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Committee on Reduction and Refining of Copper............ 3 A.I.M.E. Officers and Directors.................... 4 Preface. By C. R. Kuzell....................... 7 Career and Achievements of James Douglas. By Arthur L. Walker. . 9 PAPERS Smelting 1. Reverberatory Smelting Practice History of Reverberatory Smelting in Montana, 1879-1933. By Frederick Laist..............................23 Reverberatory Smelting of Raw Concentrates at the International Smelter, Miami, Arizona. By P. D. I. Honeyman (With Discussion)...... 88 Development of Gun-feed Reverberatory Furnaces at Garfield Plant of American Smelting and Refining Company. By R. A. Wagstaff (With Discussion)........................99 An Experimental Combination of Shaft Roasting and Reverberatory Smelting. By Frederick Laist and J. P. Cooper (With Discussion).... 104 Forms of Copper Found in Reverberatory Slags. By Royal B. Jackman and Carle R. Hayward (With Discussion).............111 2. Converting Practice Development of Copper Converting at Butte and Anaconda. By William Kelly and Frederick Laist...................122 Developments in Converting Lead and Copper Matte at Tooele. By B. L. Sackett.............................132 Messina Stationary Basic Copper Converter. By R. G. Knickerbocker (With Discussion)........................140 Smelting Copper Concentrates in a Converter. By George E. Beavers. 149 Sulfuric Acid from Converter Gases. By George E. Beavers......151 Development of Monolithic Tamped Periclase Converter Linings at United Verde Copper Company Smelter. By F. H. Parsons (With Discussion) . 153 3. Descriptions of Plants The Noranda Smelter. By W. B. Boggs and J. N. Anderson......165 Smelting Operations at Roan Antelope Copper Mines, Limited. By Charles R. Wraith.......................202 4. Waste-heat Boiler Practice Copper-refinery Waste-heat Boilers at Great Falls Reduction Department, Anaconda Copper Mining Company. By E. S. Bardwell......225

Jan 1, 1934

By J. Kittl, D. Arias

THE decomposition on cooling of the high-temperature ß bcc phases in copper- or silver-based binary systems usually takes place by a martensitic. massive, bainitic, or pearlitic reaction depending upon the particular conditions of each system. The AgAl system is one of these systems in which a massive or a martensitic transformation can occur upon cooling from the 3 phase field. Recently Hawbolt and Brown1 observed both massive and martensitic transformation products in a 22.7 at. pct A1 alloy. In the present work the massive and the martensitic transformations were investigated in a number of alloys for the composition range between 23.2 and 27.9 at. pct Al. The alloys were prepared using high-purity silver, 99.999 pct, supplied by ASARCO and aluminum, 99.999 pct, supplied by ALCOA. The metals were melted using a graphite or a sintered alumina crucible which was sealed in quartz tubes under an argon atmosphere. The alloys Were remelted to reduce segregation and homogenized in the 13 phase field for 24 hr. The weight of the alloys after homo-genization compared with the initial weight indicating the alloy composition to be within k0.1 pct of the in- tended composition. Chemical analysis of several samples confirmed the estimated alloy composition. All metallographic observations were performed on samples electropolished with ac current using a 10 pct solution of KCN and a stainless-steel electrode. The samples were cut into -1-mm-thick slices, polished, heat-treated in the ß phase field, and quenched in air, ice water, or iced brine. Some heat treatments consisted of a 2-min anneal carried out in air to allow maximum quenching speeds. Other samples were heat-treated in a vacuum of 10"4 torr and quenched using a helium blast in a quenching apparatus described elsewhere.&apos; In both cases, no appreciable losses of silver or aluminum were noted at the sample surface by sectioning and electropolishing. Table I summarizes the microstructure resulting from the various quenching treatments. The composition of the alloys investigated is also indicated on the equilibrium diagram in Fig. 1. The <, hcp phase, typical of a massive ß — cm, transformation, was observed in all alloys. A minimum temperature of 450°C was estimated for this transformation based on preliminary cooling experiments. the results being included in Fig. 1. In these

Jan 1, 1970

By Vernon Taylor

CANADA&apos;S oil production is obtained almost entirely from the Turner Valley gas and oil field, in the Province of Alberta. This field, about 30 miles southwest of the city of Calgary and approximately 115 miles north of the United States border, supplied 92 per cent of production in Canada during 1937. In 1938 considerable development took place in this field and total production for the year amounted to 6,688,716 bbl., an increase of 3,922,146 bbl. over the production in 1937, which increased the percentage of production to approximately 97 per cent of Canada&apos;s total. In the British Empire, Canada&apos;s production is thus comparable to that of Bahrein Island and Burma, each of which produced approxi-mately 7,800,000 bbl. in 1937, being second to Trinidad&apos;s production of 15,500,000 bbl. The total production of the British Empire in that year amounted to 2.07 per cent of the world&apos;s total. HISTORY Development of the Turner Valley field commenced in 1913, when a well was started near a gas seepage on the banks of the South Fork of Sheep River in the central part of the Valley. This well found small quantities of a light crude oil in beds of Upper Cretaceous age and pre-cipitated a wild boom in 1913-1914 which ended with the beginning of the Great War in 1914. A small amount of drilling was done in the years from 1914 to 1922 and a few wells found small crude-oil production in the upper sands. In 1922 a few wells were started, including the Royalite Oil Company&apos;s No. 4 well (R, Fig. 1), which became the discovery well of naphtha pro-duction from the Paleozoic limestone. In October 1924, this well was completed at a depth of 3740 ft., being approximately 300 ft, in the lime-stone, with an initial flow of 600 bbl. of 72° A.P.I. gravity naphtha and 20,000 M cu. ft. of gas per day. Intense activity was not started until the latter part of 1928, when the Okalta No. 1 well (Q, Fig. 1) was drilled, with an initial production of 500 bbl. of naphtha per day. This well was only 1 ¼ miles from Royalite No. 4, but it was approximately 1300 ft.

Jan 1, 1939

By E. W. Krampert

The oil industry was very active in Wyoming in 1936, in contrast to the several quiet years preceding. Production for the year again increased about 7 per cent, following an 8 per cent increase in 1935. During the year, 85 oil wells were completed, compared to 55 in 1935. Three gas wells were completed in 1936, and three in 1935. At the end of the year 45 wells were drilling, as compared to 55 drilling at the end of 1935. Two new oil fields and one new gas field were discovered in Wyoming during the year. In the year 1936 Wyoming produced 14,475,431 bbl. of oil, a gain of 1,001,081 bbl. over the 1935 figure of 13,474,350. This increase, in the main, was due to the taking of light oil from the newly developed Sundance sand pool at Lance Creek, and from the new fields, Quealy and Medicine Bow, which contributed their first production this year. Most of the other old fields either were partly shut in in competition with the new fields, or showed a normal decline. This was especially noticeable in the black-oil fields, where production had been slowly but steadily increasing for a number of years. During 1936 black-oil production decreased approximately 100,000 bbl. as compared to 1935. The only black-oil field to show marked increase was Garland, which managed to take the market from less favorably located fields. The production of Wyoming in 1936 was 11,358,757 bbl. of light oil and 3,116,674 bbl. of black oil. Salt Creek, with a production of 6,015,000 bbl., is still the largest single oil-producing field, accounting for 42 per cent of the year&apos;s total production. Lance Creek, an old field, with newly developed production in the Sundance sand, reached second place this year for the first time in its history, with a production of 1,878,486 bbl. Lance Creek production will almost equal that of Salt Creek in 1937, if the present rate of production is maintained during the coming year. Oregon Basin, a large black-oil field, held second place in 1935, but owing to a greatly lessened demand for its production, dropped back to third place in 1936. This was in part due to greatly increased light oil available, and in part to the greater supply of black oil available at

Jan 1, 1937

By E. M. Wise

THE properties required of gold alloys for jewelry are not well standardized, due in part to problems peculiar to certain branches of the jewelry industry, in part to the individual preference of the fabricator and to his willingness to cope with certain difficulties in manufacture, which arise with the use of certain alloys. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS In general, the properties desired may be classed as follows: 1. Color should conform to the dictates of good taste and smart style. 2. Corrosion resistance and tarnish resistance should be good. This is to a considerable extent determined by the carat. Resistance to such corrosive agents as mercuric chloride as well as certain depilatories is unreasonable to expect and difficult to meet. 3. Strength and hardness must be adequate to maintain the delicate contours of finely modeled jewelry. 4. Wear resistance must be great enough to resist abnormal wear, such as is encountered by a wedding ring in a lifetime of wear. 5. Ductility must be sufficient to permit the fabrication of drawn shells, tubes and difficult shapes. Material having a yield point of not less than 60,000 lb. per sq. in., an ultimate strength of 100,000 lb. per sq. in., and an elongation of 40 per cent. is desirable. 6. Melting point should be between 800° and 1200° C.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. T. Turkdogan, P. Grieveson

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie lnstitute of Technology Sc hen ley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J.S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. 0. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. &apos;4. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Chatrmon; M. E. Wodsworth, Vice Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Groce, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewls, Charles O&apos;Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinkoskey, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T. V. Wainright, Choirman; H. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Dancy, C. W. Murphy, Johonnes M. Uys, J. B. Wagstaff, and R. G. Ward. lnstitute of Metols Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Chairman; P. A. Beck, J. J. Becker, G. F. Bolling, J. O. Brittain, J. 8. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifalco, J. C. Gurland, H. S. Kclish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, C. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, and R. Swolin. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17. N. Y. Telephone PLaza 2-6800. Subscription $30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $7.50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metollurgical. and Petroleum Engineers. Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AlME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, lndustriol Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 6.

Jan 1, 1962

By C. C. Harris

The 3-parameter equation* was introduced1 as having the necessary form and flexibility for describing the major features of size distribution curves. Also, Eq. 1 was shown to contain most of the widely used 2-parameter equations as special cases. Special methods are necessary in order to determine the parameters of 3-parameter equations by graphical means. The procedure given previously required double graphical interpolation followed by regraphing the interpolated data. The theoretical basis of the method was a difference equation eliminating y. Several other methods for obtaining the parameters have been under development and one method appears to overcome the disadvantages of the earlier method and satisfies several procedural requirements. The points in favor of the new method as compared to the earlier method are as follows: 1. Estimation of the quality of fit is direct, and is in fact an essential part of the procedure. 2. The data is plotted directly without the necessity of interpolation from a graph. 3. The method makes use of Rosin-Rammler2 paper which because of expanded scaling in the coarse sizes leads to improved accuracy1 as compared with the log-log plot for the Gates3-Gaudin4-Schubann5 representation. 4. There is a gain over the earlier method in overall accuracy and in simplicity.

Jan 1, 1970

By E. T. Turkdogan, L. S. Darken, R. G. Olsson, H. A. Wriedt

Several aspects of the calcination of Michigan limestone were investigated: the rate of calcination of limestone spheres with diameters from 1.8 to 14 cm at temperatures from 800° to 1200°C by a thermogravimetric method; the temperature profile across limestone during calcination; the excess pressure developed in the interior of the stone during calcination; the pore surface area, pore volume, and effective gas diffusivity in burnt lime; and the microstructure of polished and fracture surfaces. It is found that, over a wide range of experimental conditions, the difference between the surface and center temperatures remains essentially unchanged during the latter half of calcination. From the rate of weight loss after about 50% calcination, the value 0.00126 cal per cm sec degree is found for the effective thermal conductivity of burnt lime. From the excess internal pressure measurements, i.e., 0.4 to 6 cm Hg at 800° to 1200°C, the permeability of burnt lime is estimated to be within the range 8 X 10-&apos; to 5 X 10&apos; sq cm. With increasing temperature and time of calcination, the pore structure of burnt lime coarsens as indicated by a decrease in the pore surface area, pore volume, and an increase in the average pore size. For the temperature range 600° to 835°C the ratio (effective gas diffusivity/molecular diffusivity) is about 0.18.

Jan 1, 1974

By I. L. Greninger

THE property of the Andes Copper Mining Co. is in the central part of the Republic of Chile, Province of Atacama, 147 km. (91.5 miles) eastward by rail from the port of Chañaral. At this point the Andean system is made up of two principal ranges. The mine is on the westerly slope of the outer, or western, range, at a mean elevation of 3250 m. (10,500 ft.). A meter-gage railroad extends from the company&apos;s port at Barquito, near Chañaral, to the reduction plant at Potrerillos. This road has a total length of 151 km. (94.0 miles), of which 93 km. (57.79 miles) are owned by the Andes Copper Mining Co. The remainder of the road is owned by the state. The company operates its trains over the portion of the road owned by the state, under an agreement with the Chilean Government. The mine is connected with the reduction plant by a meter-gage railroad, 10 km. (6.214 miles) long, which extends from the coarse ore bins at the metallurgical plant to the underground storage bins at the mine. Tunnels make up 60 per cent. of the total length of this railroad. As is characteristic of the Andean region in Chile, the topography of the locality is extremely rough, and a number of points near the mine have elevations of from 15,000 to 16,000 feet.

Jan 1, 1928

By J. L. Gillson

Historically, rock deposits and sand deposits of titanium minerals came into production about the same time, although there may be some argument as to what is meant by production. Beach de- posits of heavy minerals in India (Figs. 1-4) and Brazil (Figs. 5) were worked for monazite about the turn of century, but as there was then no market for titanium minerals, these were thrown away. The rock rutile deposits at Roseland, Va., Fig. 6, were worked to supply rutile for titanium chemicals and for coloring ceramics long before there was a titanium pigment business. The pigment industry started about the middle twenties, both in Europe and the U. S., and almost simultaneously the rock deposits at Ponte Vedra Beach near Jacksonville, Fla., were worked for titanium content. Since those days, production from both types of deposits has continued to grow at a rapid rate; many deposits of both types have been found, and reserves have grown to very large figures. In total tonnage of reserves, there is no doubt that the rock deposits are far ahead of the sand deposits; nevertheless there is a very large tonnage of commercial sands available. It is the quality of titanium mineral in the sand and the relatively lower costs of operating sand deposits that have kept them abreast, at least in annual tonnage produced, with the rock deposits.

Jan 4, 1959

By A. Karim, T. G. Langdon, C. Y. Cheng, J. E. Dorn

The effect of changes in temperature and stress on the creep behavior of Fe-4 pct Si was investigated over the temperature range from 650° to 1175K Over the temperature range of 799° to 110l°K, the shear strain rate, ?&apos;, obeys the relationship: where K is a constant, 7 the applied shear stress, G the shear modulus, g the free activation energy for diflusion, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. The results strongly suggest that the creep in this alloy is controlled by a dislocation climb mechanism. In a recent investigation, Ishida, Cheng, and Dorn1 observed that the apparent activation energy for creep of a! Fe from 480" to 775°K corresponded to that for self-diffusion. Over the magnetic transformation range (775" to 1045"K), the apparent activation energy for creep increased steeply with increasing temperature in agreement with the known decrease in the free activation energy for self-diffusion. Passing through the Curie temperature, the apparent activation energy decreased abruptly following which it then increased mildly as the temperature further increased. Inasmuch as the apparent activation energy for creep of a! Fe below the Curie transformation range of temperatures appeared to decrease with increasing values of the stress, the data were analyzed in terms of a model based on the nonconservative motion of jogged screw dislocations. But since the observed creep rate was much higher than that which could be accounted for on the basis of usual models, the authors found it necessary to assume that pipe diffusion became significant over the lower temperature range. Furthermore, the abnormally high activation energy for creep above the Curie temperature was attributed to grain boundary migration which became prevalent in this temperature range. It was thought that a number of the interesting issues that arose in the creep of a Fe might be resolved by investigating the creep of Fe-4 pct Si alloy: This alloy has about the same Curie range and therefore should give creep results that closely parallel those for a Fe and in this way provide comparable data for analysis of creep mechanisms. Furthermore, it can be annealed at higher temperatures which could provide some stabilization against grain boundary migration. In addition, it might serve to illustrate the possible effects of short-range ordering on creep.

Jan 1, 1969

By John E. Dowis

Ore distribution being what it is, many of today&apos;s mining companies are forced to develop foreign reserves to satisfy the demands of their customers. This necessity complicates the economic picture for a company, because management must look well be- yond grade and tonnage to determine the feasibility of developing a foreign orebody. Above all, the taxes on such a development must be assessed. The difference that taxes can make in mining profits will be illustrated here for three countries-Canada, Mexico and the United States. For purposes of comparison, identical orebodies will be assumed to occur in all three countries. Only the taxes on these properties will vary. Grade, tonnage, gross income, production costs and production rates will all be the same. The discussion will be limited to federal taxes, because state and provincial taxes are usually negligible by comparison. Assumptions relative to the orebody and the nature of the company undertaking the operation are as follows: (1) Copper is the only value to be recovered. (2) Sixty million tons of ore have been delineated. (3) Underground mining is required, and the production rate will be 3 million tpy. (4) The life of the property is 20 yr. (5) Operations in Mexico or Canada will be handled by a subsidiary of a U.S. parent company. (6) The subsidiary will offer stock.

Jan 1, 1970

By E. R. Funk, H. Udin, J. Wulff

The surface tension of solid silver is measured by a refinement of the Udin, Shaler, and Wulff technique. The tests were made in a purified helium atmosphere at four different temperatures and various times. The average of the results is y = 1140 + 90 dynes per cm for the range 875° to 932°C. A SUCCESSFUL measurement of the surface tension of solid copper was reported by Udin, Shaler, and Wulff.&apos; They performed experiments on copper held in vacuum within 100°C of the melting point. At these temperatures, the creep rate in 5 and 3 mil copper wires was sufficient to permit determination of a balance between the contractile force of surface tension and the extending force of small copper weights joined to the end of the wire specimens. By suspending a series of variously weighted specimens and measuring the change in a gage length during the test, the balancing applied load could be found. This point of zero strain is a measure of the surface tension. The mathematical formulation of this gives: w = r y [1] where w is the weight for zero strain; r, the radius of the wire; and y, the surface tension. A subsequent note by Udin pointed out that eq 1 applies only to single-crystal specimens. Since the specimens used revealed a "bamboo" structure upon

Jan 1, 1952

By E. I. Larsen, A. S. Doty, F. R. Hensel

The alloy under discussion is a Pig. I shows results of heat-treating tests nickel-silicon bronze and is one of many on two typical nickel-silicon bronze castings age-hardening or precipitation-hardening of the type on which the observations were copper-base alloys. The hardening constituent is a nickel-silicon compound.l The quenching temperature necessary to produce hardening by a subsequent aging treatment is a function of the composition and extends from about 700°C. to 950°C.; the aging temperature range extends from 4000 to 600°C. The work carried out by the authors of this paper was confined to cast alloys having compositions within the ranges of: 1.5 to 3.00 per cent Ni; 0.4 to 0.75 per cent Sj: balance. comer. made. A quenching temperature of 750°C. produces almost as high a hardness on subsequent aging as do quenching temperatures of 850&apos; and 900°C. Several foundries have spent years of active and intelligent effort in trying to control the casting and heat-treating variables of nickel-silicon bronzes and finally gave up the attempts because of the inconsistencies of results.2 This undesirable characteristic was not manifest in the ultimate hardness or conductivity but primarily in tensile strength and ductility, as shown in Table I. The variation in tensile properties was often much greater than that existing on the alloys

Jan 1, 1941

By A. S. Doty, E. I. Larsen, F. R. Hensel

The alloy under discussion is a Pig. I shows results of heat-treating tests nickel-silicon bronze and is one of many on two typical nickel-silicon bronze castings age-hardening or precipitation-hardening of the type on which the observations were copper-base alloys. The hardening constituent is a nickel-silicon compound.l The quenching temperature necessary to produce hardening by a subsequent aging treatment is a function of the composition and extends from about 700°C. to 950°C.; the aging temperature range extends from 4000 to 600°C. The work carried out by the authors of this paper was confined to cast alloys having compositions within the ranges of: 1.5 to 3.00 per cent Ni; 0.4 to 0.75 per cent Sj: balance. comer. made. A quenching temperature of 750°C. produces almost as high a hardness on subsequent aging as do quenching temperatures of 850&apos; and 900°C. Several foundries have spent years of active and intelligent effort in trying to control the casting and heat-treating variables of nickel-silicon bronzes and finally gave up the attempts because of the inconsistencies of results.2 This undesirable characteristic was not manifest in the ultimate hardness or conductivity but primarily in tensile strength and ductility, as shown in Table I. The variation in tensile properties was often much greater than that existing on the alloys

Jan 1, 1941

By C. J. Wilhem, J. M. Devine

A corrosion-testing apparatus which operates in the field and which will determine the comparative resistance of various ferrous materials to corrosion by gaseous hydrogen sulfide at ordinary temperatures is described. The principle of the uniform method of testing is to allow natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide, direct from its source in the field, to flow over the group of specimens for a given period of time, and subsequently to estimate the corrosion sustained by each specimen by determining its loss in weight. The comparative results obtained when specimens of 47 representative ferrous materials of described typical composition \\ere tested at ordinary temperatures with natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide are given in tables showing average penetration of metal, Inches per year. The primary purpose of the work Mas to determine the possible utllity to the petroleum and natural gas industries of ferrous materials that are commercially available, and no attempt is made to discuss the results of the tests from the metallurgical standpoint. The following is a summary of the results obtained: 1. Steels containing 12 to 27 per cent of chromium showed the highest resistance to corrosion. The presence of nickel In these high-chromium steels did not affect their resistance. 2. Steels containing approximately 5 per cent of chromium showed comparatively high resistance, but somewhat less than that of the high-chromium steels.

Jan 1, 1934

By P. Barnes

The object of this paper is to make a brief comparison of the outlines of several forms of ports for steel-melting turnaces, in reference chiefly to the proper mixture; of the gas and air, and to the direction in which the flame is thrown down into the interior of the furnace. In the illustrations on the accompanying plate, Fig. 1 shows a form of port designed by M, Pernot, of St Chamond, France. This is used with the dome roof preferred by him fur the revolving bottom that bears his name. From No. 1 has been derived No. 2. This is shown on the plans of Mr. A. L. Holley, and from them three large furnaces have been built and put into operation by the Springfield Iron Company. Fig. 3 shows an outline proposed by Messrs. Richmond & Potts for the Pernot furnace. In this the ports are brought in under an arched roof of nearly the ordinary form, instead of over the top of the roof, as with the dome of M Pernot, Fig. 4 shows a furnace as built by Krupp of Essen, Prussia, for fluid refining, or " washing "-—to use the briefer French term. in this the gas and air come into contact in broad sheets one above the other, Fig. 5 shows the form used by Messrs. Richmond & Potts

Jan 1, 1881

By P. Barnes

THE object of this paper is to make a brief comparison of the out-lines of several forms of ports for steel-melting furnaces, in reference chiefly to the proper mixture of the gas and air, and to the direction in which the flame is thrown down into. the interior of the furnace. In the illustrations on the accompanying plate, Fig. 1 shows a form of port designed by M. Pernot, of St Chamond, France. This is used with the dome roof preferred by him for the revolving bottom that bears his name. From No. I has been derived No. 2. This is shown on the plans of Mr., A. L. Holley, and from them three large furnaces have been built and put into operation by the Springfield Iron Company. Fig. 3 shows an outline proposed by Messrs. Richmond & Potts for the Pernot furnace. In this the ports are brought in under an arched. roof of nearly the ordinary form., instead of over the top of the roof, as with the done of M Pernot, Fig. 4 shows a furnace as built by Krupp of Essen, Prussia, for fluid refining, or “washing” -to use the briefer French term. In this the gas and air come into contact in broad sheets one above the. other. Fig. 5 shows the form used by Messrs, Richmond & Potts

Jan 1, 1881

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

It is estimated that world consumption of petroleum, its products and related fuels during 1935 will reach an all-time peak of 1,592,000,000 bbl. —about 5.4 per cent higher than in 1934. Demand increased within the United States approximately 6.1 per cent during 1935 and in foreign countries about 4.1 per cent. The figures in Table 1 indicate that during the past five years world&apos;s production of crude petroleum and related fuels exceeded demand every year and that the aggregate difference is approximately 239,000,000 bbl. The supply in the United States exceeded consumption by some 134,000,000 bbl. over the same five-year period, while outside the United States the excess over demand is shown to be 105,000,000 bbl. Table 2 combines the excess production in the United States with its favorable balance of exports over imports, showing that the United States has reduced its storage over the five years by about 132,720,000 bbl., and indicates that, including its excess of imports from the United States, the rest of the world may have an unfavorable balance of some 371,000,000 bbl. over the five-year period. Such difference in foreign countries is largely due to increase in stocks, and partly at least remains in our imperfect knowledge of consumption statistics as an unfavorable balance. Table 3

Jan 1, 1936

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

It is estimated that world consumption of petroleum, its products and related fuels during 1935 will reach an all-time peak of 1,592,000,000 bbl. —about 5.4 per cent higher than in 1934. Demand increased within the United States approximately 6.1 per cent during 1935 and in foreign countries about 4.1 per cent. The figures in Table 1 indicate that during the past five years world&apos;s production of crude petroleum and related fuels exceeded demand every year and that the aggregate difference is approximately 239,000,000 bbl. The supply in the United States exceeded consumption by some 134,000,000 bbl. over the same five-year period, while outside the United States the excess over demand is shown to be 105,000,000 bbl. Table 2 combines the excess production in the United States with its favorable balance of exports over imports, showing that the United States has reduced its storage over the five years by about 132,720,000 bbl., and indicates that, including its excess of imports from the United States, the rest of the world may have an unfavorable balance of some 371,000,000 bbl. over the five-year period. Such difference in foreign countries is largely due to increase in stocks, and partly at least remains in our imperfect knowledge of consumption statistics as an unfavorable balance. Table 3

Jan 1, 1936