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By Lev Filippov, Vyacheslav Severov, Inna Filippova

"Reverse cationic flotation is a very efficient method of beneficiation of oxidized iron ores when you need to separate hematite and quartz. This method can be also applied to reduce silica content in the magnetite concentrates obtained by wet low-intensity magnetic separation. However, cationic flotation in this case is less effective due to the presence of Fe-Mg-Al-bearing silicates as amphiboles in magnetite ores. These silicates are concentrated in magnetic products and determine the difficulties of their separation from iron oxides when amines and starches are used as collectors and depressants, respectively. The recalculation of the results of the electron microprobe analysis of three calcic Fe-Mg-Al-bearing amphiboles used to characterize cation distributions in structural units and to obtain structural formulas in accord with stoichiometric limits was conducted. The Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to examine the validity of the empirical estimation of cation distributions in amphiboles. The studied samples are metamorphic pargasite and ferrotschermakite and volcanic magnesiohornblende. The crystallographic analyses of the amphibole samples exhibited their heterogeneous surfaces explaining worse floatability of amphiboles with dodecylamine at pH 10. The electrokinetic measurements showed that the position of the isoelectric point of amphiboles is related to a substitution of Al3+ for Si4+ in tetrahedral sites and to an amount of Mg2+ cations in octahedral sites. Thus, the dodecylamine adsorption onto amphiboles through electrostatic interactions is mainly affected by a distribution of these cations in tetrahedral and octahedral sites of amphiboles. In addition, the effect of starch on the depression of Fe-Mg-Al-bearing amphiboles during flotation can be attributed to the presence of metal ions on the amphibole surface, which are capable of forming strong chemical complexes with starch molecules."

Jan 1, 2014

By R. V. Kononko, A. Yu. Chikin, R. N. Rakhmeev, Yu. O. Fedorov

"The focus of the study is finding a solution that can help to improve diamond recovery in diamond-bearing gravity concentrates upgrading flowsheets. The purpose of the study was to develop and prove scientifically a separation method of diamonds recovery from gravity concentrates regardless of their fluorescence ability induced by X-ray radiation. Two promising recovery methods applicable to diamonds of this type are proposed, i.e. an X-ray radiometric method based on an instantaneous analysis of a secondary X-ray spectrum of separated particles, and a triboelectric method that relies on noncontact measurements of particle charges obtained during its motion in a vibratory tray. As a part of the laboratory study, X-ray fluorescence spectra of the collection of diamond crystals and main associated minerals and rocks at a particle size of -6+3 mm were produced. The analysis of the produced secondary X-ray spectra showed a significant difference between crystals, minerals and rocks within the analytical area of Ca, Fe and Zr due to the absence of calcium, iron and zircon elements in diamonds. Additionally, the scattered X-radiation level of diamonds substantially increased under the influence of X-ray radiation. Such a difference is a physical base of a new method of diamonds recovery from mineral mixtures. The laboratory study on triboelectric characteristics showed that a significant portion of diamonds gained an electric charge of a magnitude that was much higher, compared to associated minerals and rocks. The laboratory and industrial tests and the separation indicators demonstrated a high efficiency. A proposed X-ray radiometric method provides recovery of all types of diamonds regardless of X-ray fluorescence levels, with high selectivity and recovery rate of at least 98%. This proposed separation method is protected by a patent of Russian Federation (No. 2551486, “A method of X-ray radiometric separation of diamond-bearing materials”). Triboelectric separation organized in two stages (main and control) ensures recovery of up to 98-100% of diamonds at a particle size -5+2 and -2+1 mm,. More than 10 triboelectric separators successfully operate in active diamond processing plants in the Russian Federation."

Jan 1, 2018

By L. Semushkina

Next generation flotation agents of KSK series for the concentration of complex copper-lead ores and the new ferromagnetic nanosized depressor of galena are introduced in this work. The feature of the KSK flotation agents is that they exhibit both frother and collector properties. KSK-6 can successfully substitute the widely used in Kazakhstani industry reagent ?-80 at the reduced consumption of butyl xanthate by 30 %. The new ferromagnetic nanosized depressor of galena, besides a low consumption rate of 100 g/t, also makes possible to exclude sodium sulfite (3-4 kg/t) and ferrous sulfate (5-6 kg/t) from the separation process, and receive high metal grade concentrates. Keywords: complex copper-lead ore, flotation agent, concentration method, ferromagnetic nanosized depressor

Sep 1, 2012

By Rainer M. Lotzien, Michael J. G. Battersby, Jan Kleefeld, Julian V. Brown, Rainer M. Imhof

"The standard method of separation using flotation is compromised in terms of kinetics and efficiency, because of the generally slow separating differentials of fine bubbles and fine particle suspensions. A new flotation system has been developed that addresses these issues and imparts other benefits. The new technology is based on established pneumatic flotation designs called Imhoflot which use intensive in-line pre-aeration to aerate the flotation pulp prior to its introduction to the separating cell. Consequently the cell is designed only for the separation of the phases and not for bubble-particle contact. In the new system this separation is speeded up dramatically by the introduction of centrifugal motivation in the separating vessel, without the use of internal moving parts. The design focuses on providing increased differential forces on buoyant mineralised bubbles and hydrophilic fines. The observed result of these differential forces is the improvement of concentrate qualities by the reduction of the amount of misplaced material found in the froth. The commercial benefit to industry is much reduced residence time, less than 30 seconds, which offers considerable cost savings in equipment and infrastructure.Prototypes of 0.65m, 1.7m and 2.2m cell diameter size have been constructed for hydrodynamic and industrial scale tests to assess the previously established computational methods for scale up of the process. The 1.7m cell has been installed and operated for cleaning of potash concentrates in Germany, at throughputs of 150 m3/hr, with extremely encouraging results. A 2.2m cell has been installed and operated in plant trials for superfine coal in South Africa. Results are presented that illustrate the effects of differential separations by comparison with conventional pneumatic and mechanical flotation techniques. Predictions of performance are provided in the contexts of the applications tested."

Jan 1, 2003

By A. Singh, M. Ntlhane, V. Ross, M. Dlame

"Fine valuable particles are often lost to flotation tailings streams due to inefficient collection by air bubbles as well as passivation of surfaces by oxidation and slimes. The application of high-shear hydrodynamic cavitation devices (HCDs) to overcome this problem has already proven to be a considerable success in the industry. This paper details the results of further investigations that were undertaken at Mintek to better understand the mechanisms involved when preconditioning feed slurries in an HCD. By promoting inter-particle attrition and conditions of high shear within the reactor, cleaning of particle surfaces is enhanced as well as the formation of superfine (nano) bubbles which are believed to aid their agglomeration and subsequent collection by normal sized bubbles. In order to broaden the envelope of understanding with regard to application of the technology, rather than tailings material as investigated earlier, a Platinum Group Mineral (PGM) UG2 ore from the Bushveld Complex in South Africa was used in this study. The results of a series of batch flotation tests in a 10L Denver cell are presented, being conducted after the feed has been subjected to different methods of preconditioning. It was demonstrated that the preconditioning significantly improved the flotation kinetics of the PGMs, the optimum being obtained after around 20 passes through the reactor. This was accompanied by a much enhanced recovery-mass pull relationship and a significant improvement in the grade-recovery response. Significantly, the selectivity between the PGM and the deleterious chromite (expressed as Cr2O3) gangue more than doubled under these conditions. Modelling of the PGM data by means of the modified Kelsall model indicated that both the fast and slow floating rate constants were improved.INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that the flotation recovery of fine and ultrafine particles, typically less than 10 micron in size, is a challenge (Yoon et al., 1989; Miettenin et al., 2010). Although these particles are typically well liberated, due to their very low mass and inertia, the collision efficiency with air bubbles is low as a result of the inability of particles to penetrate the liquid streamlines around bubbles. Hence the probability of contact is often regarded as the ratedetermining step in flotation of ultrafine particles. Introducing more power into conventional flotation machines is likely to solve only part of the problem, as conventional mechanisms are effective only to a point in terms of shear and micro-turbulence. Further challenges are posed by the treatment of low-grade or oxidised tailings dump material, where valuables are passivated due to prolonged exposure to the atmosphere or slimes. Over the years, various mitigating strategies have been investigated, including the use of dissolved air flotation (Martinez-Gomez et al., 2013; Calgaroto et al., 2015), shear flocculation (Subrahmanyam and Forssberg, 1990), seed or carrier flotation (Tabosa and Rubio, 2010), sonication to clean particle surfaces (Aldrich and Feng, 1999; Newell et al., 2006), high intensity conditioning (Bulatovic and Salter, 1989; Chen et al., 1999; Tabosa and Rubio, 2010), and various electrochemical approaches such as changing Eh in order to promote formation of dixanthogen, dissolution of oxidation products by lowering the pH, activation by sulphidisation (Newell et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2014), and the use of alternative collectors."

Jan 1, 2018

By Diego Mesa, Willy Kracht

Frothers may be classified as weak or strong depending on their ability to produce stable froths, which is related to the amount of water that they transfer from the pulp to the froth. They can also have an effect on the non-selective mechanism of recovery by entrainment, implying that both selectivity and froth stability are, at least to some extent, frother dependent. Solids, on the other hand, also have an effect on froth behaviour. Clays, which are characterized by their small particle size, laminar shape, and high specific surface, tend to report to the froth phase and have an enormous impact on both froth stability and the overall performance of the flotation process. The purpose of this work is to shed light on the effect that different frothers have on the froth behaviour when clays are present. In order to do that, two sets of experiments were conducted using frothers from the families of alcohols and polyglycols. For each test, the equilibrium froth height was measured at different frother concentrations in an agitated machine with an acrylic square-base cell that was 11 cm wide and 25 cm high. The cell was designed in such a way that froth was able to grow without concentrate discharge. In the first set of tests, pure clays such as kaolinite and montmorillonite were used. In the second set, an actual copper sulphide ore with a high content of clays was used as solid phase. The results, expressed as curves of equilibrium froth height against frother dosage, showed a coupled effect of frother-clay on froth behaviour for both sets of experiments. In some cases, the froth grew up until the border of the cell with only a few parts per million of frother. In other cases, the equilibrium froth height varied smoothly with frother dosage. The results suggest that choosing the right frother can be of use for controlling the froth behaviour when dealing with clay-rich froths, using frother dosage as the control variable. The application of these findings at industrial scale are discussed and some recommendations are given.

Jan 1, 2018

By Ronel du Plessis, John C. Davidtz, Jan D. Miller

Recent results from electrochemical measurements demonstrate that trithiocarbonate (TTC) collectors are more readily oxidized to their corresponding dithiolates than the dithiocarbonate/xanthate (DTC) collectors. Based on the traditional analysis of collector adsorption, trithiocarbonates might then be expected to be effective for bulk sulfide mineral flotation. Previous bench-scale flotation research had shown that TTC collectors are very effective for the flotation of copper sulfide minerals and PGM (platinum group metal) sulfide minerals. More recently, the TTC collectors were evaluated for auriferous pyrite recovery in benchscale plant scale flotation testing in the United States and in plant tests at Anglogold in South Africa. TTC collectors were also applied in bench-scale testing of a PGM ore. In each case an improved separation efficiency was realized. Fundamental studies at the University of Utah examining the effect of collector structure (functional group, -O-CS2 versus .S-CS2), specifically with respect to auriferous pyrite flotation, are in progress. The effect of collector structure was evaluated with air as well as nitrogen as the flotation gas medium. Experimental techniques utilized included electrochemically controlled contact angle measurements to evaluate mineral hydrophobicity and infrared spectroscopy to explain collector adsorption phenomena at the mineral surface.

Jan 1, 2003

By Jing Zhou

In view of the state of the long time use of sodium cyanide in lead-zinc-sulfur-silver multimetallic ore production, we propose alternative reagents system through experimental research. The experiment first used TJ, sodium sulfide to adjust the flotation pulp, after that, zinc sulfate, sodium sulfite was added to low alkaline pulp to inhibiting zinc sulfur mineral and adapted MB, 25# aerofloat and diethyl dithiocarbamate combination collectors to float lead minerals. The obtained test index is as follows: lead concentrate recovery rate of small scale test was increased by 5 to 10%, the recovery rates of gold and silver in lead concentrate were increased by 7% and 11% respectively; the industrial test is conducted under the condition that the total grade of lead and zinc content in raw ore decreased by 4.81%, the total recovery rate of lead and zinc increased by 7%, recovery rates of gold and silver in lead concentrate were increased by 7.62% and 9.65% respectively. So it successfully realizes the target to replace the sodium cyanide, using low-alkaline non-toxic reagents system in mineral processing practice of three kinds of complex lead-zinc-sulfur ore of this mine. Keywords: refractory lead-zinc-sulfur ore, depressant, non-cyanide flotation

Sep 1, 2012

By B. Das

The processing of banded iron ore by direct anionic and reverse cationic flotation to produce pellet grade concentrate is investigated. This low-grade iron ore, known as banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) contains 41.8% Fe, 41.5% SiO2, 1.2% Al2O3, and 0.5% LOI. The flotation behavior of BHQ is studied by varying the effect of concentration of collector, frother, dispersant and pH. Oleic acid and dodecylamine are used as the anionic and cationic collectors respectively. The parameters that gave the best results in cell flotation are utilized in 100 mm diameter flotation column. All the results are compared with regard to the iron grade and recovery in concentrate. It is observed that, anionic collector with dispersant dosage of 220 g/ton, at pH ~8.5 is selective and yielded a high-grade iron concentrate with low silica as impurity. Also, it is possible to achieve an iron concentrate with 64% Fe at 30-37% weight recovery. The characterization studies of the BHQ ore using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and liberation analysis with QEMSCAN® are carried out. The sample contains 58.8% hematite and 37.7% quartz and the liberation of hematite particles are found to be 90.3% in -25 µm size. An alternative statistical modeling approach called response surface methodology was also undertaken to optimize the operating parameters in order to maximize the iron grade and recovery. The predicted results by the model are in agreement with the experimental values.

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Pelser, C Aldrich

"The presence of calcium and magnesium in the hydrometallurgical processing of base metals, results in a number of process difficulties. These problems range from the contamination of the final product (where the final product is a precipitate) to high energy consumptions and large bleed streams during electrowinning. Calcium poses an additional problem in sulphate solutions owing to the low solubility of its sulphate salts. This can easily lead to a process stream that is supersaturated with calcium sulphate, resulting in unwanted solids formation within the process equipment.Several processes are reviewed for the control of calcium and magnesium. Of these, fluoride precipitation was selected for experimental investigation. This method involves the addition of a soluble fluoride to precipitate CaF2 and MgF2. The experiments showed high selectivity for calcium and magnesium over the base metals. The experiments also showed magnesium precipitation to dominate for calcium to magnesium molar ratios greater than 1:3.To avoid the domination of magnesium precipitation, a flow sheet is proposed whereby only a portion of the base metal stream is subjected to fluoride precipitation. For the precipitation, a 10% excess of ammonium fluoride is used to remove the maximum amount of calcium and magnesium. After precipitation and solid-liquid separation the split-stream is returned to reduce the overall calcium and magnesium concentration of the base metal stream."

Jan 1, 2003

By C. Igathinathane

Coal is the most widely used fossil fuel in the world, providing more than 25% of world?s electrical power. Since, the behavior of coal particles in crushing and grinding circuits, concentration operations, and solid-liquid separations is strongly dependent on size, a reliable and accurate measurement of particle size and particle size distribution (PSD) is a vital aspect in coal cleaning. This paper presents a method for the characterization of ground coal particles using image analysis. We utilized a machine vision (MV) approach that used a document scanner as the imaging device and a user-coded ImageJ plug-in that processed the image and automated the PSD analysis and output results in textual and graphical forms. This approach used a sum of volumes (SVolume) as weighting factor for particle length as the primary dimension of analysis and was successfully applied to ground coal. The plug-in was further improved for computational performance in this study. Mechanical sieving (MS) was also used to compare the MV results. MV results showed that the PSD of ground coal followed a uni-modal normal distribution, and the log-normal plot against particle size exhibited a linear trend for most of the range. MS results, however, had three linear segments, when the width-based sieving results were transformed to lengths by applying the shape factor (width/length), but a definite deviation between the PSD plots was observed. This study demonstrates successful application of the MV SVolume approach for PSD analysis of ground coal, which can be extended to similar particulate minerals and products. Keywords: dimension, fiji, image j, image analysis, coal, particle size, plug-in

Sep 1, 2012

By Osvaldo A. Bascur, J. Pat Kennedy

"The profitability of mining and metallurgical operations continues to lag behind that of other industries despite the technical advances that have occurred in recent years. A primary reason for poor performing in this economic sector is the lack of integration of mining and metallurgical information. The mine cut-off grade can be optimized if mining and metallurgical engineers have the data to optimize milling for the type of ore in hand.Integration of mine transactions, stockpile inventories, process flows and assays is the key to determining the economics for each blast strategy in a mining site. Real-time information from manufacturing assets greatly affects the profitability and flexibility of a company, but gross errors from faulty sensors, inaccurate instrument calibration, or incorrect process models may corrupt actionable information. New software tools can model the process, sift through available data to identify and eliminate gross errors, and use statistical data reconciliation to create materially balanced and consistent readings. The reconciled data is unified for use by both monitoring and decision making processes.Creating a real-time information environment where upgrade and change are allowed is becoming an accepted methodology to accelerate and simplify the integration of applications such as production monitoring, equipment performance management and yield and inventory management.This paper describes the data integration requirements in a mine, concentrator and port for unification of the redundant data. The capture of the mining events, stock pile management and the metallurgical information is the base requirements for a dynamic environment to reduce the overwhelming amount of information to unified set of information. Part of any decision support program should entail these results to continuously improve the measurement system to address the costs in mine and milling the ore."

Jan 1, 2003

By Leopoldo Gutierrez

Eight oil sand ores with the bitumen content ranging between 3.6 and 15 wt.% and the fines content (-44 micrometers size fraction) between 9 and 69 vol.% were subjected to the standard alkali extraction test used to measure the degree of oxidation of metallurgical coals. The results showed that there is a strong correlation between the absorbance of extracted solutions at a wavelength of 520 nm and the ratio of the fines content to the bitumen content. The latter factor is directly relevant to assessing the extractability of bitumen from oil sand ores. Bitumen extraction tests showed that the bitumen recovery decreased from 90 % to 30 % when the absorbance at 520 nm increased from 0.23 to 0.64. A comparison of the UV/visible spectra of solutions obtained from the alkali extraction tests with solutions of Aldrich Humic Acids suggest that low bitumen/high fines oil sand ores release substantial amounts of organic matter very similar, if not identical, to humic acids. In contrast, high-bitumen and low-fines ores do not release as much of the organic matter, and UV spectra of these leached substances are quite different from those of humic acids. Overall, the results show that chemical composition of bitumen in the tested ores varies greatly with ore type and oxidation, and that the alkali extraction test is a promising technique to quickly assess the extractability of bitumen from a given ore type.

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, A. Dehghani Ahmadabadi, M. Zare

"In the most iron ore beneficiation plants, reverse flotation is the best method for removing silicate gangues from final iron ore concentrate. Many previous studies show, if the major portion of impurities include quartz minerals, the flotation process is simple, but if iron silicates are dominant, reverse flotation is so complicated and mostly not very effective. In this study which was performed on the Sangan iron ore concentrate, the performance using of reverse flotation and magnetic flotation separator for elimination of silicate gangues from the magnetic iron concentrate was investigated. The operational parameters for reverse flotation are considered as: collector and frother types and dosages and also modifiers. But for magnetic flotation separator parameters were magnetic field intensity as well as overflow and underflow water rates. Results showed that reverse flotation has not a significant effect on the elimination of impurities. Because of the silicate gangues of Sangan concentrate including a mixture of quartz and iron silicates (amphibole, pyroxene and feldspar), so downgrading of the SiO2 content for the flotation concentrate was rather low and only average reduces of 20.60% were possible. But the findings of using magnetic separator was more satisfactory. Results of the weight recovery, iron grade and also SiO2 and S grades of final concentrate were better with magnetic flotation device. So at the best and optimum condition, we could reduce 51.01% of the total silicate (SiO2~ 2.19%) along with 74.66% of sulfur content (S~ 0.076%) and concentrate weight and Fe recoveries of 92.04% and 94.51% respectively, final Fe grade of 68.73%.INTRODUCTION Chemical/traditional flotation is one of the most effective methods for separating valuable particles from waste minerals, which is used in most mineral processing industries. In the iron ore processing industry, the major impurities present in iron ore concentrate include sulfur, silica and phosphorus (Bruckard et al, 2015), which are often carried out by reverse flotation methods for the removal of sulfide and oxide impurities (Donald, 1967: Araujo et al., 2005: Ma, 2012)"

Jan 1, 2018

By C. Dorfling, C. A. Snyders

South Africa has extensive mineral processing and extractive metallurgy capacity and infrastructure for metal production from natural resources. Decreasing ore grades, increasing labor costs, and more stringent legislation have made economic metal production from primary resources challenging. Opportunities exist for metal production from secondary resources such as mining wastes and end-of-life consumer goods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the current status of metal production from secondary resources in South Africa and to identify potential opportunities for further development. Two main classes of secondary resources, namely mining waste and electronic waste, were considered. Primary metal producers are dominating metal production from mining wastes; several of the gold, platinum and chrome producers operate low risk and low cost tailings retreatment facilities that contribute significantly to their overall production. Further opportunities exist in, for example, the treatment of more than 450 estimated gold tailings dumps in Gauteng, as well as metal recovery from slags and furnace dust. The majority of companies involved with electronic waste recycling in South Africa focus on collecting and disassembling; only a few perform preliminary physical processing, with the recovered fractions then being sent overseas for metal recovery. Projections are that the rate of waste generation will increase significantly and that treatment will become critical to comply with more stringent environmental legislation. Projects related to process development, techno-economic evaluations and environmental impact studies for metal recovery from batteries, printed circuit boards, and fluorescent lamps are underway. South Africa is ideally positioned to further explore opportunities for synergistic relations between metal recyclers and primary metal producers. Processing of electronic waste for production of technology metals, for which limited natural resources exist in South Africa, would be a key enabler for local manufacturing industries and expansion of the value chain.

Jan 1, 2018

By Sanja Miskovic, Manjunath Basavarajappa

In this study, a coupled CFD-DEM (Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method) approach is used to simulate two-phase, solid-liquid flow within the flotation cell. Turbulence plays a key role in flotation cells and level of turbulence is affected locally by the presence of particles. Turbulence in the flow is modelled using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based k-e model. Using particle transport and spatial distribution, mixing mechanism for differed sized particles are analysed. By including the effects of particle-particle collision, particle rotation, and particle translation, as well as the volume occupied by the particles in the fluid, CFD-DEM approach can be used to accurately predict the motion of particles in the turbulent solid-liquid flows with strong coupling. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is used to investigate the effect of impeller size, shape, off-bottom clearance and impeller speed on mixing and suspension behaviour inside flotation cell. The effect of flotation impeller design, impeller size, and off-bottom clearance on flow hydrodynamics is investigated. In the case of moderate and high solids loading (> 10 %w/w), energy is dissipated through inter-particle interactions and four-way coupling becomes important (Derksen 2003). The main goal of this study is to understand the effect of particle size and concentration on flow dynamics at high Re in highly turbulent systems using advanced modelling and measurement techniques. Experimental measurements obtained by ERT) system allowed detailed mapping of temporal hold-up profiles of the dispersed phase. Impeller size and off-bottom clearance are found have significant effect on the particle suspension characteristics.

Jan 1, 2014

By Josefin Lannefors, Anders Klingberg, Natalija Gorochovceva

"Development of new anionic collectors becomes more and more important. This can be explained, on the one hand, by the fact that over the years phosphate ores have become more fine grained and complex (example weathered). On the other hand, a development with a focus on sustainability (sustainable development) of new anionic surfactants is required by authorities and society. Within the sustainable development several characteristics of a collector have to be taken into an account: efficiency, selectivity, froth characteristics, environmental profile, raw materials used for the synthesis, manufacturing complexity, stability upon storage, etc.Several anionic surfactants based on ester and amide chemistry were synthesized, characterized and used as flotation agents for calcium phosphate containing ore. The surfactants were used in a formulation together with other anionics, since in a pure form, during the flotation, they did not provide right froth characteristics.A new anionic collector/formulation was developed, that fulfills all above listed requirements."

Jan 1, 2014

By Dingwu Feng, Jannie S. J. van Devente

"The effect of ultrasonication on reactions at solid/liquid interfaces was investigated in two slurry systems, i.e. gold cyanidation and geopolymerisation. The kinetics of gold extraction were significantly enhanced and the cyanide consumption was reduced in the cyanidation of a pyrite concentrate using ultrasonication, probably due to the prevention of leaching passivation, the improvement of the dissolution of the gold host sulphides and the oxidation of soluble sulphides to sulphate. The effectiveness for ultrasonication was improved with the injection of oxygen and the addition of dithiophosphate through enhancing the formation of the oxidation radicals and selectively inducing cavitation bubbles directly at the sulphide interfaces. Ultrasonically enhanced cyanidation could render currently uneconomic deposits viable for extraction by improved cavitation efficiency with the aid of surfactants.Ultrasonication increased the compressive strength of the formed geopolymers through accelerating the dissolution of the Al-Si materials, strengthening the bonds at the solid particle/gel phase interfaces, enhancing the polycondensation process and improving the formation of semi-crystalline to crystalline phases. The use of power ultrasound will yield high-performance geopolymer materials."

Jan 1, 2003

Domestic production of pyrite cinder reached 15.95 million tons in 2006. The pyrite cinder used in cement industry accounts for about 30% production. The remaining 70%, 11.17 million tons, was thrown away as waste, which brought serious environmental and resource problems. A new technology of composite pellet reduction-roasting and magnetic-separation (CPRM) has been developed to utilize pyrite cinder. Pyrite cinder sample, containing 45.56% Fe, 0.19% Cu and 1.45% S, was pelletized with addition of 5% composite agent in balling disc. Green balls after drying were reduced at 700~800 ? for 20min with 300kg/t pulverized coal injection in rotary kiln. After two stages of ball-grinding and four stages of magnetic separation, high grade magnetite concentrate with 66.23% Fe was produced, meanwhile impurities Cu and S was decreased to 0.048% and 0.053%, respectively. And iron recovery of 73.32%, desulphurization of 96.34% and decoppering degree of 74.73% were achieved. Key technique is that composite agent can accelerate reduction of Fe2O3 and transfer copper and sulphur into water-soluble inorganic salts, which can be removed during wet magnetic concentration. This new technology can be used to fully utilize pyrite cinder and produce high quality magnetite concentrates as feed for steel industry, which will help tackle the pollution problem of pyrite cinder and extend iron-bearing raw material sourcing for Chinese steel industry.

Jan 1, 2014

By Junwei Han, Wenhua Li, Wenqing Qin, Fen Jiao, Wei Liu, Jiaqi Xu

"A novel technology was developed to study the process of recycling copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), which are the main source of metal production in the next decades. The chemical compositions of the WPCBs were investigated. The results indicated that the PCB powder was mainly composed of copper (38.5 wt.%), iron, aluminum, and non-metallic materials. Copper is mainly in the form of Cu and is the most valuable metal for the recycle of WPCBs. The concentrated WPCBs powder, obtained by the mechanical process, were pressed as the anode, which was directly electrolyzed to produce copper. The effects of H2SO4 concentration, Cu2+ concentration, current density, pole pitch, and liquid-to-solid ratio on the voltage, current efficiency, and copper extraction were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were liquid-to-solid ratio of 30 mL/g, current density of 571 A/m2, sulfuric acid concentration of 180 g/L, 50 g/L of copper ion, polar distance of 3 cm. Under the conditions, a desired current efficiency could be achieved. Meanwhile, about 95.62% Cu was recovered from the WPCBs. The experimental studies also revealed that the purity of copper obtained at the highest current efficiency was higher to 99.98%. Produced copper sheet were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis indicated that the copper was the main phase. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of electronic industry, more and more waste electronic and electrical equipments (WEEE) are generated every year (Fogarasi et al., 2012; Liang et al., 2013). The production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) is the base of electronic industry, because it is the essential part of all electrical and electronic equipments (Schlummer et al., 2007). As a result, a considerable amount of waste PCBs containing plenty of heavy metals have to be treated. In general, PCBs contain about 28% metals that are abundant non-ferrous metals such as Cu, Pb, and Sn. Printed circuit boards can be considered as a secondary resource for recycling rather than wasting. The contents of gold and silver respectively reach 80 g/t and 3300 g/t, which are much higher than that of primary ores. Copper is the main metal of PCB and its content is as high as 26.8% ( Zhang et al., 2009)."

Jan 1, 2018