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By Bo Feng

The development of surface charge of serpentine mineral and implications for sulphide ?otation have been studied through flotation tests, sedimentation tests, zeta potential measurements and optical microscope photos. The results show that the serpentine mineral was positively charged at an extensive pH range, with an isoelectric point (IEP) of 11.9. The magnitude and sign of the pyrite particles were pH dependent and were negative for pH values above 2. At pH value 9, where ?otation of nickel sul?de ores is routinely performed, serpentine and pyrite particles attract through an electrostatic mechanism. Slime coatings of serpentine adhere to the surface of pyrite, reducing pyrite flotation recovery. The removal of magnesium ions from the serpentine surface by acid leaching results in a decrease of serpentine IEP and eliminates the adverse effect of serpentine on pyrite flotation. Therefore, it has been clearly established that the surface charge value developed in the serpentine/aqueous electrical interface is a function of the serpentine surface incongruently dissolution. As a result of hydroxyl dissolution, the magnesium ions are left in serpentine surface, which is responsible for serpentine surface charge. The methods, which can remove magnesium ions from serpentine surface, can be used to eliminate the adverse effect of serpentine on pyrite flotation.

Sep 1, 2012

By P. Fecko

The objective of the paper was application of bacterial leaching on two brown coal samples from locality Mine Druzba, seams Antonin and Josef (Sokolov brown coal basin, Czech republic). Based on the results of bacterial leaching and petrologic analyses of the given samples, it is possible to say that application of bacterial leaching gived good results. Applying bacterial leaching it is possible to remove from 34% to 47% of total sulphur and from 45% to 64% of pyritic sulphur from the coal.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. Karakas

In this investigation, one of the most energy consuming stage of the cement manufacturing process, grinding stage, was studied. The aim of the study is to reduce the energy consumption. Optimum operating parameters were determined. Experimental studies were performed at three differ-ent stages. Grinding of limestone, clay and marl which are the main components of the cement, to approximately below 90 microns, was the first stage of the cement grinding. At this stage, effect of feed size and ball charge were investigated. At the second stage, the Bond work index of clinker and additives (slag, trass, limestone and gypsum) was found separately. After forming composite cement with clinker and additives, the Bond work index of this mixture was also determined, thus the results of separate grinding and grinding of mixture were compared. The Bond work index of mixture was found as 13.59 kWh/t, while the arithmetic mean of the Bond work index values of components was 14.90 kWh/t. Finally, clinker and additives (slag, trass, limestone and gypsum) were ground under the same conditions. At this stage, laboratory type of ball mill was used in order to understand grinding characteristics of the cement components. As a result of the experiments, it was found that energy consumption for the grinding will be lowered if the mills with 38 % ~ 40 % ball charge are used in the cement grinding. Moreover, grinding with mixture of clinker and additives gave better results than separate grinding of these components in terms of energy consumption.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Roy

Coke combustion during sintering process is significantly governed by coke breeze size distribution, which in turn affect sinter quality i.e. sinter granulometry, Tumbler index, Reduction Degradation Index and Reducibility Index of sinter. To know the effect of microfines of coke breeze on sintering process parameters, pot sintering tests were conducted and it was found that when microfines are eliminated and optimum coke size (1-3mm) is used yield of sinter increased by more than 7%. Similarly productivity increased by 9%, the strength of sinter i.e. ISO Tumbler Index increased by 2.3% and +10mm sinter size increased by 5.5%. Controlling of microfines during crushing and by improving crushing index will result in improved quality and productivity of sinter with lesser amount of coke breeze. This paper describes that how to optimize solid fuel i.e. coke breeze consumption in sintering process through granulometry control. Keywords: iron ore sintering, coke breeze granulometry, productivity of sinter, quality of sinter

Sep 1, 2012

By P. S. Dash

With implementation of stringent environmental regulations, ultra clean coal technology development programs have gained significant importance worldwide. As far as Indian scenario is concerned, most of the coals present in India are of drift origin and low grade, containing high mineral matter varying from 15% to greater than 50%. The inorganic or ash constituents of Indian coals are finely disseminated through the organic or carbonaceous constituents so, that commonly used physical beneficiation techniques are of only limited value in affecting separation. Chemical processes involve addition of chemicals, which react with the mineral matter and allow its easy removal. The present study envisages the effect of aqueous alkali leaching followed by acid washing on the removal of mineral matter from two different captive coals of Tata Steel at elevated temperature and pressure. The experiments are conducted at desired conditions using a bench scale pressure reactor set up having proper data acquisition and control system. The research study revealed, that it is possible to reduce the ash content up to 70% by this method. The alkali content of the product clean coal does not increase whereas the silica and alumina content reduces by nearly 58% and 62% respectively. Significant reduction in the phosphorus content is observed after the acid treatment. The crucible swelling number of the feed coal improves after the treatment. The mechanism of demineralisation was evaluated by analyzing the coal samples before and after the alkali and acid treatment using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Because of the acidic nature of the silicates and aluminates, they dissolve into the NaOH solution and form sodalite. Sodalite is partially soluble in the alkali solution. The hydrates formed during alkali treatment are partially removed due to acid wash. This study in overall provides an insight into possible alternative methods of beneficiation for removal of ash from high ash Indian coals.

Sep 1, 2012

By S. M. Bradshaw, V. Rocher, L Kabondo, B. Combrink, C. A. Snyders

Media losses are a significant contributor to the operational cost in a dense media separation (DMS) circuit. Of these losses, up to 80 wt% can occur on the drain and rinse vibrating screens. Although these screens are an integral part of any DMS circuit, surprisingly little work can be found in open literature regarding the effect of aperture configuration on the drain rates (draining water and medium). To establish the effect of slot aperture size, experiments were conducted on a 0.6 x 1.2 m vibrating screen with polyurethane (PU) panels at slurry densities between 1.6 – 2.8 kg/L, and volumetric flow rates of 19 – 25 m3/h for both ferrosilicon and magnetite. Results showed that an increase in the volumetric flow rate led to an increase in drainage rate, moisture content and medium carryover. Once an optimum volumetric flow rate was exceeded, a further increase in flow rate resulted in a decrease in drainage rate with a sharp increase in moisture and medium bypass to the oversize stream. An increase in ferrosilicon slurry density led to a decrease in drainage rate with an increase in moisture and medium bypass with each of these rates increasing as the slurry density increased. For magnetite, a gradual decrease in drainage rate was observed with increase in slurry density and volumetric flowrate beyond the screen optimum point. It was found that an increase in aperture size from 0.63 x 8.8 mm to 0.8 x 8.8 mm to 1.0 x 13 mm resulted in an increase in ferrosilicon drainage rate of between 1.3 - 1.8 m3/m2/h depending on the flow rate and slurry density with a reduction in moisture and medium carryover of between 1.0 – 1.2 % and 14.1 – 20.2 kg/t/m respectively. For magnetite, the drainage rate increased between 1.0 - 1.4 m3/m2/h as the slot width increased from 0.63 x 8.8 mm to 0.8 x 8.8 mm while an increase in slot length from 0.63 x 8.8 to 0.63 x 12 mm only resulted in an increase in drainage rate of 0.1 - 0.5 m3/m2/h.

Jan 1, 2018

By P. S. Rao

In 1951, Tata Steel became the pioneer in Asia by setting up its first ever washery in West Bokaro Colliery. The first beneficiation plant used to produce clean coal of 19% ash with chance cone. Feed size of chance washers were -75 mm to +6 mm. The fine coal (-6 mm) were used directly. With change in technology,in 1986,chance cones were replaced by DM cyclones and coal was washed in two circuits. In the coarse circuit -13 mm to +0.5 mm coal was washed in two stages while the fine coal of -0.5 mm was treated in froth floatation cell. With further improvement in the process the higher ash raw coal was feed to produce clean coal of 13% ash. In 1998, DSM cyclones were replaced by scrolled Evolute design cyclone which has Ep of 0.020 to 0.025 ranges resulting in increase efficiency of separation. With the increase in demand of clean coal, lower seam proportion has increased in raw coal production. The washability studies of individual seams indicated large difference in the seam characteristics in terms of washability and specific gravity cut points of the individual seams. So washing all seams together had resulted in frequent change in the character of coal and warrants frequent changes in the operating parameters of the plant in which the separating efficiency comes down and ultimately resulted in yield loss initially. With increase in knowledge and experience in coal washing the solution to this problem was achieved by adopting, seam-wise washing which is enabling process engineers by keeping set point for longer periods there by to enhance the separation efficiency. Keywords: coal processing, froth floatation, steam washing

Sep 1, 2012

By Subrata Roy

The slag produced in metallurgical smelting processes contains considerable amount of valuable metals. The present work focuses on recovery of copper value by froth flotation from the copper smelter slag. The slag samples are subjected to detailed characterization including automated quantitative mineralogy using Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA). The MLA results indicate that a part of copper is present in sulphide form in fayalite (iron-silicate) matrix and very poorly liberated. SEM-EDX analyses also reveal that a certain part of the copper is present within the fayalite (Fe-Ca-Si) matrix, perhaps either as lattice impurity or very fine grain. The copper smelter slag is ground in wet mode in a ball mill, to particle size distribution suitable for flotation. Subsequently, the slurry undergoes froth-flotation in lab-scale Denver-type flotation cell. Various combinations of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) and alkyl hydroxamate collectors are used along with pine oil as frother. A multiple collector dosage is required for effective flotation of non-sulphide copper phases associated fayalite and alkyl hydroxamate is identified as one of the effective collector for non-sulphide minerals. The copper recovery can be enhanced by 7-10% with a combination of collectors as compared to conventional sulphide flotation using only xanthate type collectors. However, the grade decreases to some extent. Keywords: flotation, copper slag, hydroxamate collector

Sep 1, 2012

By G. X. Du

Improving reaction effectiveness of asbestos tailings and acid is main means to increase the productivity of magnesium hydroxide and amorphous silica and to reduce production costs. In this paper, the process optimization of acid-leaching reaction process of asbestos tailings is reported. Through the orthogonal experiments of four influence factors, such as acid consumption, reaction temperature, reaction time and initial acid concentration in the leaching reaction. The experiment results indicated that the optimal process parameters were as follows: reaction temperature was 95?, reaction time was 1.5h, acid consumption was 218.9g hydrochloric acid(37%) per 100g asbestos tailings and initial acid concentration was about 25%. The influence significance sequence of the four factors was as follows: reaction temperature > reaction time > mass concentration of hydrochloric acid > hydrochloric acid consumption. Under the optimum process conditions, the leaching rate of MgO was 97.3%, total iron 98.15% and Al2O3 57.9%.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. J. Chen

Vanadium-beard bone coal is one of important vanadium resources in China.To extract vanadium tailings from Stone coal is produced after extracted vanadium from stone coal through the roasting, leaching and other processes. About 120-150 tons of tailings will be produced in extracting 1 ton of vanadium pentoxide. A lot of tailings that are willfully piled up have caused serious environmental pollution and wasting of resources; it is therefore necessary to realize its resource utilization. This study increases the activity of vanadium tailings by means of alkali fusion, and then uses different alkali activators to react with vanadium tailings so that geopolymer with high value added is produced. Sample of geopolymer is acquired from a mixture containing vanadium tailings, alkali activators, water and a little sodium aluminate through compression-molding process under 20MPa pressure. After cured in room temperature for three days, the maximum compressive strength of the sample can reach 36.2MPa. XRD analysis indicates quartz, the major crystal phase in vanadium tailings is decomposed,and the activity of vanadium tailings is heightened. FTIR and SEM analyses show: structural change having an important impact on the mechanical strength of geopolymer occurred during the process of vanadium tailings generating geopolymer.

Sep 1, 2012

By I Brum

Brazil and Colombia have large reserves of coal, those reserves in Brazil are located predominantly in the south and Colombia the main reserves are located in the north. Despite the relative ease of exploitation, these resources have been underestimated as a source of energy. Currently, these countries are developing projects and partnerships aiming to qualify this mineral resource, adding quality to the final product of the processing plants. In this scenario the processing of Brazilian and Colombian coal in flotation columns appears as a promising alternative, having been successful in mineral systems containing fine particles This paper aims to study the overall process of column flotation for a specific Brazilian coal and a specific Colombian coal. The material used in this study consists of fine coal from Brazil (Copelmi) and Colombia (Cerrejon). The objective is to recover carbonaceous matter and reduce the ash and contaminants grade. The two coals were floated using a negative bias in a 5 cm diameter conventional flotation column of 5 m high. Flotation parameter investigated included air velocity in the range 0.6 to 1.5 cm/s. For all runs, a constant negative bias of -0.25 cm/s and a pulp concentration of 8% w/w were used. For Cerrejón coal, 300 g/ton of frother and 907 g/ton of collector was used, whereas for Copelmi coal, 600 g/ton of frother and 1815 g/ton of collector was employed. The frother was a commercial Aerofroth 65 (AF65), whereas the collector was Kerosene. For the Colombian coal, in general, yield, organic recovery, ash recovery and water recovery decreased with the increasing air rate. However, for Brazilian coal the air rate had no significant effect. For Colombian coal, the highest yield (60% w/w) and organic recovery (69% w/w) were obtained at the lowest air rate (0,6 cm/s). Keywords: negative bias, column flotation, coal

Sep 1, 2012

By S. L. Zheng

The compound material of Nano-TiO2 Supported on the diatomite was prepared by the hydrolytic method with purified diatomite and TiCl4. The compound material was characterized by SEM, XRD, TEM, EDX, XPS, and the application test of the compound material was studied. The characterization test results showed that the Nano-TiO2 was coated on the surface of diatomite, the crystal of TiO2 is anatase, and the average crystal size is 12 nm. The pore diameter was reduced, but pore volume and surface area of the compound material are increased after Nano-TiO2 Supported on the diatomite. The application test results for treating coking waste water and formaldehyde gas show that the compound material of Nano-TiO2 / diatomite has adsorption and photo-catalytic function and strong degradation performance for phenol and formaldehyde.

Jan 1, 2014

By Xiaojing Li, Yueyuan Zhou, Shengyao Ma

The paper presented the acnalysis of field intensity of rare-earth permanent magnet with high BH product and the research of magnet configuration with narrow pole pitch on open magnet surface, both using ANSYS. The possibility to separate micro-disseminated feebly magnetic minerals by improving the field intensity and the capture line distribution rate on open magnet surface were verified. The research on the method to pile up magnets to increase peak value of field intensity on the open magnet to 1.0T was done through correlation analysis between shape and dimensions of magnetic material and field intensity. And the research on technology method to improve capture line distribution rate in the separating field to 1.25×105/m2 was done through optimization design of magnet configuration of the open magnet with narrow pole pitch. Laboratory tests were performed with hematite sample from ore dressing plant such as Hainan mine, Qidong iron ore, etc. The separation results acquired were at the same level as using the electromagnetic separator, verifying the possibility to separate micro-disseminated feebly magnetic minerals with open magnet. The research suggested a new idea about the development of magnetic separator with high efficiency and low costs to separate feebly magnetic minerals and non-magnetic gangues.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. ?. Shishmarjov, Yu. ?. Davidenko, S. V. Bukhalov, ?. S. Baksheev, M. S. Shkirya, N. ?. Aikasheva, D. V. Bogdanovich, ?. Yu. Faustova

"The goal of prospecting operations in the Republic of Altay was to locate gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization. For this purpose we applied the technology of electromagnetic sounding and induced polarization (EMS-IP). These operations resulted in localizing promising sites with presence of sulfidization. The EMS-IP method proved to be highly efficient amongst other prospecting methods targeted at recognizing zones of sulfide mineralization making up 91%, considering that in more than half cases the ore intervals were the case. In the Yakutian diamondiferous province the EMS-IP technology was approbated during three field seasons to accomplish the assignments on searching for kimberlite bodies under conditions of various geological types. As a result, the reference objects were distinguished, and geoelectric parameters of kimberlite pipes of explosion were defined.INTRODUCTION In the time span 2015-2016 in Gorny Altay the EMS-IP technology was approbated in the Novokuznetsk area. The on-land areal geophysical survey was performed by EMS-IP method applied to identify, outline and locate promising sites with Au-Ag-bearing polymetallic mineralization within surveyed areas. Compared to the hosting rocks, the sulfides contained in polymetallic mineralization are typified by low specific electrical resistivity (SER) and high polarization. The areal survey conducted via EMS-IP method provided spatial characteristics of searched object. From July 2016 to August 2017 our expedition group carried out serial test works and laboratory investigations intending to define performance capabilities of EMS-IP technology in searching for kimberlite bodies under conditions of diverse geological types. The prerequisites for serial work were operations accomplished at the «Listvenichny» site lying 35 km away from Mirny town in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), where the EMS-IP technology was probed for locating position and measuring geoelectric parameters of tuff pipe «Buardakhsky». After successful completion of operations it was decided to evaluate geoelectric parameters of kimberlite pipes of explosion."

Jan 1, 2018

By Elisabeth Schmidt

The conventional Canadian oil sand processing, the Clark Rowe process, is associated with many risks for the environment and high energy costs. To recover the bitumen from the oil sand (tar sand), large quantities of water have to be heated up and mixed with caustic soda and the oil sand. During this process, tailings with stabilized clay colloids are formed and dumped in tailings ponds. To avoid these disadvantages, a new, non-aqueous extraction process is to be established. Organic solvents are used instead of water and caustic soda to mobilize the bitumen from the sand-clay mixture. Pressure filtration, washing and steam pressure filtration are part of the new concept. A mixture of organic solvents and the oil sand is first pressure filtrated in a nutsch filter until a saturation level of one is obtained. After the cake has been formed, the filter cake is washed with organic solvent to flush the bitumen loaded solvent out of the cake. The following steam pressure filtration mechanically and thermally removes the remaining volatile components of the solvents from the filter cake. The filtrates from the pressure filtration, the washing phase and partly from steam pressure filtration are subsequently thermally treated to recover the organic solvents and obtain a higher bitumen concentration in the mixture. This mixture is then lead to an upgrader to win synthetic crude oil (SCO). The recovery of bitumen in the conventional hot water extraction process based on the Clark Rowe process can, in highly optimized plants, achieve between 88 and 92 %. Variation of oil sand properties leads to an actual range of between 80 and 90 % of bitumen recovery. With the alternative process based on organic solvents, the bitumen recovery exceeds the recovery of the conventional process by up to 16 percentage points. The composition of the two organic solvents in the first step of forming a suspension with the oil sand is important. The aromatic component is crucial for liberating and solving the asphaltenes, which tend to flocculate. The order of the two components of organic solvents is also important in the washing step. The paraffinic component is essential to achieve successful steam pressure filtration with respect to fast steam breakthrough and a filter cake free from organic compounds, as a result of its lower boiling point. Keywords: oil sand, filtration, organic solvents, pressure filtration, steam pressure filtration, filter cake washing

Sep 1, 2012

By G. H. Lind

The Minerals Tertiary Education Council (MTEC), over the past decade, has worked closely with Australian higher education partners in metallurgical education to build capacity in this discipline to deliver high quality graduates for the Australian minerals-industry. This paper explores the benefits of industry engagement through a national innovative collaboration, the Metallurgical Education Partnership (MEP), and specifically the final year Process Design Project (PDP), over the four year period from 2008-2011. Some of the benefits discussed in this paper include outcomes of the student experience during an industry-intensive workshop, collaboration between higher education providers and aligning graduate attributes to meet industry requirements.

Sep 1, 2012

By A. Zangooi

Frothers play major roles in flotation through interaction at the air/water interface. A method of determining frother adsorption density (coverage), i.e., the number of molecules per unit of interfacial area of bubble surface, is introduced. The technique is based on mass balancing the frother around a continuously operated bubble column. The mass balance requires collection of bubbles before they burst. The column design and operating procedure is reviewed, and some preliminary results discussed. Keywords: flotation, colorimetric frother analysis technique, frother mass balance, coverage

Sep 1, 2012

By P. Bevilacqua

In this paper the possibility to complete the copper recovery and to enrich in PVC a mixture of plastic granules obtained by grinding electrical cables are investigated. The recovery of a large part of the copper still present among the plastic granules was possible by means of a mechanical screening, the finer polymeric fraction was collected, at the same time. In order to complete the copper polymer separation the following techniques were employed. Counter current separation in water, static dense medium separation with zinc chloride solution and copper extraction with nitric acid and subsequent electrolytic deposition. A Tri-Flo® dynamic dense medium separator was employed in order to separate the lighter polymeric fraction, from the heavier polymeric fraction, mainly PVC. Water or a salt-water solution was employed to feed the separator device.

Jan 1, 2014

By Y. Q. Yang

Jig is a kind of conventional and old gravity concentration equipment, which is mainly used in the preconcentration of medium particle fractions of low-grade nonferrous metal ore. In the past ten years, studies on jigs have made a great progress on separation of coarse and fine particle fractions. At the same time, pneumatic jigs have been widely used in processing of nonferrous metal ore. In this paper, pilot test study and commercial operation for several kinds of jigs used in Dachang con-centrator has been introduced. Dachang mining area of GuangXi province is rich in mineral resources, where many minerals exhibit various complex properties. Many elements such as Sn, Pb, Sb, Zn, S, As, Cu, In, Ag, Gd, Ag, Ga, etc, were found in the run-of-mine ore (ROM). At present, Dachang concentrator produces tin concentrate, lead-antimony concentrate and zinc concentrate. Other valuable elements get enriched and recovered in above concentrates. Dachang Mine with a mining operation history more than sixty years will end its mission on the rich ore resource exploitation. At present, low grade ores are porcessed in the concentrator, and the concentrator begins to run at a loss upon processing the low-grade and refractory ore. Heavy medium cyclones were used in the concentrator for processing 20-4mm fraction, Gongge jigs for 4-2mm fraction, and cone concentrator combined with spiral concentrator to discard the tailings of -2mm fractions. In order to minimize overgrinding, table flotation was used to recover some liberated cassiterites in a complex processing technology. Therefore, the concentrator is difficult to manage. Many years studies have shown that heavy medium cyclones and spiral concentra-tors can be replaced by sawtooth shaped wave jigs to discard 50% tailings to improve the grade of feed. And the feed was divided into rich one and poor one to minimize overgrinding of valuable cassiterites with different grinding mills. In this case, the recovery of the valuable minerals can get improved and the flowsheet was simplified. Moreover, the concentrator begins to make profit with reduction of cost. At the same time, pollution in the concentrator gets reduced and the working condition gets improved too. Sawtooth shaped wave jig was used in Changpo concentrator for replacement of cone separators and spiral concentrators to discard the tailings of -4mm fraction, and the yield of discarded tailings got improved from 30% to 50%. Grades of tin, lead and zinc in the tailings are lowered from 0.15%, 0.12%, 0.7% to 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.4% respectively, with a loss reduction of tin, lead and zinc from11%, 9%, 10% to 7.5%, 6%, 5% respectively, corresponding to the increasement of recovery of tin, lead, zinc from 52%, 50%, 55% to 56%, 56%, 62% respectively. Cost of the concentrator for processing one-ton ROM was therefore dropped from RMB155.28 to RMB119.74. Changpo concentrator lost RMB2.5 million in 2003, but it made a profit of RMB0.92 million in 2006 after the innovations. Batac jig was used in Tongkeng concentrator to discard the coarse tailings at 20-4mm, with a discarded yield of 35%, and the grades of valuable minerals got improved with a recovery above 95% for tin, lead-antimony and zinc.

Jan 1, 2014

By Yosep Han

Mechanically-induced chemical reactions between natural beach ilmenite (FeTiO3) and silicon (Si) have been examined by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analyses. The effect of various milling time on the phase transformation, crystallite size, and lattice strain of a beach sand ilmenite with silicon, and on their leaching behavior in hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been investigated. For mechanically activated FeTiO3, the crystallite size decreased and lattice strain increased monotonically with time of milling. However, the mechanochemically synthesized ilmenite with silicon showed a relatively smaller crystallite size and greater lattice strain compared with the mechanically activated ilmenite under the same milling condition. In accordance with the elapse of milling time, the intensity of both pure FeTiO3 and mechanically activated FeTiO3 gradually decreased. However, in case of the mechanochemically synthesized ilmenitereduction of FeTiO3 by silicon resulted in formation of rutile TiO2 at the milling time of 20 h and afterwards. Additional leaching experiments were carried out at an HCl/ilmenite (wt%) ratio of 20:1. The concentration of HCl was 3 M and the reaction temperature ranged from 70 to 90 oC. Mechanical activation was observed to significantly enhance the dissolution rates of both iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) in HCl. Particularly, effects of both milling time and silicon addition on the dissolution rates of titanium and iron were significant, while those of temperature were relatively minor under the conditions investigated in this study. Keywords: mechanochemical treatment, natural beach ilmenite, silicon, leaching behavior

Sep 1, 2012