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By Yuanbo Zhang, Huanpeng Mi, Guanghui Li, Binjun Liang, Zhiwei Peng, Tao Jiang

Ludwigite ore has not yet been utilized on an industrial scale due to its complex mineralogy and fine mineral dissemination. In this study, sodium salts were employed to enhance the separation of iron and boron by reductive roasting-magnetic separation. It was found that the separation of iron and boron as well as the iron grade and recovery were significantly improved b y the addition of Na2SO4 or Na2CO3. Under the reduction temperature of 1050 °C, reduction time of 60 min and magnetic intensity of 0.1T. Compared with the inexistence of sodium salts, the iron grade and recovery of the magnetic concentrate increased from 83.3% and 88.6% to 93.2% and 95.1%, respectively, by adding 6% Na2CO3. The XRD and microstructure analyses indicated that the iron oxides were transformed into metallic iron and the average metallic iron grains were grown to over 40μm which was beneficial for separation of metallic iron from gangue.

Jan 1, 2016

By David G. Dixon

A mathematical model is derived in dimensionless form which simulates the effluent concentration response of reagents from spent heaps under both fresh and recycled water rinsing. The model is based on dispersion from isochoric pathways distributed in length and cross-section, oriented normal to convection channels in ideal plug flow. The effects of heap height, rinsate flow, and initial reagent concentration are examined. It is shown that the rinsing cycle undergoes a distinct shift between fast and slow rinsing at a certain time depending on the amount of stagnant solution in the heap, and the distribution of dispersion pathways. Results of preliminary column rinsing tests on both agglomerated and unagglomerated ores are presented which partially validate the model.

Jan 1, 1994

A new technology for the treatment of copper nickel-containing concentrate after high-grade matte flotation to blister copper with the production of liquid silicate slags in a vertical autogenous unit with upper oxygen blow has been considered. The copper and nickel behavior in the process of sulphide copper concentrate interaction with silicate melt containing oxide copper has been studied. The general mechanisms of such interaction are found.

Jan 1, 2003

By Y. Wang, L. Liu, G. Xu, Y. Lv J. Sheng H. Zhang

In order to increase the service life of large scale coke dry quenching furnaces, the damage mechanism of lining was investigated, and the structure and properties of lining refractories used in cooling section were researched. The results showed that the abrasive wear volume of lining bricks at one fourth height section under skew tunnel was smaller than other sections. The wear loss of mullite brick and dense clay brick used in the lining of cooling section were respectively 8.02 cm3 and 11.65 cm3 in fifteen minutes. The mullite brick was laid with clay brick alternatively. By the different wear rate, the surface of lining was rough and uneven in the later service life, and short brick was easily dropped from lining. During the service, the basis wore off more easily than the aggregate. It is necessary to improve the wear resistance property, which will increase the service life of cooling section’s lining for coke dry quenching furnaces.

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Johnson, B. Q. Li

"Electromagnetic stirring has found a wide application in metals processing for the benefit of obtaining refined solidification microstructures. This paper presents an experimental study on the melt flow and turbulent behavior in an electromagnetically stirred Woods metal pool. The experimental setup consists of metal bath unit equipped with temperature control to allow both cooling and heating, velocity probe positioning unit and data and signal acquisition and processing unit. The whole measuring system is under the control of an IBM personal computer. Velocity measurements are made using the incorporated magnet probes, which are calibrated using a turntable. The measured results showing the effect of the coil positions, coil arrangements and the applied currents on the melt flow are presented. Both mean flow and turbulence quantities are discussed.1. IntroductionElectromagnetic stirring is widely practiced in the metals industry for melt mixing and for casting microstructure refinement. Industrial examples are taken from induction furnaces where the electromagnetic forces are applied to generate desired melt mixing and also various types of electromagnetic stirrers used in various stages of steel and/or aluminum casting processes to produce fine grain solidification microstructure or to eliminate undesired defects such as TCG (twinned-columnar-grain) structure. For ultrahigh purity aluminum or high strength aluminum alloys containing zirconium or lithium, grain refinement can be difficult with the conventional technique, and electromagnetic stirring provides a particularly powerful means to obtain the refined solidification microstructure [1]. A fundamental understanding of the melt flow and the turbulence characteristics in these magnetically-driven flow systems is of significant engineering importance to both process design and product quality improvement.There exists extensive literature on the magnetically-driven melt flows in material processing systems. Nakanish. et al. [2] were perhaps among the early investigators to mathematically and physically model the magnetically-driven flow phenomena in molten metal systems. Subsequent theoretical and experimental work by Tarapore and Evans [3, 4], Szekely and Chang [5], Hunt and Moore [6] and Szekely and El-Kaddah [7] has contributed very significantly to our understanding of magnetically-driven flow in inductively stirred melts. They have developed mathematical models for the electromagnetic field and turbulent flow in induction furnace and validated the models by either laboratory experiments or direct measurements in the industrial-scale induction furnaces."

Jan 1, 1998

By Chikabumi Yamauchi, Mitsuru Tanahashi, Toshiharu Fujisawa

"Thermodynamic properties of impurities in molten silicon are of prime importance in developing economical production methods of solar grade silicon. In the present research work, thermodynamic properties of boron, the most difficult element to remove from molten silicon, were measured by chemical equilibration techniques at 1723 and 1773 K. Activity coefficients and self-interaction parameters of boron in molten silicon were determined by equilibrating the melt with solid BN under controlled nitrogen partial pressures. Interaction parameters between boron and nitrogen in molten silicon were also determined by equilibrating the molten Si-B alloys with solid Si3N4• Based on the data obtained, the stability diagram of the Si-B-N system was established.IntroductionPhotovoltaic power generation using a silicon solar cell is expected to be the most promising energy source, because it is inexhaustible, cleaner and more safety than conventional energy sources, such as thermal or atomic power generation. At present, expensive off-grade silicon for semiconductor (SEG-Si) is used for a solar cell production. However, if a large-scale photovoltaic energy conversion using silicon solar cell comes into wide use in the near future, silicon will be sure to be in short supply for the cell. Therefore, a development of a new large scale process for solar grade silicon (SOG-Si) production is definitely necessary, which can remove contained impurities from silicon.Among the impurities contained in silicon, boron is one of the most difficult ones to remove by a zone melting or an unidirectional solidification, because its segregation coefficient in silicon is close to unity (0.8). In addition, boron behaves as a p-type silicon semiconductor dopant and, therefore, its content in SOG-Si must be severely controlled. Although some attempts to remove boron by various metallurgical methods have been carried out [I -4], quantitative analysis has not been made due to lack in the information on the thermodynamic properties of boron in molten silicon. From this view point, the activity of boron in molten silicon was determined in the present study by chemical equilibration techniques at 1723 and 1773 K."

Jan 1, 1998

By L. Sh. Tsemekhman

The results of laboratory, large-scale laboratory and commercial scale investigations regarding the process of slag melts cleaning by oxidizing-reduction gas mixtures with a wide range of Po2 and the use of matte of various compositions as an extracting phase are presented. The copper, nickel and cobalt behavior during the cleaning process has been studied based on SEM and x-ray Microprobe of the quenched slag melts. The general cleaning mechanisms have been found. On the basis of the obtained data the most efficient cleaning methods have been proposed.

Jan 1, 2003

By Chunhua Liao, Chao Peng, Guangsheng Huo

To get the separation of tungsten and molybdenum, we adjusted the pH of the solution to 7, at which tungstate (WO4 2-) will be polymerized into HW6O21 5-, while molybdate will still exist in the form of MoO4 2-. Two strongly basic anion exchange resins (D201, D213) were experimented for the separation of tungsten and molybdenum. The results of condition experiments indicate that D213 resin performs better in the treatment of lower concentration solution A (WO3 10g/L, Mo 4.12g/L) with a separation factor as high as 10.64. While D201 resin is more suitable for the high concentration solution B (WO3 70g/L, Mo 28.97g/L) with a separation factor of 6.9. The results of column testing performed on D213 resin show that the solution after loading process with a mass ratio of Mo/WO3 = 50 and the desorption solution with a mass ratio of WO3/Mo = 27 can be obtained

Jan 1, 2014

By Jiangtao Li, Zhongwei Zhao, Xingyu Chen, Xuheng Liu

In order to produce good quality ammonium paratungstate, Sn needs be removed efficiently from the tungstate processing solution. The nascent hydrous ferric oxide has excellent adsorption ability and is often used as an adsorbent to remove metal ions from aqueous solution. In this paper, nascent hydrous ferric oxide is used to remove Sn from tungstate solution. Through experimental, the effects of pH value, reagent amount of adsorbent, reaction temperature and reaction time on the Sn removal are investigated. The study shows that 98% of Sn can be removed effectively from sodium tungstate solution and only 2% of W is lost during process under the conditions of pH 9~12, reagent amount of Fe addition 40 times Sn amount, reaction time 30min and room temperature. As the Fe addition reaches 90 times of Sn concentration in the ammonium tungstate solution, 99% of Sn is removed and APT with zero level purity national standard is obtained.

Jan 1, 2014

By David Dreisinger

The cyanidation of copper containing gold ores results in the co-dissolution of copper along with gold. Copper dissolution results in elevated cyanide consumption that may make the treatment of the gold ore uneconomic. Copper-cyanide species in gold mill effluents may increase the environmental toxicity of the gold mill solutions. The objective of this study was to examine the use of solvent extraction to recover the copper cyanide species from gold mill effluents. Solvent extraction with Cognis (formerly Henkel) reagents LIX 79 and LIX 7950 was studied. Excellent extraction of copper and cyanide was achieved using pH control in extraction. Copper and cyanide may be stripped from the reagents using basic eluants. Various routes for copper and cyanide recovery from the strip solution were studied. Excellent results were obtained using electrowinning in both divided (Nation membrane) and undivided cells. Cyanide recovery was obtained by AVR treatment of a bleed stream from electrowinning. Full results of solvent extraction, copper and cyanide recovery are reported.

Jan 1, 1998

By A. Martins, L. Goulart, E. Araujo, R. Batista, A. Costa e Silva

Steel cleanness is of great importance to the performance of almost all steel products. From very clean steel for bearings to long products used in civil construction, processing variables – in special those in steelmaking operations- must be properly balanced to achieve adequate cleanness for the desired performance. With the present complexity of steels as alloy systems, it is not efficient nor appropriate to develop these processes on empirical basis alone. Computational thermodynamics can greatly improve process development to achieve the desired cleanness level at reasonable costs. In this work, examples of these calculations and their applications to real steel processing are presented and discussed. The advantages, limitations and areas in which improvement in these calculations is desired are highlighted and discussed.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. I. Davidov, D. A. Shishkin, M. B. Rigmant, E. P. Romanov, N. N. Stepanova, N. V. Kazantseva

The Co-19 at.%Al-6 at.%W alloy was prepared by two methods of casting. We used arc melting under an argon atmosphere with casting into a copper water-cooled casting mold and induction melting furnace with casting into a ceramic Al2O3 mold. According to the X-ray and SEM analyses, phase compositions depend on the cooling rate of the ingot after melting. After arc melting, the cast alloy has a three-phase structure, consisting of  cobalt (FCC), intermetallic phases CoAl (B2) type, and Co3W (DO19) type. After the induction melting, the alloy has a three-phase structure, consisting of  cobalt (FCC), intermetallic phases CoAl (B2) type, and Co7W6 () type. All phases in the investigated ternary alloy at the room temperature are ferromagnetic. Curie temperatures of all obtained phases were defined. It is shown that the magnetic properties of the studied alloy are typical for soft magnetic materials.

Jan 1, 2015

By Sutham Niyomwas

Biomorphic Cellular TiCIC ceramics were produced by vacuum-infiltrating carbon preforms with Ti02 sol and subsequent synthesis by the carbothermal reduction process. The carbon preforms used in the study were obtained by pyrolysis of parawood and neem wood. The effect of infiltration time on the composition and microstructure of the biomorphic TiCIC ceramic was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The biomorphic structure of the TiCIC ceramic is consistent with that of the biotemplate natural parawood and neem wood.

Jan 1, 2008

By Bingyi Bai, Lifeng Yang, Yanling Guo, Jieyu Zhang, Guoding Gao

In terms of special resources with iron, niobium and rare earth coexisting in Baiyuneboite, the new smelting technology of ferrocolumbite was studied. Reduction experients for the Baiyuneboite and explores ore phase change of Baiyuneboite in the process of reduction was conducted with graphitic carbon as the main reducer and a temperature below 1000 ℃. Moreover, it studies the influence of reducer, roasting temperature and grind fineness on the reduction as well as focuses on the evolution course of iron phase. Through the analysis on in-situ XRD of the raw ore and carbon addition ore, it also develops microstructure change rules of Fe ore phase and ore phase of paragenetic elements for composite ore(Ca, Si, Nb, F) in the process of reduction roasting. In addition, the impacts of temperature on the reduction process are also discussed. With regard to minerals of different particle sizes, the thesis will explore their ore phase changes and microstructures after 10 hours’ reduction under 900 ℃.

Jan 1, 2015

By Cesar Garban

The samples of the washings are characterized of the ore for physical, chemical and metalurgical properties for representivity. the optimum values are determined for the recuperation of gold of the washings of the gold ore from the zone El Callao, Venezuela by acidic solutions of thiourea of the following parameters: Ph , contact time, composition of the liquid mixture, ratio of solid to liquid, grade of liberation, in an apparatus designed for contacting solid powder of the mineral with liquid solution of thiourea mantained in suspension by bubles of compressed air. The experimental results showed that the velocity of lixivation in primier time of (20) minutes is rapid and practically 2/3 part of the reaction is completed. For experimental design of parameters, the optimum conditions of recuperation of gold determind in this experimental investigation are:

Jan 1, 1999

By Uchil Jayagopal, M. Krishna, P .. V. Krilpakara, S. Manjunath

"There have been a pioneering efforts over the last forty years in the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs) as a new engineering materials, having improved properties, light weight characteristics and competitive costs compared to traditional materials. Following recent advancements in casting technology and the use of melt stirring device by foundries, discontinuously reinforced MMCs where prominent alloys are reinforced with particulates or short fibres and the being employed ·in the production of castings targeted for automotive and aerospace application.The ZA-27 alloy has a high strength compared to zinc or alluminium alloys with a lower melting temperature. The main objective of the present research is to study the effect of quartz particles on the mechanical behaviour of ZA-27 alloy composites. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strength, hardness, Young's modulus of the composite gradually increased with increase in the weight percentage of the quartz reinforcement. However overall ductility decreased with an increase in quartz reinforcementIntroductionMetal matrix composite (MMCs) offer outstanding benefits as they combine metallic properties with ceramic properties there by yielding improved physical and mechanical properties.1Among the various type of MMCs particulate reinforced composite are the most versatile and economical2. By suitable choice of metal matrix and particulate system a wide range of properties combination can be obtained such as strength, modulus, fiiction.al resistance, tribological performance and machinability. These composites are capable of replacing conventional alloys in a considerable range of applications. They also offer significant saving in energy and resources"

Jan 1, 2000

By Felipe Daroch, Maria C. Ruiz, Rafael Padilla

Copper concentrates with high arsenic contents must be pretreated before conventional smelting to prevent environmental pollution with arsenic compounds. In this work, experimental results concerning the selective removal of arsenic and antimony from copper concentrates are presented. The process consists of an alkaline digestion using concentrated NaHS-NaOH solutions to transform the arsenic and antimony sulfides into soluble compounds. A water leaching follows the digestion to dissolve the arsenic and antimony, leaving clean copper sulfide solid residues. The laboratory scale tests were carried out using a copper–arsenic concentrate with 15.05% As and 1.42% Sb. The results showed that the most important digestion variables were temperature and concentrations of NaHS and NaOH. Over 97% of arsenic and 92% of antimony could be removed in 10 min of digestion using 8.9 M NaOH and 100% excess of NaHS at 80 °C. The subsequent water leaching was performed at 80°C for 20 min.

Jan 1, 2015

By R. G. Robins

The effective removal of arsenic(V) from process streams and waste waters by precipitation with excess iron(II1) is sometimes attributed to the formation of basic ferric arsenates. The authors have investigated this system extensively using a variety of techniques and conclude that the solid phase produced is iron(II1) oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) with arsenic(V) adsorptively bound to the 2-3 nm particles.

Jan 1, 1992

By S. Ferlay

"The main purpose of the ZIMA VAL project (Label EUREKA EU1367 and LIFE ENV/F/000278) is to demonstrate industrial scale recovery and recycling of the main components of used dry batteries (zinc, manganese dioxide, mercury, and stainless steel) into high added value products. The originality of the ZIMA VAL process resides in:1- the use of hydrometallurgy2- alkaline treatment implementation (highly selective) for zinc and mercury3- electrochemical recovery of high quality products.4- the recycling of all the battery components (zinc, mercury, manganese dioxide, stainless steel) ·5- low operating and investment costs.The process consists of physical classification, mechanical dismantling, hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry. The purpose of the demonstration plant in FALAISE (Calvados - France) is to define the technical and technological parameters of an industrial unit for the treatment of 2400 tonnes per year of used batteries."

Jan 1, 2000

By Junzo Hino

Most of the waste that contains a small portion of copper is landfilled. The recycling process of copper from the waste, such as shredder residue, should be developed in order to save mineral resources and prevent environmental pollution. Shredder residue, generated from disposed automobiles and electric appliances, consists of many types of plastics, glasses and metals. The combustion heat of plastics is efficiently used for smelting in the recycling process that consists of melting and reduction. Because the waste contains numerous components the knowledge of the distribution behaviors of the main components is necessary to develop the recycling process. The distribution behaviors in the recycling process are evaluated by using the thermodynamic calculation program, HSC Chemistry. The calculation results are compared with the practical operation data of the recycling process and discussed.

Jan 1, 2003