments with controlled loads have been carried out on randomly distributed bulk charcoal with controlled initial size and their effect on the size distribution has been analysed. After compression, charcoal is screened and each size is weighed, determining the particle size distribution of the experiment. This method can therefore be used to evaluate charcoal mechanical strength.

Aug 1, 2018

By HaiWen Luo, Bin Hu

A ultra-high strength medium Mn steel with good ductility was designed and manufactured via the combination of warm rolling and V alloying, which produced not only the extensive precipitation of fine VC particles in both ferrite and austenite but also the bimodal size distribution of retained austenite (RA) grains. A substantial increase of yield strength up to 650 MPa was achieved due to the addition of V without deteriorating ductility. The coarse RA grains firstly transformed to martensite during yielding at the much higher stress threshold, followed by a significant work hardening due to dislocations multiplication, twinning-induced-plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) in the ultrafine RA grains. The best combination of strength and ductility included 1.5 GPa ultimate tensile strength and 28% total elongation. This was achieved due to the sustainable TRIP and TWIP effects in the later straining stage resulting from the ultrafine austenite grains, the latter were reversely transformed from the recrystallized ferrite grains.

Oct 1, 2019

By Alessandro Marques

Based on a short overview regarding steel defects in the final product, several refractory approaches to maintain or increase steel cleanliness are reviewed in this publication. By applying a ladle to mold approach, one potential to maintain cleanliness is to reduce the probability of air ingress by selection of a suitable slide gate system. Following this path, also the influence of a special configured impact pot is presented to maintain steel quality. Finally, higher productivity as well as cleanliness can be provided by selection of PROIL as a revolutionary product at the casting machine.

Oct 30, 2017

By Cristiano José Scheuer

The effect of low-temperature plasma carburizing treatment on the micro-abrasive wear resistance of AISI 420 steel was investigated by mean of a CSM Calowear ball-cratering equipment. Carburized samples were treated at temperatures of 350, 400, 450 and 500°C for a fixed time of 12 h, using a gas mixture containing 99.5% (80% H2+20% Ar)+0.5% CH4. Micro-scale abrasive wear tests were conducted with a 25.4 mm AISI 420 steel sphere, using an abrasive suspension of alumina (Al2O3) with particle size of 1 ?m (abrasive concentration of 0.11 g/cm³). The contact normal force, abrasive flow and ball rotation speed were fixed at: 0.5 N, 0,2 drop/s, and 120 rpm. The wear craters were analyzed using a confocal laser microscope, Olympus OLS 3000. The wear analyses were performed for test times of: 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 900 s (equivalent sliding distance: 0.84, 1.68, 2.52, 3.36, 5.04, 10.09, 15.14, 20.19 and 25.23 m, respectively). The results indicate that the wear coefficient in the outer layer and in the diffusion layer are different, being lower in the latter. It was also verified that the wear coefficient on the outer layer region decreases with increasing treatment temperature in the range of 350 to 450 °C, and increase again for 500ºC. The diffusion layer wear coefficient is similar for all the carburized samples. Finally, for all studied conditions, the analysis of the wear craters surface indicates the occurrence of grooving and micro-rolling abrasion wear modes.

Aug 8, 2018

By Nathanael Wagner Sales Morais

Os aços maraging tem grande importância tecnológica devido sua aplicação nas industrias aeroespacial e nuclear. Uma das aplicações para esse material é a fabricação de cilindros de alta resistência pelo processo de estampagem profunda, logo o conhecimento da textura cristalográfica torna-se fundamental. Este trabalho investigou o efeito da laminação à frio seguida por um recozimento sobre a microestrutura, textura e anisotropia plástica no aço maraging 350. A anisotropia foi medida pelo cálculo dos coeficientes de Lankford e dos coeficientes de anisotropia normal (Rm) e planar (?R). Os resultados mostraram o aumento na deformação a frio gera um aumento na intensidade da fibra acompanhada de um aumento no valor de Rm. As análises metalográficas mostram que maiores reduções induzem à um precipitação intermetálica após o recozimento.

Aug 8, 2018

By Douglas Glenn Stalheim

The demands for improved mechanical properties in hot rolled long products are increasing as the expectations of global Standards and construction designer’s increase. Cost constraints limit the excessive use of expensive alloys to meet these expectations. In addition, depending on the mill, equipment can limit what can be realized to meet the increasing expectations. The most effective way to meet the increasing expectations for improved mechanical properties of optimum strength and ductility is through producing steel with as fine as possible uniform cross sectional grain size in the “as-rolled” condition. The best solution to the development of this fine and uniform cross sectional grain size is to develop a cost effective alloy design coupled with proper metallurgical process control implemented into an existing mill’s equipment capability and layout. In other words, properly bringing together alloy, metallurgy, process control and existing equipment capabilities to develop an optimum product that can meet the increasing demands of the construction designer. This paper is designed to give a solid understanding of the production and metallurgical requirements to achieve a grain size in “as-rolled” long products that is as fine as possible within the limitations of the process and production parameters of the individual plant.

Jul 30, 2018

By Giuseppe Pintaude

The use of two-dimensional shape parameters to characterize abrasive particles is a possible approach to express their angularity. Nonetheless, in sliding abrasion, especially in pin abrasion testing, coated papers structure plays an important role and even its damage during the wear process should not be neglected. This manuscript discuss the limitations of two-dimensional shape descriptors in distinguishing wear caused by relatively hard particles, indicating that the wear data obtained in sliding abrasion tests are unable to distinguish different types of coated papers used when only the two-dimensional particle projection is considered for shape characterization.

Jul 31, 2018

By J. N. Stevens, M. Tulwin, P. J. Lawlor

All metals producers are on an unending search for a competitive advantage. They need to produce in the most cost effective way. Sometimes a new mill might be considered but in this paper we present examples of how this might not always be necessary. A detailed investigation by an equipment vendor who can consider the mill and or plant as a complete entity: mechanics, automation and process control can often find solutions that are both lower cost and can be implemented in shorter time frames.

Oct 1, 2019

By José Fagundes Jr., Juliano Braz Possatti, Bruno Câmara Vieira, Gabriel Godinho Alves, Bruno Bastos da Silva Murad, Cristina Maria de Oliveira Roque

Driven by market trends, increasing environmental accountability, government regulations and fostered by the Company’s strategic plan, ArcelorMittal Tubarão has developed new steel products to deliver better solutions to fit each customer’s needs. This often translates in higher strength, more complex and dimensionally challenging (thinner and wider) steels to attend a broad array of goals, such as reduction of vehicles fuel consumption and carbon emissions, increase in fatigue performance of heat treated parts, higher load capacity per net weight in vessels or wagons and lower supplying lead time as ArcelorMittal Tubarão establishes itself as a domestic option for so far imported grades. Based on the annual Product Development Plan, a structured workflow involves technical discussions from an operational point of view about safety issues, metallurgical project, steel grade family definitions, offline simulations prior to field trials, deformation resistance and process parameters adjustments and scheduling strategy. As a result of the increasing synergy between the areas, the share of new materials developed in recent years has been sustainably increased up to 15% in 2018, adding value to the final product without impact on hot rolled coil output and with a low cobble index.

Oct 1, 2019

By Jean Viana Bahia, Antônio Adel dos Santos, Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono

During cold rolling of Cr-Mo alloyed DP steel, considerable oscillation of thickness may occur. The literature points out that such occurrence is due to non-uniform cooling of the coil after the hot rolling process. Since the austenite transformation in this steel continues after coiling, the microstructure and, consequently, mechanical properties are very susceptible to natural variations in cooling rates associated with distinct positions of the coil. The influence of coil cooling conditions on thickness oscillation during cold rolling was evaluated in this work by using both industrial experiments and dilatometer tests. It was verified that an industrial coil presented large variation of mechanical properties associated with its heterogeneous microstructure. Consequently, thickness oscillation occurred during cold rolling. Dilatometer tests simulating hot run-out table and coil cooling showed that the austenite transformation is very slow under small cooling rates that occur after coiling. Thus, the slow transformation rate makes the coil very susceptible to environmental conditions around it during its natural cooling and is responsible for variation in mechanical properties of the coil. To ensure the formation of a more homogeneous microstructure in the whole coil, it is necessary either to make use of technologies that improves the cooling uniformity or to adjust the steel alloy design. The latter alternative has been done with relative success by using conceptions with lower amounts of Cr and Mo.

Oct 1, 2019

By Nigel Marx

In order to understand (and ultimately to predict) the friction reduction resulting from the use of polymer solutions, the rheological properties of model polymer solutions have been measured over a wide range of shear rates. Both temporary and permanent shear thinning have been observed. By using base fluids of different viscosities it has been shown that permanent shear thinning depends more closely on the shear stress experienced by the fluid than on the strain rate. Hydrodynamic measurements have been made on the polymer solutions using a compliant ball on flat lubricated contact that operates in isoviscous-elastic conditions. The measured friction values can only be predicted with reasonable accuracy if the measured shear thinning properties of the lubricant are taken into account in the hydrodynamic model.

Jul 31, 2018

By Patrícia Mundim Campos Faria

The process of particle size reduction by grinding is inherently inefficient and involves high capital and operating costs. In particular, ball milling is one of the important unit operations in the iron ore pelletizing process. The mill product, due to its physical properties, determines the efficiency of subsequent stages of classification, filtration and pelletizing, thus impacting the quality of iron ore pellets. The work demonstrates the application of the population balance model in the optimization of a full-scale ball mil circuit grinding pellet fines with the aim to evaluate the optimal solids concentration to improve iron ore pellet quality. Initially, detailed experimentation was carried out in a 25.4 cm diameter batch mill and a relationship for mill scale-up using a linear population balance model in wet grinding systems was established. The selection and breakage parameters and the specific selection functions were determined for pellet feed iron ore. It was possible to identify the non-normalizable nature of the breakage functions of the ore studied, which were modeled properly. Afterwards, as a result of incorporating the specific selection functions and breakage functions into the linear population balance model, it was possible to predict product size distributions in the pilot and plant scale mills (0.416 and 5.18 m diameter, respectively) from data obtained in the 25.4 cm diameter mill. Finally, with this scale-up procedure it was possible to appraise the plant scale optimization via laboratory scale grinding mill tests. The effects of changing percent solids were assessed in order to improve the industrial mill performance and the optimal value should be in the range from 76 to 80%.

Aug 1, 2018

By Roberto Balarini Junior

Tribological behavior of Si3N4 balls sliding against Al2O3 discs in water was investigated by studying the influence of parameters such as initial surface roughness and circular axial run-out of the discs. The objective was to relate these parameters with the occurrence of the phenomenon known as ultra-low friction coefficient (ULFC), which is characterized by µ < 0.01, including the correlation with running-in duration. As a general trend, greater initial surface roughness and circular axial run-out resulted in greater running-in duration. In addition, it was verified that a mixed lubrication regime (hydrodynamic and boundary) is required to guarantee the occurrence of ULFC by comparing the calculated minimum film thickness with the composite roughness of the worn surfaces. Also, ICQ-OES analysis of the water after the tests indicated that a silicon concentration greater than 1.3 mg/l should be fundamental for the occurrence of µ < 0.01.

Jul 31, 2018

By Marjorie Benegra

This study aims to compare the wear resistance assessed in rubber wheel abrasion test of nickel aluminide coatings deposited by for Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) and High Velocity Oxigen Fuel (HVOF) manufacturing, using the same raw material. A nickel aluminide powder was atomized and deposited on 316L steel plate substrate. After deposition, some specimens were submitted to a heat treating (1200 °C for 24 h followed by 760°C for 24 h). The coatings deposited using PTA developed different microstructures due to the incorporation of substrate elements, its performance was better than the HVOF coatings, although their Vickers hardness was similar. After heat treating, a significant variation in hardness and wear resistance was observed. For PTA specimens, there were decrease in hardness of 35%, while for HVOF ones this drop was approximately 20%. Nonetheless, the effect of thermal exposure in wear resistance was quite different: an increase of 21% was observed for HVOF coatings, while a reduction of 20% occurred in PTA ones. Microstructures modifications in PTA coatings were significant for their wear resistance. On the other hand, the reduction of porosity and sintering were responsible for a better performance of heat-treated HVOF coatings.

Jul 31, 2018

By Haruki Inami, Takashi Ishida, Kazuhiro Ohara, Hiroyuki Imanari

The highly competitive business environment of the international metals industry is driving demand for more cost-effective operation of steel making facilities, rolling mills, and strip processing lines. Achieving stable operation is vital if the steel industry is to produce high-quality products constantly and productively. In recent years, advances in computer processing speeds, data acquisition rates, and data storage capacity have rapidly led to greater use of the new technologies of big data, analytics, the IoT, and AI by control system designers and process engineers, and the introduction of industrial applications. The “Smart Rolling Mill” solutions for hot strip mills have been developed by our group with the goal of achieving sophisticated, state of the art, and automated operation in steel rolling mills. The various solution engines improve process stability, increase the performance of mill equipment, and provide improved process control. These solution engines are based on extensive knowledge of the rolling process and the associated control systems. Two solution engines in particular are the diagnosis systems for rolling condition and for product quality that contribute to cost-effective operation and lower yield loss. This paper focuses on the diagnosis systems for rolling condition and for product quality in hot strip mills. Advanced information technologies using big data analytics and machine learning are applied to real-time data collected from the automation system that controls operation and the rolling process. We have developed diagnosis solutions for rolling condition and product quality utilizing predictive and clustering diagnosis. Predictive diagnosis prevents serious problems by detecting changes in the state of the plant or in the rolling condition. Clustering diagnosis classifies patterns of fluctuation in product quality trend charts, providing effective tuning guidance for improving product quality. This paper describes these applications with several examples.

Oct 1, 2019

By Moisés Paulo Teixeira

The use of tailings for the synthesis of new materials is a worldwide concern today. This paper approaches the utilization of tailings of soapstone (steatite) in order to produce ceramics. The results show that the addition of soapstone in a ratio over 20% in the ceramic mass has enhanced the bending resistance of the ceramic samples when they were fired at temperatures of 900°C or 1000°C.

Oct 30, 2017

By Bi Zongyue, ZhangYongqing, NiuTao, Guo Aimin

Over the past twenty years, significant advances have been made in the field of microalloying steels and associated applications, among which one of the most successful application cases is development and application of heavy-gauge X80 coil with high temperature processing HTP practice used for China's Second West-East pipeline, the longest X80 pipe in the world. During this process, HTP design concept has been sucessfully applied to develop 18.4mm X80 coil with demanding low-temperature fracture toughness requirements. In the meanwhile, China's metallurgical workers have further optimized HTP design concept with the aid of powerful rolling mill and coiling equipment, and made it possible to develop 21.4mm X80 coil used for Russia-China East line. In the paper, we would simply review the development history of high-strength pipeline steels, and then give more priority to the fundamental points for sucessful development of 18.4mm X80 coil and SSAW pipe, which paved the way for subsequent development of 21.4mm X80 coil and SSAW pipe. Finally, we would present the test results of mass production and burst tests, and dispel the suspicion that SSAW pipes made of X80 coil are more qualified to resist ductile fracture.

Oct 1, 2019