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By V. M. Bystritsky, M. G. Sapozhnikov, G. M. Nikitin, A. B. Sadovsky, Yu. N. Rogov

"At present kimberlite ore is processed in crushers or grinding rolls with subsequent grinding in wet mills down to a size of 0.2 mm. The basic disadvantage of the standard diamond processing technology is that crushing kimberlite ore can damage the most valuable large diamonds of few carats. Tagged neutron method offers a possible solution to this problem. It allows detecting diamond inside kimberlite ore without its disruption. The results of the tests of the neutron separator prototype carried out at the Lomonosov processing factory of PJSC Severalmaz are discussed. The possibility to detect the diamond in the rock whose size is 10 times larger than the size of the diamond is demonstrated.INTRODUCTION At present standard diamond processing technology implies disintegration of kimberlite ore in crushers or grinding rolls down to a size of 0.2 mm. It inevitably leads to high probability that large and most valuable diamonds could be damaged. The fraction of diamonds which lost integrity in the process of ore enrichment could be as large as 35-65% [1]. Tagged neutron method (TNM) [2] offers a possible solution to this problem. It allows detecting diamond inside kimberlite ore without its disruption. The main idea of the TNM is irradiation of an object by fast 14.1 MeV neutrons from binary nuclear reaction d + 3H ?4He + n (1) and detecting (tagging) the 4He (a-particle) that accompanies neutron. That gives possibility to determine direction of the neutron momentum. Those tagged neutrons irradiate kimberlite ore under investigation and produce gamma rays via inelastic scattering reactions with nuclei"

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Z. Wu

The flotation of low-grade zinc oxide ore which from Guizhou has been researched by sulfuration- amine method. The experimental result indicated that when pH of pulp was 11, good flotation index can be achieved by using sodium silicate as dispersant, mixed amine as collector, and the do-sage of sulfur sodium was 6kg/t, and the recovery of zinc can be heightened by using copper sulfate as activator and Hydroxamicacid as collector. When the zinc feed grade was 4.84%, the zinc concentrates with grade of 39.23 % and recoveries of 75.17 % were obtained by adopting this technics.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. Izerdem, S. L. Ergun

"Beneficiation of the finely disseminated valuable minerals has been an important issue in the mineral processing field for decades. Treatment of the fine materials becomes difficult with using traditional gravity concentration equipment. To investigate particles behavior in a commonly used conventional gravity concentration equipment, a comprehensive study was undertaken in a plant, which only consists spiral concentrators as concentration units. Spiral concentrators require relatively coarse material to effectively concentrate valuables as well as offering greater simplicity for especially higher grade feeds. In the current work, chromite ore (d80 = 290 µm) was treated using spiral concentrators and the performance of spiral concentrators was examined. The design of the separation circuit comprised of rougher, cleaner and scavenger stages. The resultant fractions produced by each separation unit and feed samples were analyzed to identify the particle sizes, mineral liberations and chromite content. Grade and recovery comparisons were presented in size-by-size manner and the separation tendency of the particles were determined in varying feed rate conditions. The overall results indicated valuable mineral loss of the plant and alternative suggestions were pointed to reach the target values.INTRODUCTION Spiral concentrators are simple low energy consuming devices, which are generally used for pre-concentration of the minerals. They are cost efficient equipment separating minerals mainly based on density differences of the minerals. The adjustable splitters remove the concentrate as the remaining stream continues to move down the spiral. Separation on a spiral is achieved through a combination of forces that act on particles as they move down the trough of the spiral. The main forces known to act on the particle on a spiral are the gravitational force, centrifugal force, hydrodynamic drag and Bagnold force (Atasoy and Spottiswood, 1995; Burt, 1984). Since the classification in a spiral concentrator depends on particle specific gravity and size, the operation of spirals can be analyzed using size recovery or partition curves (Bazin et al., 2014). Spiral concentrators possess multiple design parameters for a variety of applications. The design parameters that govern the performance of the spiral can be identified as the diameter, number of turns, slope, pitch and the profile of the trough. For an efficient separation on a spiral concentrator, the properties of the slurry flowing on a spiral, ore texture, percent solids and flow rate play important roles."

Jan 1, 2018

By Derek Caizergues, Hurman Eric

Experiments have been conducted at around 1700°C to determine the possibility of carbothermic reduction of alumina under the presence of a metallic solvent. Total pressure of the system was reduced to around 30kPa and metallic nickel, iron, copper and tin were selected as the solvent. The highest recovery of aluminium was achieved with the nickel solvent followed by iron, copper and tin. This ranking for the first three was also in accord with the extent of negative deviation form ideality in the respective binary solutions of these solvents with aluminium. The tin-aluminium system displays positive deviation form ideality. The rate and extent of reduction was found to be highly dependent on temperature and pressure. The pseudo first order reaction rate was found to be applicable to the process in all the solvents used. Rate constants were calculated and it is also suggested that the reduction was controlled primarily by the chemical reaction rate.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. A. Bogidaev, M. Yu. Tiunov

"The paper describes the results of the flotation tests with complex rare metal ores from deposits in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Correlations between the quality of produced wolframite, hubnerite and mica concentrates with or without the presence of various alkaline modifiers are determined. Commonly, rare metal ores contain minerals of comparable value to main elements recovered in processing plants using gravitational methods. The paper describes the results of flotation recovery of valuable minerals – main and associated – from gravity tailings of deposits in the Trans-Baikal Territory. It was found that gravity tailings from the first deposit contained fine-grained wolframite, mica (muscovite, lepidolite etc.), feldspar; hubnerite, scheelite, beryl, fluorite, rubidium-containing muscovite from the second deposit, correspondingly. This paper presents the results of the stage flotation tests with the production of tungsten (wolframite, hubnerite), fluorite and mica concentrates from gravity tailings. Figure 1 demonstrates the flowsheet of tungsten ore minerals and mica stage flotation from gravity tailings of the first deposit.Wolframite can be floated using oleic acid with the presence of soda ash, a complexing collector (IM-50), under slightly alkaline conditions in combination with a nonpolar collector [1, 2, 3, 4]. The study included wolframite flotation using the combination of two alkaline modifiers. Flotation of wolframite was performed after pulp desliming, using tall oil saponified with soda ash. The recovery of wolframite in the concentrate of rougher flotation reached 80-85%; the concentrate contained up to 1% of tungsten oxide that can be upgraded to a saleable product using gravitational methods. This procedure was tested during flotation of wolframite, tantalite-columbite and pyrochlore, and provided high performance regardless of a season, at pulp temperatures of 8-10°C, though fattyacid collectors are significantly inefficient at such low temperatures due to low solubility, dispersion and increased collector consumption, consequently. The introduction of two alkaline modifiers in pulp appears to improve these characteristics.The first stage of the tests was focused on increase of iron-bearing tungsten ore minerals recovery from gravity tailings and stabilization of the cold pulp flotation process."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. Banerjee, P. Dash, S. Sriramoju, A. Suresh, R. Lingam, T. Ray

"One single property that influences the quality and market value of coal to the maximum extent is the ash content. The lower the coal ash higher is the energy utilization and potential for different applications. Even though Indian coal washeries aspire to produce coal with low ash, the intimate distribution pattern of ash bearing minerals in the coal matrix becomes the real bottleneck, as it brings down the clean coal yield to the impractical value. Because of this fact, most of the Indian washeries are operated to produce coal with 14-15% ash content at the yield of around 40%. In this context, with an objective to produce low ash coal at higher yield, a novel chemical beneficiation route has been explored to demineralize the high ash containing Indian coals. In this present work, the production of low ash clean coal from high ash Indian coals using chemical leaching process has been studied at pilot plant level. The leaching process parameters such as reaction temperature, reagent concentration, reaction time, coal-liquid ratio and agitator speed have been optimized for the flotation tailings sample from a captive washery of Tata Steel. The results obtained show that 67% demineralization could be achieved in a single stage of leaching process with a product yield of more than 65%. For further demineralization, multistage leaching was carried out and the results showed that 75-85% demineralization could be achieved with significant reduction in alumina to silica ratio. Additionally, the phosphorus content is also significantly reduced from 0.20 % to 0.022 %. Further, it is interesting to note that there is no increment of sodium content in the product coal after chemical treatment."

Jan 1, 2014

By Nani Pajunen, Kari Heiskanen

"Products filling our societal needs, like communication and transportation needs, are becoming more sophisticated and efficient. The cost has been an increased complexity of material combinations. The same trend is also seen in investment goods. As an example, different crusher types have almost doubled the power to weight ratio in a relatively short time while producing even higher crushing rations. This has been possible by high performance materials and advanced designs. Another example is new hybrid materials in prefabricated high-strength steel structures in construction with the aim to lighten the products and obtain energy savings in the use phase e.g. in transportation. This development in general has made the end of life phase obscure. Recycling is often understood as the first phase of the material cycle. This has been supported by the material centric point of view. When, say indium, has been collected and mechanically treated to a concentrated fraction, it is assumed as recycled. This is not the case. The same applies to special steel alloys where one tends to lose some of the alloying elements to slag or even into the gas phase in the melting and refining stage, not in the earlier steps of recycling. At present there is no clear understanding of recycling of hybrid materials and no clear willingness to create new functional recycling systems. As the EU directives and most of legislation worldwide are based on the material centric thinking and implemented even on total mass recovery basis there is neither legislative incentive nor very strong economic incentives to work out the problem. In our research, we focus on industrial design towards sustainability from a product centric point of view from product collection to final metallurgical steps. It is vital, in the design phase of product, to understand the effects of decisions on recyclability to a saleable raw material. Main goal of our work is to create the fortunate circumstances in supply chain - to pass the barriers and find the effective and fruitful drivers - for reasonable use of raw materials and recycling co-operation with industry. The boundary conditions in the work are extractive metallurgical performance and the economic viability of all the steps. It can be shown from our work that small design alterations may have a large impact on the recyclability. The earlier the decisions are made in the product life chain the more positive impact they will have. It can also be shown, that a strong processing and metallurgical industry is vital to any meaningful recycling of the modern EoL products. Finally, it is also question of the individuals and values: supply and demand. Are you ready to take up the gauntlet: demand recyclable products."

Jan 1, 2014

By Majid Saghaeian, Rasool Hejazi, Parisa Ghobadi

"Pulp handling in mineral processing circuits is very complicated due to its inherent different specifications compared with other fluids such as water. Because any variation in ore property (e.g. size and abrasion index) and pulp specification (e.g. density, solid content and pressure) causes problem in this part and reduces the plant availability and throughput as a result. The most common issues in the hose system are sumps and pipe-line blockage, wearing of the pumps impeller and liner, and pipe tearing specially at elbows and bends. High pressure grinding roll (HPGR) is employed in a closed circuit with a screen as the first stage of grinding in Zarand Iranian Steel Complex (ZISCO). Wearing of the pump and pipeline transferring the screen undersize stream was the main problem from the plant commissioning. The plant couldn't achieve to the design capacity because of this defect. Although various practical solutions such as improving the pipes and impeller material quality and eliminating the elbows, as much as possible, were done in order to downtime minimizing, but damages didn’t vanish. Since HPGR discharge contains somewhat rough and abrasive particles, the mentioned modifications didn't effective very much. Therefore, converting of the wet screen to dry and using of belt conveyor to the screen undersize handling was employed based on the plant capability evaluation and experimental and pilot trial results. Although this reformation imposed another additional cost (for conveyor system), but it had significant advantages such as increasing the plant availability up to 96%, reducing the operating costs of the wear parts, providing more stable operating condition for the HPGR performance and decreasing abrasion rate of the HPGR rolls liner because of the lower moist feed."

Jan 1, 2014

By Fatemeh Saeidi, Malcolm S. Powell, Mohsen Yahyaei

In order to deal with the problems of existing comminution models a new approach towards the development of mechanistic models has been made so as to better understand the physics of milling processes and environments. Despite enormous improvement in this field a comprehensive study of rock breakage characterisation, appropriate for use in these types of models, is still scarce. This paper reviews the existing models of comminution according to ore characterisation techniques and parameters. The authors have looked into the existing testing methods and their applied mechanisms of breakage, using standard test results available at the JKMRC. The study includes classifying testing devices such as the drop weight tester, rotary breakage tester, slow compression, and piston and die based on the few major fundamental mechanisms of breakage that are experienced by rocks in the breakage process. The paper compares the range of particle size and energy utilisation, applied strain rates and loading mechanisms for the equipment. The product size distributions from the various equipment is compared for equivalent input energies, various loading rates but the same level of energy intensity, a broad range of energy including low energy utilisation and fines generation rate for equivalent specific energy input. The results clearly show that the outcomes and conclusions on competence and energy for breakage are a function of the test method that is applied. In ongoing work, it is proposed to investigate common tests that can be applied to characterising ores in a manner suited to modelling a range of comminution devices.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. V. S. Murthy

Beach Placer Ilmenite is an important source for production of titanium metal, titania slag and pigment grade titanium dioxide. Besides, these well known applications for which Ilmenite is mined and processed, there are other emerging processes that are being tried for obtaining highvalue products. Synthesis of Ilmenite based materials for varistor applications and direct electrochemical reduction of Ilmenite to produce ferrotitanium are two such attempts being discussed in this work. In this paper, recent efforts undertaken to study the electrical and magnetic characteristics are discussed. Ilmenite, FeTiO3, is one of the mixed-valence transition metalbearing minerals, inwhich Fe can be in two different oxidation states, Fe2+ and Fe3+.. Similarly, Ti can be in Ti3+ and Ti4+.Ilmenite is inherently suitable for making Varistors, which are devices, used for limiting the transient voltage surges in a circuit. Varistors produced from Ilmenite can withstand harsh environments seen in nuclear reactors and outerspace. Electrochemical reduction of Ilmenite can be used to prepare ferrotitanium directly without any reductant. The process essentially involves removal of oxygen from the mineral through electrolytic action using calcium chloride as electrolyte and graphite as anode. At a temperature of 950°C, it is shown to be possible that all the oxygen can be removed from the Ilmenite sample, which passes through the electrolyte, to form CO/CO2 at the anode. The process has immense potential for cost effective production of titanium metal as well. Results of the above developmental works are presented in this paper. Keywords: beach placer ileminite, varistor applications

Sep 1, 2012

By Leena Vesa, Antti Remes

Design of thickeners is based on laboratory test work, characterizing the material and determining the optimal reagents, dosages and settling regimes. Several methods for dimensioning plant scale equipment exist. Kynch and Talmage-Fitch design procedures has been applied widely for a long time. Nowadays, besides them, a dynamic laboratory test work is applied for design of high rate thickeners. In that the laboratory unit is operated with known solids load per area, feed and flocculation conditions and with raking of the underflow. All these test methods afford useful data for setting up and calibrating a dynamic simulation model of a plant scale thickener. This paper presents a flocculation kinetics based dynamic thickener simulation model and a procedure to calibrate the model parameters. With the model, the underflow stream composition can be simulated over time as a function of the thickener operating parameters, which are: the feed rate and composition, underflow pumping rate, flocculant dosage and dilution of the feed. In addition, the model incorporates calculation of the slurry bed level, the cone pressure, the yield stress and the rake torque. Such a dynamic modeling scheme enables setting up simulation aided operator trainings and developing and testing of advanced control strategies, for example. The unit model can be integrated as a part of concentrator-wide flow sheet simulation model as well. Here, calibration of the kinetic flocculation model based on a laboratory test case data and further the operation of a simulated plant scale thickener are presented.

Jan 1, 2014

By Andrzej Luszczkiewicz, Magdalena Duchnowska, Jan Drzymala

A selected flotation system of beneficiation of the copper ore at KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. has been analyzed in the article. It was found that a proper assessment of upgrading must be based on two elements, that is the upgrading process selectivity and working point of the considered flotation unit, both determined, preferentially by means of the Fuerstenau recovery-recovery upgrading curve. The Cu recovery - non-Cu components recovery upgrading curve was selected for calculations because its background lines (no separation and ideal separation) are insensitive to changes in the grade of feed of the processed material. This approach allows a comparison of upgrading results for feeds having different grade, being upgraded in various flotation machines and under different physicochemical conditions. It was shown in the paper that the main criterion for comparison of two working in parallel systems is selectivity of upgrading. However, when two flotation machines, despite of the same selectivity, produce concentrate and tailing of different grades, it is necessary to analyze their working points using upgrading curves. The proper position of the working point depends on the criterion imposed on the process and is a result of not only basic parameters of the upgrading process such as feed, concentrate and tailing grades but also on economic parameters such as costs associated with the production of concentrates and the time needed for their production.

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Lee

Cone crushers are widely used within the mining and aggregate industries for the size reduction of minerals, ores, and rock materials. In mining applications for example, the product from cone crushers is often fed to HPGRs or directly to mills in the subsequent grinding circuit. An improved cone crusher performance can therefore result in an overall improved and more efficient comminution process. The objective of this paper is to systematically study a number of different ways of applying compressive crushing. By mathematically modelling these different crushing concepts and then theoretically optimizing crushing sequences accordingly, each concept can be studied and evaluated. In addition, aspects concerning whether or not the results are mechanically or practically achievable are considered. This study thus explores the advantages and disadvantages of different crushing concepts. In this paper, four different theoretical crushing concepts are presented and studied. The results show that in terms of interparticle crushing, optimal crushing sequences with varying compression ratios can be replaced by easier implemented series of constant compressions without significant deterioration. It is also shown that that considerably better performance is obtained for crushing sequences with both breakage modes. The subsequent comparison between such concepts indicates that different approaches can achieve the same results, and that the different concepts are comparable. It is further concluded that interparticle crushing should be kept to a minimum if fines generation or energy consumption is to be minimized, and that each of the studied concepts presents different challenges for implementation. Keywords: compressive crushing, cone crusher, optimization, modeling, crushing concept

Sep 1, 2012

By Gurubasayya Swamy

This paper presents the performance study of sag mill in the processing of gold ore. Deterioting ore grade and high demand of metals has tremendously influenced the SAG mills. Today?s high capacity Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills expand vast amounts of energy and in doing so consume tons of shell liners and steel balls, while processing ore. Semi-autogenous (SAG) mill performance is influenced by ball charge, feed properties, shell, grate, and pulp lifter design. In the performance study of SAG mill, based on the results obtained it can be observed that SAG mill performed better at feed size +4 inch and grinding media consumption 0.90kg/mt. In the present study the effect of crusher bypass on SAG mill performance, an immediate drop of throughput ranging from 10-20tph is observed. Keywords: sag mill, pulp lifters, grinding media, energy, consumption, throughput

Sep 1, 2012

By Hans-Åke Häggblad, Bertil I. Pålsson, Jan Stener, Kent Tano, Andreas Berggren, Pär Jonsén

Numerical modelling of grinding in tumbling mills is traditionally done with the discrete element method (DEM). The grinding balls are then represented by DEM particles and the mill structure is considered rigid. To include more physical phenomena several numerical methods can be combined. One important improvement is to include the mill structure response, using the finite element method (FEM). The interaction between charge and lining can then be studied in detail. The pulp can also be included using a particle-based continuum method e.g. smoothed particle method (SPH). The strength of SPH lies in modelling of free surface flows and very large deformations and it is suited to model simultaneous fluid and granular flow. Still, the coarse particles (grinding balls) in the charge are suitable to be model using DEM. Each of these methods has their strength and weaknesses, but combined they can successfully mimic the main features of the charge movement. With these numerical tools the complex interaction between the different components of the grinding process; pulp, charge, lining and the mechanical behaviour of the mill, can be studied together. This work will present novel numerical approaches to model, simulate and validate charge behaviour in tumbling mills. These numerical models give possibilities to better understand the physical and mechanical behaviour of particulate material systems during grinding in a tumbling mill. This is important in order to develop and optimise future high-capacity grinding circuits and save energy.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Schade-Dannewitz

In terms of a sustainable waste management, high recycling rates and purities of the different collected waste components are very important. Especially the recycling of used packaging materials with valuable components like plastics, ferrous and non-ferrous metals and liquid cartons (light weight packaging) requires a complex technology. In plants to recycle those light weight packaging materials films cause problems and often manual sorting is necessary to remove them. The Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences together with the company Schulz & Berger from Altenburg tries to replace manual sorting with fully automated technologies. The objective is a technology that can enable a high recovery of recyclable film and satisfy the maximum purity requirements for the film fraction. For that purpose, a new machine called Low-pressure Separator was developed. The test materials used consist of separately collected recyclables from the yellow recycling bins or bags in Germany?s Dual System (Duales System Deutschland ? DSD), the recyclable waste collection system. First tests show that high purities of the film-fraction, for example the required 92% or higher, can be realized. Next to the film-purity, furthermore the mass yield and the recyclable yield are discussed because they play an important role to evaluate the efficiency of the recycling process. Further activities to improve and establish the developed technology are mentioned.

Sep 1, 2012

By Shankar Narasimhan

Data Reconciliation is a technique that has been developed more than fifty years ago and has been refined over the past few decades and is now being deployed routinely in several process industries such as refining, petrochemicals, mineral processing and hydro-metallurgy. The main aim of data reconciliation is to obtain accurate estimates of all process variables and parameters using plant measurements that are invariably corrupted by random errors and may also contain biases and other gross errors. These reconciled estimates are subsequently used either in offline exercises such as simulation, retrofitting, and de-bottlenecking or in online optimization and control applications. In this presentation, a brief history of data reconciliation, its assumptions, and uses are reviewed. New developments in this area are highlighted such as robust data reconciliation to handle model uncertainties, and reconciliation using identified models derived purely from operating data. Several case studies in the mineral processing industries reported in the literature are also highlighted to indicate the potential benefits of this technique.

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Ito

The authors have developed the RETAC jig (a modified TACUB jig) and have reported that the RETAC jig can separate relatively low density particles such as plastics. To further improve the separation ability, a hybrid jig (a RETAC jig with an air bubbler under the particle bed), which can separate plastics having similar specific gravities by the differences in the wettabilities of the particles was developed. Surface modification of plastics with similar wettability enabling separation in the hybrid jig and the effects of wettability control of the plastics using reagents are reported.

Sep 1, 2012

By Wenying Liu, Marek Pawlik

Long-chain ionic surfactants, with fatty acids and amines as the most important representatives, are widely used as collectors in froth flotation. These surfactants, generally referred to as weak electrolyte collectors, frequently form solid insoluble precipitates within a certain pH range. However, the action and behavior of these colloidal precipitates in froth flotation systems are not well understood and has not been well decoupled from those of dissolved forms. The objective of this study was to understand and compare the role of colloidal precipitates with that of the dissolved forms at gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid interfaces. Using primary amine as the model surfactant, experiments were carried out to measure: the maximum volume of bubbles generated in the presence of dissolved and precipitated forms of the surfactant; surface tension for both forms of the surfactant using the drop shape and maximum bubble pressure methods; and contact angle using the sessile drop method. The experimental results showed that: in the presence of the precipitate, bubble volume was smaller, which was correlated with the lower surface tension and higher contact angle measured; the surface tension of solutions containing surfactant precipitate was affected by the surface age of liquid droplets. This study enhances understanding of the interfacial behavior of long-chain ionic surfactants under different conditions, which would help improve the efficiency of reagent utilization in froth flotation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Xiaoping Xu, Tiansong Dong, Guosheng Wang

"Jianfengpo tin ore is located in Jiangxi Province, China. The cassiterite is fine and dispersed. It is hard to separate marmatite from a variety of sulfide minerals. Because the iron-containing sulfide minerals including pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite are detrimental to the improvement of the grade of zinc concentrate. Besides, the presence of the iron oxides and ferro-carbonate minerals results in the difficult beneficiation of tin. Therefore, Jianfengpo tin ore is a kind of refractory cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore. According to the properties of Jianfengpo tin ore, the technology process of "Sulphide ore preflotation-Bulk flotation of sulphur and zinc-Separation of sulphur and zinc -Magnetic separation-Gravity concentration" was developed to recover the valuable materials including marmatite, pyrite, magnetite, cassiterite and indium comprehensively. For the feed ore containing 0.87% Sn and 0.70% Zn, a zinc concentrate of 44.56% Zn with a recovery of 69.10%, a high-grade tin concentrate of 54.38% Sn with a recovery of 53.03% and a low-grade tin concentrate of 6.54% Sn with a recovery of 1.25% can be achieved in the batch flotation tests. In the industrial tests, for the feeding which contains 0.55% Sn and 0.65% Zn, the tin concentrate of 49.10% Sn with a recovery of 48.52% as well as the zinc concentrate of 45.11% Zn with a recovery of 60.10% can be produced. Thus some pyrite and magnetite concentrate are recovered as well. So Zinc, tin, sulphur and iron ores are recovered effectively by the technology."

Jan 1, 2014