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By W. B. Paton

Introduction For several reasons the accident history of Flin Flon has been quite unlike that of any other mine in northern Canada, and very much unlike that of the average American metal mine. Towards the end of 1928, the mining project that is now Flin Flon, and that is now in the very: forefront of Canada's big producers was launched; but, metaphorically, it was launched in a tempest of mining troubles. Each branch of the mammoth enterprise was beset with extraordinary difficulties, and the Safety Department had its relative share. Difficulties in Accident Prevention The unusually rugged contour of the plant site made roads, and even moderately safe pathways, out of the immediate question. The project established an industrial outlet for depression-stricken areas which hitherto had been essentially agricultural; but through that outlet poured labour whose working atmosphere had been the bald prairie, labour that knew nothing of safety consciousness, labour that had to be moulded to industrialism, labour in the raw. A considerable length of the ore-body lay under the eastern section of Flin Flon lake. Open-pit methods were adopted to work the upper limits of the ore-body, and consequently the eastern section of the lake had to be dammed and pumped dry. The subsequent difficulties and hazards created by silt deposit cannot be fully visualized. And, finally, there was a geographical hindrance: the ore-body was partly in the Province of Manitoba and partly in the Province of Saskatchewan. The workmen's compensation problem became intricate. Insofar as accident prevention is concerned, Flin Flon's young industrial life may be conveniently divided into three distinct periods, namely: (a) Construction (Nov. 1928-June 1930) (b) Tuning up, and production till the strike (June 1930-June 1934) (c) Production from the strike till the present time At the peak of construction, due to the usual labour fluctuations of big jobs, there was a weekly turnover of about a hundred men. A very large percentage were Central Europeans, most of whom could neither read nor write English. Consequently, an organized safety programme was out of the question.

Jan 1, 1935

By G. B. Harris

It has long been appreciated that chloride chemistry has a number of advantages over the more traditional sulphate route for both extracting and separating metals. Modern materials of construction, coupled with the development of a more cost-effective and efficient hydrochloric acid regeneration technology mean that chloride-based processes are now more competitive and attractive. Such processing routes are able to recover more of the contained metal values in a feed, including iron in a benign and/or marketable form, and particularly the so-called rare and rare-earth elements which are increasing in demand in our electronic age. These factors, therefore, add appreciably both to the overall economics of a project, but also offer a much more sustainable approach to our dwindling natural resources. Additionally, chloride-based flowsheets can be much more environmentally-friendly, offering practical alternatives to two of the biggest headaches faced by the industry, namely cyanide usage and the generation of red muds. This paper presents a brief theoretical background, focusing on the latest developments of ferrous iron oxidation and the low-temperature, selective hydrochloric acid regeneration process, which is the key unit operation for any chloride flowsheet, and discusses in general the advantages of the chloride approach. Several recently-developed flowsheets, which have been tested at the miniplant level, are presented for gold, base metals, titaniferous magnetites and lead-silver ores wherein the advantages of considering a chloride approach are highlighted.

Jan 1, 2014

By C. A. Horne

"The transportation of mineral solids in the form of slurry is a subject most of us are associated with and, in fact, live with on a daily basis. The design parameters of slurry systems and most important the prime movers or cent¬rifugal pumps, are frequent and often controversial subjects due to the lack of practical guidelines which, if known and followed, can increase both reli¬ability and service life of the equipment.In this talk, emphasis has been placed on the practical side or rule-of-thumb approach to applications which, in turn, has been related to successful field results. The theoretical content and complex design criteria associated with actual equipment design has consequently been held to a minimum in the following discussions.I. BASIC SLURRY PUMP DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSFirst, to better understand how a centrifugal pump performs work, a basic description of the operating principles are in order.A. Operation In a pump, mechanical energy is transformed into pressure energyby virtue of the centrifugal force exerted by the rotating impeller. The liquid is discharged by centrifugal force at a velocity required to generate a given head and the volute collects the liquid so useful work can be done by the conversion of kinetic energy to pressure energy."

Jan 1, 1976

By P. Latostenmaa, O. Forsén, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

The history of electrolytic copper production in Finland is closely connected with the industrialization of Finland and events of the Second World War. Production of cathode copper by electrowinning from the processing of Outokumpu ore started in 1913 based on the Hybinette nickel process, however due to the poor performance of this process, the plant was closed in 1929. Outokumpu commenced copper smelting at Imatra in eastern Finland in 1936 producing blister copper for refining outside the country. Due to the threating military situation, a new electrolytic copper refinery was built in 1941 at Pori in western Finland to refine the anodes. This was the first electrolytic copper refinery in Finland. It was built with 108 cells having a capacity of 12,000 tonnes/y. In addition, the smelter was relocated to nearby Harjavalta in 1944–1945. To fulfill the war reparations included in the peace treaty with the Soviet Union, a doubling of the smelter capacity was realised, with the Pori refinery capacity increasing to 20,000 tonnes/y in 1946 by adding additional cells. The cornerstone of Finnish metallurgical technology — Outokumpu flash smelting — was invented with the new technology commissioned at Harjavalta in 1949 replacing the electric furnace and providing a further increase in copper output with subsequent enlargement of the refinery. By 1963, the plant consisted of 380 cells with a capacity of 48,000 tonnes/y of cathode copper. The Pori electrolytic copper refinery has operated continuously since 1941. Commencing in 2004 the Pori refinery has been part of the Boliden group of Sweden. The most recent plant upgrade was in 2007 with the installation of permanent cathode technology. In 2017, the production of the Pori refinery was 133,000 tonnes of copper cathode, 2,300 tonnes of nickel sulphate, along with 66 tonnes of silver and 4.6 tonnes of gold. This paper describes these outstanding achievements. INTRODUCTION In 1809 the Kingdom of Sweden was defeated by the Russian Empire in the Finnish War, and Finland was annexed by the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. Finland’s commercial and industrial interests were developed to serve the Empire’s needs. Finland had raw materials, but at the start of the 20th century Finnish industry was based on the use of wood as raw material and agricultural products. The mining industry was only a few percent of the country’s industrial production.

Jan 1, 2019

By M. Kalin

"SUMMARYWaste management in general, and the water treatment of mine and mill effluents, has become an ever increasing burden for mining operations. A reduction in these expenditures would undoubtedly be desirable if this could in fact be achieved within effluent guidelines and monitoring requirements.A brief summary is presented of the research which has as its aim the development of methods which would reduce such costs and lead to solutions for environmentally acceptable close-out conditions for acid generating mine waters. The basic concepts of Ecological Engineering and Biological Polishing are presented, together with an indication of the present state of these research efforts. Details are provided of the progress of various experiments which aim to promote reducing conditions, organic matter production and the establishment of biological filters which remove metals from the water which are then retained within the waste management areas. These conditions should lead to a curtailment of acid drainage and an improvement in effluent quality.A description is provided of the first pilot demonstration using this approach to achieve a walk-away condition for the close-out of a massive sulphide tailings resulting from 10 years of operating a copper/zinc concentrator in Northern Ontario.1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Waste management and close-outIt is recognized that the achievement of a cost-effective and competitive mining operation, from the commencement of exploration for ore bodies through to the day-to-day efficient operation of the mine, requires a certain expertise and sophistication. However, the environmental effects of these activities are considered peripheral issues and their importance as an integral part of the planning and development of the mine/mill, is not always appreciated."

Jan 1, 1988

By Limao Zhang

This paper presents a novel model to assess the risk of adjacent buildings in tunnelling environments based on Extended Cloud Model (ECM). ECM is an organic integration of Extension Theory (ET) and Cloud Model (CM), where ET is appropriately employed to flexibly expand the variable range from [0, 1] to (-8, +8), and CM is used to overcome the randomness and fuzziness during the gradation of evaluation factors. The risk level of a specific adjacent building is assessed by the correlation with the cloud models. A confidence indicator ? is proposed to illustrate the rationality and reliability of evaluating results. Ten buildings adjacent to Wuhan Metro Line Two (WMLT) are randomly chosen among hundreds of adjacent buildings for a case study. Results have proved to be consistent with the actual situation. Compared with other traditional evaluation methods, ECM has been verified to be a more competitive solution with high calculation accuracy, wide adaptability, as well as simplified computer programming. There are no stringent requirements on the quantity of training data during the modelling process, and the original data can be directly entered into ECM without a normalization procedure, avoiding the potential information loss. ECM can be offered as a decision support tool for the risk assessment in urban tunnelling construction and worth popularizing in other similar complicated projects.

Aug 1, 2013

By W. J. Asselstine

Introduction This paper is prepared from data gathered for a similar paper to be submitted to the United States Bureau of Mines, for publication as one of their information circulars. It covers the history and development of the present milling practice at Premier. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and suggestions given during the preparation of this paper by D. L. Pitt, Manager of the Premier Gold Mining Company, Limited; also their indebtedness to various members of the Engineering Staff and of the Accounting Department who have assisted materially in gathering the data used. Location The Premier mine and mill are situated in northern British Columbia, approximately fifteen miles north of the head of Portland canal, in the Salmon River section, about half a mile east of the Alaska-British Columbia boundary line where it crosses die Salmon river. The mill is located on a rather steep hillside on the horizon of the main haulage level of the mine, and is within a hundred feet of the mouth of the tunnel. Both the mine and mill are connected with tidewater at Stewart, B.C., by an aerial tramway (1) eleven and one-half miles in length, which delivers both ore and concentrate to the bunkers at the dock for shipment to the smelters. All mine and mill supplies are transported from Stewart dock to Premier over this tramway, except heavy machinery. Heavy pieces have to be hauled either by truck in summer or sleighs in winter over a good road which runs from Stewart dock to Premier.

Jan 1, 1933

By H. W. Wevers

Fatigue failure and accompanying brittle failure occurs frequently in heavy mining equipment. This paper discusses how fracture mechanics can be applied as a tool for crack control and crack management. Information is provided to determine if particular components are prone to brittle failure. By using existing fracture mechanics formulae, an estimation of the critical crack size can then be made. It is explained that for a successful application of fracture mechanics, both the actual engineering stress in the component and the mechanical properties of the applied material must be known. The importance of toughness at low temperatures is quantitatively illustrated by calculating critical crack sizes at room temperature and at below-zero temperatures. Understanding the possibilities of fracture mechanics will also produce a climate in which the purchaser of equipment can more precisely analyze the relative quality of components with respect to crack tolerance and failure prevention. In this manner, communication between the user and manufacturer of equipment may also become more precise and effective, leading to improved design.

Jan 1, 1977

Brunswick Mine employs an ore and waste pass system for material transfer. This paper reviews the evolution and performance ore pass systems at the mine. It presents the range of selected configurations, inclination, dimensions etc. Select case studies are used to address the influence of structure, stress and materials handling on the longevity of the employed ore passes.

Feb 1, 2008

By P. Wells, P. Quinn

"A moveable flotation miniplant was designed and constructed at the research laboratory of Inco Technical Services Ltd. to address the need for flowsheet development with a limited amount of ore (such as drill cores). It consists of one rod mill, two regrind ball mills, one vibratory screen, 24 flotation cells of various sizes and two Venturi aerated flotation columns. The setup has continuous monitoring capability for pH, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity and temperature in conditioning tanks and flotation cells. Various options regarding flotation reagents, circuit configurations, and fineness of primary grind and regrind can be readily evaluated. The throughput of the miniplant is 20 – 30 kg/hour ore.Unit operations such as flash flotation, magnetic separation and gravity concentration can also be evaluated as an integral part of an entire flowsheet development.This communication describes the basic design features of the miniplant and some examples of applications are given.INTRODUCTIONInco operates numerous mines in Sudbury and Thompson and will shortly bring the Voisey’s Bay mine into production. It has long been recognized that the ores from different mines or from different depths of the same mine can give different responses in flotation. There is a growing need to properly evaluate the ores before feeding the mill to maximize the return of the mine/mill operation. Inco Technical Services Limited at Sheridan Park, Mississauga, Ontario has developed a batch laboratory procedure to address this issue. The results are considered in the overall economical assessment of new mine operations.For ores that cannot be processed by the existing mill operations or that will be processed by a new mill, it is necessary to develop a flowsheet that can maximize the economical return of the mine/mill operation. While recognizing the importance and contribution of the laboratory batch flotation procedure, it does not generate reliable data for flowsheet simulation and design. A full-scale pilot plant campaign is normally required to obtain the design data but often this is not possible due to a limited amount of ore obtainable from the drill core. A small-scale pilot plant (mini pilot plant or miniplant) capable of processing 20-30 kg/h ore can provide this data prior to a full-scale pilot plant campaign. A miniplant can also be used to optimize the circuit configurations, reagent additions and recycle options of process water before pilot plant work and can be used to test a different flowsheet configuration for an existing mill before re-piping a plant circuit."

Jan 1, 2003

By A. K. Snelgrove

Introduction ?Concerning the inland commodities, as wel to be drawen from this land (Newfoundland) there is nothing which our East and Northe.rly countries of Europe doe yeelde, but the like also may be made in (ît) as plentifully by time and industry : Namely, rosen, pitch . . . metalls, and many moe. All which the countries will aford, and the soyle is apt to yeelde ... For besides these alreadie recounted and infinite moe, the mountains generally make shew of minerall substance : Iron very common, lead, and somewhere copper. I will not auerre of richer metalls: albeit ... more then hope may be concieued thereof. " - Narrative of Captain Hayes, second-in-command to Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Expedition, IJ83 (From Hakluyt). The investigations set forth in the following pages were made in the field in Newfoundland during the summer of 1927, and later in the laboratories and library of McGill University, and in the library of the Canadian Geological Survey at Ottawa, with the purpose of collating and adding to our knowledge of the geology of an area roughly wedge-shaped in outline, and nearly nine thousand square miles in extent, stretching across the centre of the island of Newfoundland, from the southwest to the northeast coasts. To the description of this district, which contains most of the known mineral occurrences of Newfoundland, the term mineral belt is here introduced.

Jan 1, 1928

By I. Haskett

ABSTRACT The Redwater pool, in north-central Alberta, was discovered in October, 1948, and at the end of 1950 was about 85 per cent developed. Production is from a Devonian coral limestone reef and is found at an average depth of 3,150 feet. The pool has an estimated .productive area of 37,000 acres, and a maximum oil zone thickness of slightly over 200 feet. Wide variations exist in both type and values of porosity, with the average value determined for the reservoir being 6.16 per cent. The total stock tank oil in place is about 1.24 billion barrels. The crude has a saturation pressure of 485 psig, com-pared to the original value of 1,050 psig for the reservoir, and the principal recovery mechanism so far has been the natural water drive. Cumulative production to January 1st, 1951, has been about 15.5 million barrels. These withdrawals resulted in a reservoir pressure decline of slightly over 100 psi. Predictions of future behaviour indicate that the water drive will not be of sufficient magnitude to maintain the reservoir above saturation pressure past 1953, and that, with natural depletion, the pool will be produced largely by a solution gas drive. Pressure maintenance by water injection has been considered and the possibility of raising the pressure to the original value of 1,050 psig is also discussed. INTRODUCTION WITH the discovery of the Lewduc pool, early in 1947, the Devonian limestone became the major geological formation contributing to Western Canada's rapidly growing petroleum reserves. Redwater, discovered in October, 1948, is now the largest known Devonian pool in Canada, with a recoverable reserve estimated at approximately 500 million barrels. Until recent years, the knowledge of the nature and characteristics of this type of limestone reservoir has been comparatively limited.

Jan 1, 1951

By R. O. Burt, D. J. Ottley

"SYNOPSISRecent developments in the use of the Bartles-Mozley table and the Bartles CTS screen are described for the gravity preconcentration of fine heavy mineral and metal particles present in low grade pulps. The B-M table is a relatively new device used for the recovery of particles of up to 100 micron size down to 5 microns or in the case of gold and platinum, down to 1 micron. The CTS screen is a wet screening device used for feed preparation ahead of the Bartles-Mozley table and will size effectively down to about 300 mesh. Results and operating data for a number of different materials are given including outline flowsheets; the effects of the major variables on the performance of the table are briefly discussed. The potential of the B-M table to treat a variety of different ores, coal, tailings, and waste products are considered. The utilization of the B-M table in association with other unit processes to improve overall results as well as to improve the economics of design and performance of plants are also mentioned.INTRODUCTIONA number of new gravity concentration devices have been developed in recent years for the recovery of fine heavy mineral and metal particles but for reasons which include low capacity, high capital or operating costs, competition from other and better processes, the absence of simplicity or reliability in operation etc., only a few which include the Bartles-Mozley table, have been proved to be of commercial application.The name of the machine is derived from the inventors name, Richard Mozley, who developed the B-M table at the University of Bristol in England. The table was subsequently taken up and patented, world-wide, by the National Research Development Corporation a British government agency. An exclusive license to manufacture the table was granted by NRDC to Bartles (Carn Brea) Ltd. in Cornwall, England."

Jan 1, 1973

By Fred C. Delabbio

The successful implementation of a new technology in an underground production mine requires many challenges to be overcome. These challenges include mine hardening of new technology, mitigation of safety risks and hazards, mine operation support, and technology transfer to mine staff. In the end, the majority of these challenges relate to the human aspects of implementation. The approach selected to overcome these challenges must be customized and appropriate for each unique situation. This paper outlines the approach used to address these challenges as part of successful implementation and resulting demonstration of the hydrogen fuel cell locomotive at the Placer Dome (CLA) Limited, Campbell Mine. This technology demonstration at Campbell Mine is critical for determining technical, regulatory and implementation aspects to be incorporated into future fuel cell prototypes such as the LHD project.

May 1, 2003

Ground support audits are sometimes necessary in ageing underground mines. Usually, the purpose of such audits is to assess the state of the ground support in various parts of the mine, identify areas that require attention and establish rehabilitation requirements. In 2005, Brunswick Mine, located in Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, completed a comprehensive mine-wide ground support audit. The areas examined included excavations in several mining blocks, as well as ramps, shaft stations, garages, shops, etc., throughout the mine. A vast amount of data was collected over a period of two weeks by multiple auditing teams. The audit was followed by a data digitisation exercise, and the creation of a data management system to store audit results and keep track of subsequent rehabilitation activities as they occur. One aspect of the data management system was the incorporation of a function for reporting on ground rehabilitation progress, along with the capability of updating mine level plans for easy visual presentation of this progress. This article describes the approach implemented at the mine to carry-out the audit, as well as the database constructed to manage the results.

May 1, 2009

By Pierre Rocque

The Red Lake Mine is located approximately 600 km northwest of Thunder Bay. This 545 tpd (600 tons/day) underground narrow vein gold operation is set to produce in excess of 14.8 tonnes (475,000 ounces) in 2001 at a cash operating cost below 75 U$/oz. The high-grade nature of this deposit (>55 g/t or >1.6 opt) coupled with its complex geological environment and relatively deep location dictated the choice of a very selective primary mining method, Mechanized Overhand Cut and Fill. In addition to geological challenges, mine design issues such as material handling, ground stability and requirements for yieldable ground support are also discussed in this paper.

Oct 1, 2001

By Ken Dyck, Chuck Edwards

"Cameco's McArthur River is the world's largest high grade uranium mine. Production started in late 1999. Cameco carried out the engineering design and construction management for the McArthur River project, including all aspects of mining, ore handling and ore transportation. The ore composition was expected to vary dramatically (0 to 30% U3O8; 0 to 25% clay; etc). To cope with the composition swings, sizing screens were selected to provide classification in the grinding circuit. The grinding circuit started up close to the design to provide minus 500 micron slurry. The 50% solids (wt) ground ore slurry proved to be difficult to transport to and process at the Key Lake Mill. Slurry containing high concentrations of high density pitchblende (about spgr 8.0) and low concentration of stabilizing clays, would settle in containers. Ore transport efficiency to Key Lake was found to be unacceptable.A test classification cyclone was installed in the grinding circuit at McArthur River early in 2002. The cyclone operating parameters were not typical, but the cyclone was made to work very successfully. Transportation efficiency to Key Lake increased due to more stable slurry. Preferentially ground (fine) pitchblende particles were easier to leach at Key Lake. The radiation exposure for operators and maintenance personnel to handle the more stable slurry was also reduced.The classification sizing screens were removed from the McArthur River grinding circuit and replaced by permanent classification cyclones late in 2002.INTRODUCTIONThe McArthur River mine and Key Lake mill operations are located in northern Saskatchewan, approximately 650 and 720 kilometres from Saskatoon, respectively. Figure 1 is a location map. McArthur River is the world's largest, high-grade uranium mine, with a production capacity of 18.7 million pounds U3O8 annually. (Rosner and Edwards 1998, Dyck 2000, Jamrozek 2000, Rodgers 2001) Proven and probable reserves are more than 473 million pounds U3O8. McArthur River ore, grading on average 21% U3O8, is milled at Cameco's Key Lake operation, 80 kilometres southwest by road. McArthur River production began in December 1999."

Jan 1, 2004

By Jean Scott, G. A. Collins, G. W. Hodgson

WHILE it is well known that trace metals in crude •oils and distillates have been a matter of deep concern to refining engineers because of the damage done .by the metals to cracking catalysts and refractories (8, 5), the trace metals in crude oils may be of great benefit in correlation studies and in origin studies. During the geological processes in which the oil is formed from •animal and vegetable life, the hydrocarbons are subjected to a host of inter-related reactions, both physical and chemical. It has been well demonstrated that the lighter materials, certainly the short-chain paraffin hydrocarbons, are degradation products of the heavier molecules, and it might be concluded that for correlation studies it would be advisable to direct attention as much as possible not to the degradation products of the large molecules but to the large molecules themselves. Be this as it may, the methods at •hand to conduct the study are not particularly precise and, in the past, attention has centred on the simpler small molecules, as evidenced by the great mass of work involving distillation and chromatography with painstaking separation of the simpler 'front-end' hydrocarbons.

Jan 1, 1954

By Janis A. Shandro

The mining sector is a major economic driver for Canadian, and British Columbian communities. In parallel strong commitments have been made by industry to the well-being and sustainability of associated communities. However, these dimensions are the least understood. Especially lacking are focused regional investigations that compare the well-being and sustainability of communities dependent on different resources sectors. It is hypothesized that this type of comparative analysis will help to foster a greater understanding of what makes a resource or mining community healthy and sustainable. This paper describes research that examined community-level indicators associated with well-being (e.g. education, income and employment) and sustainability (e.g. economic diversity). The indicators were derived from Canadian Census data for 31 British Columbia resource-based communities (with a focus on mining) during a period of time (1991 to 2001) when resource sectors experienced an economic downturn. Our findings identify that during this decade, mining communities differed significantly from other resource-based communities, and comparative analysis of census derived indictors illuminate challenges that mining communities in British Columbia face with respect to wellbeing and sustainability (such as economic diversity, unemployment, and population loss). To contribute to the mining sector?s efforts towards meeting their commitments to communities, this paper concludes by proposing strategic opportunities aimed at the enhancement of mining community sustainability for policy-makers, communities, and the mining industry to consider.

May 1, 2011

By L. E. Djingheuzian

Introduction Cylindrical grinding mills have been used for a long time, but during many years of testing no methods were established that gave consistent results. The work by both scientific investigators and operators led very often to contradictory conclusions, and each millman was very much 'on his own' when trying to find the limits for working of his ball-mills. Fred C. Bond, in the introduction to his paper on Wear and Size Distribution of Grinding Balls, freely states that the mathematical immaturity of the grinding process "is the cause of many inefficient designs and installations as well as of much poorly oriented experimental work", and evidently he sees the solution of all our grinding problems in the discovery of the fundamental laws "which can change the empirical art into a mathematically exact science". While the writer is in complete agreement with Mr. Bond that grinding is governed by fundamental laws which can be expressed by mathematical formulae, there are so many variables in grinding, all interwoven with each other and mutually influencing each other, that the coalescing and merging of all these variables into a harmonious mathematical whole appears to be a homeric job. However, a light appeared on the horizon when it was proposed that power be used as an index of the grinding operation. It is pertinent to quote Gow, Guggenheim, Campbell, and Coghill from their paper on Ball Milling, in which they say: "Much of the past literature devoted to the subject has been concerned with the Kick-Rittinger dispute over evaluating grinding, or with dissertations on ball paths and the closely allied impact versus attrition hypotheses or with the exclusive consideration of certain specific variables, such as mill speed or circulating load, irrespectve of the other factors in operation. Such subjects may be dismissed with but little discussion in what may be called, by comparison a new philosophy in the stud of ball milling. Briefly this 'new philosophy' consists ' of using power as an index of the mill operation, and investigating grinding from the standpoint of set and induced variables with emphasis on the latter". But it is safe to assume that it was the work by E.W. Davis, H. E. T. Haultain, F. C. Dyer, A: M. Gaudin, J. Gross, S. R. Zimmerley, and others, that cleared the path for the authors of Ball Milling and induced them and A. W. Fahrenwald to look farther afield and thus to establish a far-reaching relationship between the power and capacity and the diameter of the ball-mills.

Jan 1, 1949