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By D. G. Tisdale

A pilot plant was installed and operated at the Xstrata Nickel Sudbury Smelter 10 demonstrate the CANSOLV SO2 Scrubbing System. A 350 m3/h slipstream (through a 10cm pipe) was drawn from two different industrial gas streams to test the performance and robustness of the scrubbing system. The system achieved high sulphur capture, typically above 99%, and proved tolerant 10 varying gas strength and dust content in the feed gas.

Jan 1, 2009

By H. A. Doerner

"Statistics show3 that in 1927 the United States consumed 60 per cent of the world's production of chromite and produced none. The uses of chromium are rapidly expanding, and a dependable supply is essential to our industries. Since the political and commercial control of our supply of chromite is now in foreign hands it is prudent to determine how this nation can best prepare to supply its need for chromium if the imports were cut off or restricted and whether it is now possible and desirable to stimulate production of chromium from domestic deposits. We have only small amounts of chrome ore of high enough grade to meet present trade requirements. Therefore the Bureau of Mines is making a study of methods for beneficiating our low-grade ores.Chromite (Cr203.Fe0), is the only commercial source of chromium. For refractories, a minimum of 40 per cent Cr203 and a low silica content (5 to 8 per cent) is usually specified. In most instances bricks or lumps having a physical structure that will not crack when heated are required. The only way an inferior ore could be adapted to this use world be to concentrate it and develop a satisfactory binder to make bricks out of the concentrates.For making ferrochrome the requirements are a minimum of 45 per cent Cr203 and an iron content not exceeding one-third of the chromic oxide. On some low-grade ores gravity concentration will give a product meeting these requirements; other ores yield concentrates containing too much iron or other impurities to be saleable."

Jun 1, 1930

Economic Sustainable Power for Mineral Processing

Sep 13, 2010

By Carl Hendricks, Malcolm Scoble

There currently exists no viable means of obtaining continuous feedback on blast efficiency. This paper describes the adaptation of a loading shovel to serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the success of ground preparation. Work undertaken in a large western Canadian open pit involved microprocessor-based instrumentation for the performance monitoring of an electric mining shovel. The monitored shovel responses proved to be reliable indicators of variations in muckpile diggability. This approach is considered to provide a very comprehensive survey of post blast conditions since such a shovel interacts which every cubic yard of a blast.

Jan 1, 1990

By L D. Queen

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Tifalmin porphyry copper district is located in the Star Mountains roughly 35 km north-east of the Ok Tedi mine. The district is a cluster of temporally and geochemically related porphyry copper deposits and their associated skarns. It covers an area of roughly 10 × 6 km and comprises at least three intrusions (Olgal, Futik and Kum Kom) where drilling has demonstrated the presence of porphyry copper mineralisation, and another three intrusions (Rattatat, Unfin and Pad 48) where porphyry copper mineralisation is strongly suggested by surface investigations and geochemical or geophysical signatures.Copper and gold mineralisation was first discovered in the area in the 1960s as part of the regional exploration program by Kennecott that located Ok Tedi. The mineralisation is associated with poly-phase porphyritic diorites, quartz diorites and tonalites that intrude the Upper Eocene to Middle Miocene Darai limestone and underlying Cretaceous to Eocene Feing Group. Radiometric K-Ar and U-Pb zircon ages cluster between 4 and 2 Ma for both the mineralised and post-mineral intrusions. In addition to porphyry-type mineralisation, variable amounts of calc-silicate and/or magnetite skarn occur near the contact of most of the intrusions. Mineralisation in the Olgal and Futik porphyries occurs as chalcopyrite replacement of mafic minerals and in a stockwork of micro-veinlets. Mineralisation mostly occurs in the intrusions but is also observed in hornfelsed siltstones and sandstones of the Feing Group on the southern margin of the Olgal intrusive body. Quartz veining is uncommon. Secondary magnetite is commonly associated with the highest copper and gold grades. Sericitic alteration is most prominent in the mineralised hornfels. Structurally, the area is dominated by syn- to post-mineralisation thrusting from the north. At least one of the deposits (Olgal) appears to be truncated at depth by a thrust fault.CITATION:Queen, L D, 2015. The Tifalmin porphyry copper gold district, Star Mountains, Western Papua New Guinea , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 357–360 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By Pengfu Tan

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust from the steel industries is listed by the United Sates EPA as a hazardous waste under the regulations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act due to the presence of lead, cadmium and chromium. The disposal of the approximately 650,000 tons of EAF dust per year in the U.S. and Canada is an expensive and unresolved problem for the majority of steel companies. The Waelz process has been considered as the best process for treating EAF dust. A process model, combined thermodynamic modeling with heat transfer calculations, has been developed to simulate the chemical reactions, mass and heat transfer and heat balance in the kiln. The injection of air into the slag and the temperature profile along the kiln has been modeled. The effect of (CaO+MgO)/SiO2 on the solidus temperature of slag has been modeled also and discussed. Some optimizing results have been presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 2005

Copper Recovery from Printed Circuit Board by Carbonisation

Sep 13, 2010

By T. E. Gray

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the significant coalbeds in Nicholas County, W. Va. It is one in a series describing coals suitable for producing metallurgical coke, either as mined or after beneficiation. Almost 5 million tons of coal were produced in Nicholas County, W. Va., in 1960, of which over 2.6 million tons were cleaned in eight preparation plants. It has been estimated that over 6 billion tons remained in the county as of December 31, 1960, in beds 12 inches and more thick.

Jan 1, 1962

By BUREAU OF MINES

In 1948 the United States became a net importer of oil. Coupled with an unpre- cedented domestic production of 5,900,000 barrels daily, imports approximating 500,000 barrels made available a total supply of 6,400,000 barrels a day. Thus, by herculean effort, the oil industry was able to meet an extraordinary demand at home and, in addition, to ship abroad almost 400,00 barrels daily of petroleum and products. The country's oil position now differs greatly from that prevailing at the be- ginning of World War II. Then, actual oil production averaged about 4 million bar- rels a day, and productive capacity probably was greater than 5 million barrels a day. As the demand of the military and industrial machine grew with the rising tempo of the drive toward victory, the United States not only met its own needs but pro- duced about two-thirds of the total oil requirements of the Allied Nations, excluding Russia. As a people, we can be deeply grateful that the Nation's petroleum resources were adequate and sufficiently developed to support such a tremendous effort. Even in those critical hours when immediate needs were the paramount issues, a prudent Congress paused to contemplate the importance of an assured long-term supply of liquid fuels. From these deliberations came the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of 1944, which authorized research and development work on new sources of oil coal, oil shale, and agricultural and forestry products. ce World War II, a civilian demand for 6 million barrels of petroleum prod- ucts has become the order of the day every day. By drilling as many as 39,000 new wells a year, the production rate has been increased enough to meet domestic require- ments by a bare margin. Some imports were necessary, however, to fill both domestic and foreign demands, and these doubtless will increase. Is this policy of exploration within the United States and the development of oil in foreign countries adequate insurance for the fulfillment of our future national needs? This question has two aspects one purely civilian and economic in character and the other significant from the standpoint of our national defense. There are now approximately 4,000 producing oil fields in this country. At first thought, it would appear that production could decline in a considerable number of these fields without materially affecting the over-all daily output. However, 48 percent of the oil comes from only 111 major fields which contain 50 percent of the total proved domestic reserves. It is apparent, then, that the flow from large fields - having proved reserves of 100 million barrels or more each must be sustained if daily production is to be kept at the present levels. Essentially, this means that new major fields must be discovered about as rapidly or perhaps more rapidly than the older ones lose productive capacity. From 1940 through 1947, only eight major fields with estimated reserves of more than 100 million barrels each, were discovered and proved - an average of one such field a year. The total estimated reserve of these eight fields was less than 1 year's supply at the present rate of use. As drilling continues, some existing fields ultimately will prove reserves larger than those now known. Without a pronounced increase in the num- ber of major discoveries, however, the prospects for increasing our present productive level are not encouraging. Any gap that appears between domestic productive capacity and demand could be filled with supplies from proved oil resources abroad. Assuming cheap pipe-line and tanker transportation to the United States, freedom from exorbitant taxes and charges

Jan 1, 1949

By Ned H. Snyder

In recent years the Government and other large consumers of coal have appreciated more and more the desirability of definitely determining by chemical analysis and test the character and quality of the coal they purchase. Higher prices for coal point forcibly to the need of giving more study to engine room and boiler room efficiencies and economies; this implies an intimate knowledge of the character and quality of the fuel used. Analyses and tests of delivered coal furnish data whereby power plant results can be comprehensively studied and a continuous check maintained on the coal and on the conditions of plant operation. Under authority of acts of Congress making appropriations for technologic investigation of fuels and the analyzing and testing of fuels belonging to or for the use of the United States Government, a laboratory is maintained at the Pittsburgh station of the Bureau of Mines, where samples representing deliveries of coal purchased for Government use are analyzed and tested.

Jan 1, 1923

By M P. Cipold, J F. Bachmann, C C. Bachmann, J Ha

Knowledge of fuel qualities is of ultimate importance for the efficiency of chemical plants or power stations. Although most blending yards are equipped with automatic samplers and the derived samples are processed in the laboratory, the quality variation of the blended product may still be strong. This is caused by several reasons. First of all the process of sampling, crushing, dividing and analysis is time consuming. Results are available only with a delay of two to 24 hours. During this time blending is operated without knowledge of the main parameters. Conveyors with high throughput require expensive sampling systems capable of handling samples which are representative. The frequency of sampling needs also to be high in order to be representative. This results in high maintenance costs and also downtime of the sampling system.Online analysis of bulk materials has matured over time and today it can supplement but not replace laboratory analysis. As an example, J&C Bachmann has realised a coal quality monitoring system on the coal supply of a South African coal processing plant. The plant consumes ~42 Mt of coal per annum. The blending yard consists of two sets of three heaps where coal of six different mines is blended according to the factory’s requirement. From there, the blended coal is fed to the factory on two different belts.In 2010 the plant installed a TEXAS X-ray fluorescence analyser as a trial. It was tested under different conditions on several belts before the customer decided to install six TEXAS analysers on the feed belts to the stackers and two more analysers on the reclaimer belts. All analysers are installed directly on the belt and not on a substream.During the test period blending strategies were developed in close cooperation between the customer and J&C Bachmann. The use of the analysers in conjunction with the blending model has proven that the variation of the reclaimed coal quality was decreased significantly, which results in increased process performance and significant cost savings.CITATION:Bachmann, C C, Bachmann, J F, Cipold, M P and Ha, J, 2017. Online quality control of a coal blending yard, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 125–128 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By W. T. Benson

Peacetime production of mercury in the United States is controlled by world mercury prices, with significant lags to be expected between price increases or decreases and resultant increased or decreased production. Twenty-four mercury-bearing mines and prospects in widely separated districts in western and central Nevada and one property on the Nevada-Oregon border were examined and sampled. The purpose of the project was to determine if some of the properties warranted more extensive exploration work to obtain information on possible reserves of commercial-and sub-commercial-grade ores. The investigation of mercury deposits in Nevada was sufficiently widespread and indicated several areas of interest in the State that merit further exploration work.

Jan 1, 1956

By NEWTON B. KNOX

IN Bolivia, mining is still the principal economic activity, as it was before and during the Spanish Colonial period. Tin, tungsten, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, sulphur, and a little bismuth are produced. The Andes mountains are divided into two main ranges in Bolivia; the Western range marks the border with Chile and the Eastern range forms the backbone of the country; in the North it drops rather abruptly eastward, to the plains of the Beni, whereas in the South it splits and is separated from the Chaco flatlands by a series of folded mountain ranges. In general the mineral deposits are found within the Eastern range or in the hills that rise from the high plateau between the ranges - really parts of the Eastern range partly submerged by recent sediments. The mineral belt is thus over 500 miles long and about 100 miles wide and includes most of the principal centers of population and the most important means of communication. The region is mountainous and the roads are bad; furthermore labor is a serious problem, for the land is poor and the agricultural population is never far from hunger. The floating supply of miners is limited and soon exhausted in any emergency like the present.

Jan 1, 1945

By John R. Reigart

The Tri-State district, as its name indicates, is composed of portions of three States, the southeastern corner of Kansas, the northeastern corner of Oklahoma, and an adjacent strip of Missouri east of these portions of Kansas and Oklahoma. An area approximately 40 miles long in a northeasterly-southwesterly direction, and 30 miles wide at right angles thereto, containing minable occurrences of ore at widely scattered locations, comprises the district. However, what has been and is the main productive area, is a strip about 35 miles long and 10 miles wide, which begins at Miami, Okla., as its southern extremity and runs in a northeasterly direction through Commerce, Picher, and Hockerville, Okla., Baxter Springs and Galena, Kans., and Joplin, Webb City-Carterville and Carthage, Mo. Almost the entire present production comes from the area between Commerce and Baxter Springs.

Jan 1, 1932

By A. Golshani, M. Oda, K. Suzuki, T. Takemura

Anisotropic behaviours of OhshimaOshima granite were investigated by carrying out uniaxial compression tests, together with observations of microcracks under an optical microscope. The elastic modulus tensor of Oshima granite at 10 per cent strength,E10, were calculated using theoretically formulation of elastic modulus tensor in terms of the second-rank crack tensor for pre-existing open microcracks. Furthermore, with the assumption of orthorhombic elasticity, the nine moduli of Oshima granite E10were determined by uniaxial compression test. Twenty-onemoduli of samples, calculated without assuming any symmetry, also showed orthorhombic features. Direction of the symmetry axes agreed well with the orientation of preexisting cracks. Comparison of crack tensor-based formulation results with the experimentally determined one show that the anisotropy of elasticity of Oshima granite is caused by pre-existing open microcracks, not by pre-existing healed microcracks and also crack tensor formulation can be used, as a first-order approximation at least, to describe the anisotropy of Oshima granite induced by pre-existing open microcracks. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Das anisotrope Verhalten des Oshima-Granits wurde mit Hilfe voneinachsigen Kompressionstests und durch die Betrachtung von Mikrorissen unter einem optischenLichtmikroskop untersucht. Das Elastizitätsmodul von Oshima-Granit bei 10 Prozent Kraft E10wurde berechnet, indem man die Formulierung des Elastizitätsmodultensors, ausgedrückt alsRisstensor zweiter Ordnung theoretisch auf bereits existierende Mikrorisse angewandt hat.Außerdem wurden die neun Module des Oshima-Granits unter der Annahme orthorhombischerElastizität E10mit einem einachsigen Kompressionstest bestimmt. Einundzwanzig Stichproben,die ohne die Annahme irgendeiner Symmetrie genommen wurden, zeigten ebenfallsorthorhombische Merkmale. Die Richtung der Symmetrieachsen stimmte mit der Orientierungbereits vorhandener Risse überein. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der auf dem Risstensorbasierenden Formulierung mit der experimentell bestimmten Formulierung zeigt, dass dieAnisotropie der Elastizität von Oshima-Granit von bereits vorhandenen offenen Mikrorissenverursacht wird, und nicht von vorhandenen vernarbten Mikrorissen, und dass dieRisstensorformulierung auch zumindest für eine Annäherung erster Ordnung benutzt werdenkann, um die durch vorhandene offene Mikrorisse induzierte Anisotropie des Oshima-Granits zubeschreiben. RESUME: Les comportements anisotropes du granit d’Oshima ont été étudiés en réalisant destests de compression simple, et en observant les microfissures au microscope optique. Le tenseurdu module d’élasticité du granit d’Oshima sous une résistance de 10 pourcents, E10, a été calculéen se servant de la formule théorique du tenseur de module d’élasticité basé sur le tenseur defissures de second ordre des microfissures ouvertes préexistantes. En outre, sur base del’hypothèse de l’élasticité orthorhombique, les neuf modules du granit d’Oshima ont étédéterminés par des tests de compression simple. Vingt et un modules d’échantillons, calculés endehors de toute hypothèse de symétrie, ont aussi montré des caractéristiques orthorhombiques. Ladirection des axes de symétrie correspondait bien à l’orientation des fissures préexistantes. Lacomparaison des résultats de la formule basée sur le tenseur de fissures avec les résultatsdéterminés expérimentalement montrent que l’anisotropie de l’élasticité du granit d’Oshimaprovient des microfissures ouvertes préexistantes, et non de microfissures préexistantes referméeset que la formule du tenseur de fissures peut servir, au moins comme première approximation, àdécrire l’anisotropie du granit d’Oshima marqué par des microfissures ouvertes préexistantes.

Jan 1, 2003

By Emilie Williams

Introduction Mouska Mine, Doyon Division site Background and timeline Obstacles to standard paste delivery system Components of Mouska paste system Technical considerations Operational considerations Mouska Mine Underground gold mine 30 km east of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec Part of Doyon Division, 100% owned by IAMGold Commercial production since 1991 Cumulative production over 850,000 oz Conventional mining until 2009 485 m shaft from surface 560 m internal shaft 500 tpd (ore and waste) Off-site milling Approximately 150 employees

Oct 1, 2010

By R. L. Virta

Four companies mined ball call in four states in 2009, H.C. Spinks Clay Co. Inc. (owned by Lhoist Group), Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co. (owned by Imerys Group), Old Hickory Clay Co. and Unimin Corp. Production, on the basis of preliminary data, was 820 kt (904,000 st) with an estimated value of $39.4 million. That was a 15-percent decrease in tonnage from 967 Mt (1.1 mil-lion st) with a value of $44.3 million that was produced in 2008. Tennessee was the top producing state with 59 percent of domestic production, followed by Texas, Mississippi and Kentucky. About 71 percent of production was airfloat, 18 perc

Jun 1, 2010

By J. L. Bellanca, L. R. Swanson

DISCLAIMER The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH. ABSTRACT Proximity detection systems (PDSs) for mobile machines have the potential to decrease injuries and fatalities. Early adopters of the technology have identified some challenges, which presents an opportunity to explore and improve the integration of mobile PDSs in underground coal mines. The current study applied the task-technology fit framework to investigate the fit between mobile PDS technology and mining relative to health and safety, from the perspective of leaders at two coal mines. Quantitative results from the study show that mine leaders evaluated mobile PDS favorably for training and ease of use, system feedback, user authorization and experience, and less favorably for safety, compatibility, task completion, and reliability. Qualitative results reveal specific task, mine, and system characteristics that may have influenced leaders' evaluations. The study includes considerations for safe technology integration. INTRODUCTION Striking, pinning, and crushing accidents related to mobile machines continue to be a major concern in underground coal mining. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) linked 22 of the 75 underground mine fatalities reported between 2011 and 2015 to power haulage [1]. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) asserts that proximity detection systems for mobile machines (mobile PDSs) could help to prevent these types of fatal injuries [2]. Mobile PDSs use a collision avoidance technology that allows the mine to establish hazard zones and employ electromagnetic sensors to detect workers equipped with a miner-wearable component (MWC) working near these mining machines. The authors characterize a mobile PDS as an automated technology, because—in line with Lee & See’s [3] definition of automation—a mobile PDS actively “selects data, transforms information, makes decisions, or controls processes” (p. 50). When the system detects workers in the established hazard zones, it issues alerts and slows or stops the mobile machine. Even though a mobile PDS may be a viable and promising safety solution, there are still a number of questions regarding how well this automated technology will fit with mining tasks and conditions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the current study explored factors that influence the fit of mobile PDSs in the underground mining environment.

Jan 1, 2019

By Andrew M. Leszcykowski

In 1985 at the request of the Bureau of Land Management, personnel from the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined a 27,680-acre portion of the 30,420-acre King Hill Creek Wilderness Study Area (10-19-2) in order to evaluate the mineral resources. The study area, in southwestern Idaho, is underlain by Tertiary tuffs and basalt. There are no known mining claims or prospects in the study area, and no mineral resources were identified. The Volcano mining district is immediately north, but mines there are in granitic rock which does not crop out in the study area. Oil and gas leases were offered for land in the southern part of the area, but no applications were filed, and the lease offering was withdrawn (1985). INTRODUCTION This report describes the USBM (U.S. Bureau of Mines) portion of a cooperative study with the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) to evaluate mineral resources and potential of the King Hill Creek study area at the request of the BLM (U.S. Bureau of Land Management). The USBM examines individual mines, prospects, claims, and mineralized zones, and evaluates identified mineral and energy resources. The USGS evaluates potential for undiscovered resources based on areal geological, geochemical, and geophysical surveys. Results of the investigations will be used to help determine the suitability of the study area for inclusion into the National Wilderness Preservation System. Although the immediate goal of this and other USBM mineral surveys is to provide data for the President, Congress, government agencies, and the public for land-use decisions, the long-term objective is to ensure the Nation has an adequate and dependable supply of minerals at a reasonable cost.

Jan 1, 1986

By E. P. Youngman

At the time of the preparation of the monograph upon the mining legisla- tion of Newfoundland, by the Imperial Institute of London, the existing local statutory law (as distinct from case laws and the applicable English acts) con- sisted of the following legislation: 1. Chapter 129 of the consolidated statutes, entitled "Of Crown Lands, Timber, Mines and Minerals," as amended by the Crown lands act, 1928. 2. Chapters 131 and 132 of the consolidated statutes (acts relating to mines regulation and rewards for discovery of minerals, respectively). 3. Crown lands act, 1918, as amended by the crown lands (amendment) act, 1921. 4. The Labrador Act, 1927. 5. The Crown royalties act, 1927. 6. Crown lands act, 1928, together with rules and regulations issued thereunder.

Oct 1, 1932